...ULTRAVIOLET/VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY PURDUE UNIVERSITY INSTRUMENT VAN PROJECT ANALYSIS OF PLANT PIGMENTS USING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND VISIBLE AND/OR UV SPECTROSCOPY (1-31-96) INTRODUCTION We have seen that all cells must constantly consume fuel molecules to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce. Fuel molecules such as glucose constitute an immediate source of energy for biological work that can be released by catabolic cell processes. However it is necessary that life on earth have a constant source of energy that can be harvested and used to generate complex fuel molecules from simple starting materials. The ultimate energy source upon which all life forms depend is visible light from the sun. Light energy must first be transformed into chemical(bond) energy before it can be utilized by the living cell. This transformation is achieved only in the cells of green plants and certain bacteria. In green plants it is coupled with a transformation of matter in which relatively low-energy compounds, carbon dioxide and water, are converted into high energy chemical molecules that become subunits of carbohydrates. There are four different pigment groups present in leaves of photosynthesizing plants. Studies indicate that only the chlorophyll IS involved in the actual absorption of light energy and later conversion to chemical energy of living cells. The other pigments also absorb light energy, but it is transferred to the chlorophyll for conversion to chemical energy. Biochemists have...
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...S W I S S G E R M A N U N I V E R S I T Y INORGANIC & ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY REPORT | Subject | : Inorganic & Organic Chemistry Laboratory | Lecturer | : Hery Sutanto S.Si | Instructor | : Tabligh Permana S.Si., Dian Sukmayanda S.Si | Faculty/Class | : Life Science/LS 2 A | Date of Experiment | : 11 April 2012 | Date of Lab. Report | : 18 April 2012 | Semester | : 2 | Time of Experiment | : 14.00-17.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Experiment: | Principle of Spectroscopy | NAME : Melisa Grace (14211043) Nur Ratih K. (14111005) Group : G | | Campus BSD CityBumi Serpong DamaiTangerang 15321 – Indonesia | Tel. +62 21 537 6221 Fax. +62 21 537 6201 sgu.info@sgu.ac.id www.sgu.ac.id | EXPERIMENT 5: Extraction of Caffeine From Tea Leaves 1. Objective: To demonstrate the extraction of Caffeine as natural substance by using organic solvent and distillation technique. 2. The Materials, Equipments and Procedures: A) Materials * K2CrO4(Potassium Chromate) * H2SO4 (Sulphuric Acid) * Aquades B) Equipments * Beaker * Volumetric flask (50 ml and 25 ml) * Glass rod * Spatula * Watch glass * Graduated pipette * Pipette * Scale * UV-Vis spectrophotometer * Cuvette C) Methods 1. Equipment and materials necessary for the experiment were prepared on the working table. 2. Calculation...
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...INTRODUCTION With the rapid progress of technology and science, nanotechnology becomes a prominent accomplishment of the humanity. The ability to observe and comprehend the nanomaterial has a beneficial human to extend our knowledge in a variety range of industries and scientific endeavors. Nanotechnology is defined as a structure that conducted the size of one nanometer to one hundred nanometers and it is invisible to the human eye. Nanotechnology allows the scientists to manipulate one particular particles property at a very small size and adapt it in any applications in real life (Understanding Nano, 2016). One of the applications that makes nanotechnology exceedingly successful is the use of nanomaterial in sunscreen Sunscreen provides...
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...Biology lab report: If you are taking a biology course, at some point you will have to do lab experiments. This means that you will also have to complete biology lab reports. The purpose of writing a lab report is to determine how well you performed your experiment, how much you understood what happened during the experimentation process, and how well you can convey that information in an organized fashion. Biology Lab Reports: Formats A good lab report has a format that includes five main sections. They are the introduction, methods and materials, results, discussion and conclusion, and citation. Keep in mind that individual instructors may have a specific format that they require you to follow. Please be sure to consult your teacher about the specifics of what to include in your lab report. Introduction: The introduction of a lab report states the purpose of your experiment. Your hypothesis should be included in the introduction, as well as a brief statement about how you intend to test your hypothesis. To be sure that you have a good understanding of your experiment, some educators suggest writing the introduction after you have completed the methods and materials, results, and conclusion sections of your lab report. Methods and Materials: This section of your lab report involves producing a written description of the materials used and the methods involved in performing your experiment. You should not just record a list of materials, but indicate...
