...Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, he claims that it is not reason, but experience which guides and is the basis for most of our beliefs, or matters of fact. What the cause is for this, is the question he ultimately tackles in order to gain an understanding of the human nature of the connection of experience and existence. When discussing how our mind forms connections between various thought, he states that “method and regularity” act to enforce a regular chain of ideas that also serve to relate to memory and imagination (p.14). When this regular chain is broken in upon by some irregular thought, it is quickly noticed. From this, he gathers that because of the regularity that occurs in the thought process, a universal principle exists to bring together ideas in such a comprehensible fashion. These principles of association, as he calls them, are Resemblance, Contiguity, and Cause and Effect. To prove that these three principles hold to connect all possible forms of ideas, he suggests that if all situations are rendered to as general a form as possible, principles of association will apply alone or in some combination in all cases. For our purposes, cause and effect is the most relevant principle which may cast light on Hume’s statement that “Custom, then, is the great guide of human life. It is that principle alone, which renders our experience useful to us,” (p.29). Before entertaining the suggestion that customs are in fact an important guide to human life, it is important...
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...John Perry’s “A Dialogue On Personal Identity And Immorality” discusses how personal identities can be explained by the brain theory, the memory theory, the body theory, or the soul theory. The theories of what and where your personal identity resides develop from the problems with the understanding of what personal identity is and how it relates to the way the word identical is defined. In this paper I will explain three assumptions that are made about identity and how when philosophically thought out can be denied creating problems about personal identity. In response to the problems I will compare all the different theories and defend the memory theory as I state objections made by the brain, body, or soul theories along with evaluating the objections to adequately respond with why the memory theory is superior. The problem with personal identity is derived...
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...Most important the fascination with human nature has led to the development of the science of psychology. Psychology’s answer to man’s fascination and wondering has come about through the roots in other discipline; disciplines such as philosophy, biology, and physiology. This led to a science that aims to describe and explain how human thinks, how human feel, and how human acts. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The science of psychology has a history that goes back to ancient past. Back to the time of Plato and Aristotle but began to flourish and take shape in the 1600’s. For one to have an appreciation for this science he or she must consider the root and various perspectives of psychology. Modern psychology has come a long way since Rene Descartes and john Locke in the 16th century. The science of psychology began to flourish in the 1600’s with philosophers Descartes and Locke contributing significant theories on human behavior, impacting the rise of modern psychology. “As a science psychology evaluates competing ideas with careful observations and vigorous analysis” (Myers, 2007. p. 2). Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who became influential and well-known in the field of psychology. He is the father of the mind-body interaction also known as the dualism theory. According to the dualism theory the mind and body are separate entities working together to build human experiences (Goodwin, 2008). While Descartes...
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...In the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume explains the limits of human understanding against rationalist claims. As an empiricist, the philosophical belief revolves around the fact that all our ideas are not innate, but instead human knowledge stem from experiences and observation. With this understanding, we can determine what limits as human beings we are limited to. By analyzing and comprehending the first couple of sections, Hume establishes causation as central to our understanding of matters of fact. Hume starts off the Enquiry by first distinguishing the origin of ideas: impressions (passions) and thoughts (ideas). Impressions according to Hume is “... all our more lively perceptions… (Hume 8). Since he is an empiricist, knowledge is not inherited. Instead, individuals utilize their five senses to gain experiences...
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...perceptions of what is true rather than what they know to be true by faith. Although theology does involve human constructs, one must not think of God in herself; instead, she must think from a center in God in order to know and understand Him because if God is based off one’s self-knowledge, the content of Christianity changes. Theologians Karl Barth and Thomas F. Torrance raise questions concerning the understanding of the doctrine of the immanent Trinity today. Despite Barth and Torrance’s belief that theology must allow the unique nature of its object to determine what is said about the triune of God, the beliefs of Arianism and Gnosticism are wrongly evident in the thinking of some theologians in their attempts to understand the doctrine of the Trinity. Even though the Church has rejected the beliefs Arianism and Gnosticism, they still continue to threaten Christian theology. Arianism states that Christ was not truly divine, but a created being. Fourth century priest Arius believed if God is ‘one and absolute’ then Jesus, the Son, could only be considered divine in a ‘subordinate sense.’ If Arius thought of Jesus as God Himself, then he believed he was compromising God’s oneness. The Council of Nicaea condemned Arius, and declared the Son to be ‘of one substance with the Father.’ St. Irenaeus rejected the heresy of Gnosticism in the second century. The heresy states humans save themselves through knowledge that they acquire through reflection. Eventually, they discover...
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...OVERVIEW OF THEORIES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR & THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT APPLICATIONS TO SOCIAL WORK GENERALIST PRACTICE The following is a very general outline summarizing the theories covered in the NCSSS foundation classes of SSS 571: Human Behavior & the Social Environment. Theory application & integration with practice are demonstrated. This outline is only a summary of highlights; all theorists, ideas, and concepts are not included. Because human behavior is complex and the social work profession is broad, numerous theories are utilized for social work practice at the micro-meso-macro levels. These theories focus on human growth and development, psychological and social functioning, and social service delivery. Some theories emphasize social and economic justice. All theories are value-laden and come out of a socio-historical context. Thus, all theories should be critiqued with attention paid to their cross-cultural applicability. DEFINITIONS: Theory—interrelated sets of concepts and propositions, organized into a deductive system to explain relationships about certain aspects of the world (e.g., the theories listed below). Perspective—an emphasis or point of view; concepts at an earlier level of development (e.g., a “strengths perspective”) or at a broader and higher level of abstraction (ex: a “humanistic perspective” or a “developmental perspective”) Paradigm—an archetype or mode of thought; a general way of seeing the world (e.g., “modernism” or “post-modernism”) Practice...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter the researcher will give the topics that he will discuss. The topic of this chapter includes an introduction of the topic, statement of the problem, significance of the study, delimitation and methodology. 1. Introduction The rise of modern science had created a great impact in the lives of each individual especially in the environment where human being lives. Inclusive of this great impact, innovations in every aspect was rapid. Looking at the different angles of innovations of modern science greatly affect individuals by putting man at the center of the world. The growth of technical knowledge through application of scientific discoveries has brought human beings the luxury of spoiling their resources. Man focused more on the thing that can make him happy, feel comfortable, relax and even more have an easy life. Without all of these, he is being driven to do inhumane things like killing for the sake of having such. The absence of technology for man is misery. In this time of modern age, man is being blinded from the effects of the innovations that the modern world had introduced. He does not have any idea of his termination in the world while exhausting his body to the luxury of technology. That’s why, at certain events, man’s close encounter of death confronts him. “How many of us, though, can succeed in feeling these truths as consolations? We are not good at coping with death, especially in our contemporary materialistic age,...
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...symbols of human unconsciousness. He finds the very intimate relationship between symbol, unconsciousness and dreams. In his essay “ The Importance of Dreams”, Jung describes that man produces symbols unconsciously and spontaneously, in the forms of dreams. He says that dreams are outlet of unconsciousness. He describes that how human incompetence to define and inability to explain certain things which is beyond human reasoning always expressed using different varieties of symbols such as natural symbols, cultural symbols and religious symbols. Jung’s idea is valid because things beyond the range of human understanding stores unconsciously without our conscious knowledge in human psyche which is revealed to us in a dream as a symbolic