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...BIOL2103 Biological Sciences Laboratory Course Practical 3 Laboratory manual Isolation of nucleic acid and spectrophotometry Introduction: The ability to isolate and quantify nucleic acids accurately and rapidly is a prerequisite for many of the methods used in biochemistry and molecular biology. The concentration of DNA or RNA in a sample, and its condition, are often estimated by running the sample on an agarose gel. Such concentration estimates are semiquantitative at best and are time-consuming. For a more accurate determination of the concentration of DNA or RNA in a sample, a UV spectrophotometer is commonly used. Spectrophotometry uses the fact that there is a relationship between the absorption of ultraviolet light by DNA/RNA and its concentration in a sample. The absorption maximum of DNA/RNA is approx 260nm. The purity of a solution of DNA can be determined using a comparison of the optical density values of the solution at various wavelengths. For pure DNA, the observed A260/A280 ratio will be near 1.8. Elevated ratios usually indicate the presence of RNA. The A260/A280 ratio is used to assess RNA purity. An A260/A280 ratio of 1.8-2.1 is indicative of highly purified RNA. The 260/280 ratio below 1.8 often signal the presence of a contaminating protein or phenol. Alternatively, protein or phenol contamination is indicated by 230/260 ratios greater than 0.5. Workflow Time 2 days before the lab session During lab session 1:30 pm Task Cell...
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...oday, the word "forensics" has become synonymous with crime and crime scene investigation. Immediately conjuring images of crime labs, ultra violet lights and high-tech computers, popular crimes shows like CSI have brought increased attention to the field of forensic science. They've also generated newfound interest in forensics careers. The term "forensic" comes from the Latin and means, simply, having to do with the law. Hence, any discipline that has any ties to the legal system is, in fact, forensic. This is why so many job titles within criminology, such as forensic psychologist, are preceded by the term. With regard to forensic science, the term is now commonly understood to refer to the application of scientific principles to questions...
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...Attendance, P4 Lab Schedule, P4 Lab Replacement, P5 Lab Regulation 6.1 General Rules, P5 6.2 Safety Rules, P6 Lab Rules & Regulations on Computer Usage 7.1 ICT Computer Lab, P7 7.2 ICT Internet Lab, P8 Appendix 1 (Lab Replacement Flow Chart), P10 Appendix 2 (Lab Session Replacement Form), P11 Policy for Laboratory Usage after Office Hours, 10.1 Operating Procedure, P12 10.2 Warnings on liability, P12 10.3 Rules and Regulations, P12 Use of Laboratory After Office Hours 11.1 Appendix 3 (Application Form), P14 11.2 Appendix 4 (Student’s Declaration Form), P15 Ambulance Services, P16 Lab Safety Handbook on Chemical Hazards, Physical Hazards and Biological hazards, P17-P64 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Definitions • • • • • Lab Session: Time duration allocated for student to do lab experiment. Lab Sheet: A printed material usually contains a series of instructions and information given to the student on how to conduct lab experiment. Lab Report: A written report prepared by student based on individual observation and data analysis after the lab experiment. The format and requirements are usually stated in the lab sheet. Lab Coordinator: A person in charge of coordinating all the lab sessions of the semester and administrating lab matters. Lab Instructor: An academic staff (lecturer or tutor) in charge of the lab session. The lab instructor will give briefing and instructions to students during the lab session. 1. Introduction Practical lab is one...
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...Nichole l. Gardner | Environmental Science | May 6, 2015 Nichole l. Gardner | Environmental Science | May 6, 2015 LD 325 An Act to phase out the use of single use plastic shopping bags LD 325 An Act to phase out the use of single use plastic shopping bags One hundred and sixty thousand plastic bags are used globally every second of every day. China, a country of 1.3 billion, consumes three billion plastic bags daily, or one trillion ninety five billion per year, according to China Trade News. (Plastics News) In 1965, Celloplast came up with the design on which all modern plastic shopping bags are based: a tube of plastic sealed at the bottom to allow for the packaging of goods, an open top to insert such items into the bag and handles for convenient carrying. This bag is commonly known as the T-shirt bag or single use plastic shopping bag. By the end of 1985, 75% of U.S. grocery stores carried plastic bags in addition to paper ones, and today, plastic bags have secured more than 80% of the grocery and convenience store market. When Exxon Mobile introduced these bags to the U.S. in the late 1970’s they were immediately met with controversy. Not only were people worried about the environmental impact of the plastic, but suburban shoppers preferred paper bags that would stand upright in the trunks of their cars, while city folk liked the handles on the plastic bags to carry on their walk home. Plastic bags won the minds and hearts of business owners worried about their...
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...natural trend there is not much we can do about it.” However, there is now hard evidence, which shows that the warming is not only real, it’s accelerating. The warming is altering the climate’s most basic chacteristics like rainfall, days of sunshine, and nighttime temperatures. These changes are damaging the environment and agricultural production, threatening wild species into extinction, and putting at risk human lifestyle, health, and cities near the sea. It starts with the warming. In the Artic, reports of heat waves and droughts seem far away. Over the last 100 years, the world has seen a 1 degree Fahrenheit rise in its average temperature (2). However, in Alaska and Canada, winter temperatures have increased by as much as 5-7 degrees Fahrenheit in the past 50 years (2). Global warming is already having a noticeable impact on the Artic. In November 2004 the Artic Climate Impact Assessment’s report on “Impact of a Warming Arctic (2004) was released (2). The ACIA report determined that greenhouse gases had driven climate change. Changes are being experienced particularly intensely in the Arctic; Arctic average temperature has risen at almost twice the rate as the rest of the...
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...1)Introduction; Crime today is at an extreme high. However, forensic science has been there to help solve every crime committed Forensic science is the scientific method of gathering and examining information about the past. The word forensic comes from the Latin forēnsis, meaning "of or before the forum. The word forensic basically means the key to solve a crime.This is the technology used to help forensic teams to analyze and solve crimes.- This is especially important in law enforcement where forensics is done in relation to criminal or civil law,[1] but forensics are also carried out in other fields, such as astronomy, archaeology, biology and geology to investigate ancient times. Forensic Science is used to Identify Criminals Rape, murder, theft, and other crimes almost always leave a devastating mark on the victim. . In modern forensic science, the crime laboratories include photography section, Evidence storage section, identification section, chemistry section, General examination section, Fire arms section, instrument section and crime scene search section. 2)Origins of forensic science: In 16th-century Europe, medical practitioners in army and university settings began to gather information on the cause and manner of death. Ambroise Paré, a French army surgeon, systematically studied the effects of violent death on internal organs.[9][10] Two Italian surgeons, Fortunato Fidelis and Paolo Zacchia, laid the foundation...
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...July 2002 • NREL/TP-550-30769 A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants L. Edwards and P. Torcellini National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 July 2002 • NREL/TP-550-30769 A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants L. Edwards and P. Torcellini Prepared under Task No. BEC2.4002 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States...
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...MicroBiology- MLT1 LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A Laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the Independent Study of Microbiology 50-0222-MB-01 LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed...
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...SECURITY ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES STEGANOGRAPHY [n. stə nóggrəfi] Steganography (literally meaning covered writing) dates back to ancient Greece, where common practices consisted of etching messages in wooden tablets and covering them with wax, and tattooing a shaved messenger's head, letting his hair grow back, and then shaving it again when he arrived at his contact point. Steganography comes from the Greek steganos, or "covered," and graphie, or "writing". Synonymous to abstraction, the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages. Steganography takes cryptography a step farther by hiding an encrypted message so that no one suspects it exists. Ideally, anyone scanning your data will fail to know it contains encrypted data by replacing bits of useless or unused data in regular computer files (such as graphics, sound, text, HTML, or even floppy disks ) with bits of different, invisible information. This hidden information can be plain text, cipher text, or even images. Steganography sometimes is used when encryption is not permitted or, more commonly, is used to supplement encryption. An encrypted file may still hide information using steganography, so even if the encrypted file is deciphered, the hidden message is not seen. In modern digital steganography, data is first encrypted by the usual means and then inserted, using a special algorithm, into redundant (that is, provided but unneeded) data that is part of a particular...
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...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20 4. Turning research into novel medical devices………………………………………………………………………………….22 4.1 The Medical Device Development Process…..……………………………………………………………………..22 4.2 CIMIT: A Structure for Medical Device Innovation…..………………………………………………………….23 4.3 Stanford Biodesign: Innovation as a Discipline…..………………………………………………………………..26 4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations…..……………………………………………………………………………….28 5. Summary and Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30 6. Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….32 7. References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….33 Appendices A1 Selection of Key Institutes A2 Results Patent Analysis A3 Research Profiles 1. Introduction This report analyzes the R&D infrastructure in the United States in the field of new medical devices. It is part of the Innovative Medical Devices Initiative the Netherlands (IMDI.NL) thematic program that aims to focus the Netherlands’ R&D infrastructure for medical devices on health care demands and economic growth (1). The study is a collaboration...
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...disseminate the latest developments in small scale technologies with a particular emphasis on accessible and practical content. these books will appeal to engineers from industry, academia and government sectors. for more information about the book series and new book proposals please contact the publisher, Dr. Nigel hollingworth at nhollingworth@williamandrew.com. http://www.williamandrew.com/MNt NaNotechNology applicatioNs for cleaN Water edited by Nora savage Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and (in alphabetical order) Mamadou Diallo Materials and process simulation center, Division of chemistry and chemical engineering, california institute of technology Jeremiah Duncan Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison anita street Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency and Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign richard sustich N o r w i c h , N Y, U S A copyright © 2009 by William andrew inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-8155-1578-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nanotechnology applications for clean water / edited by Nora savage ......
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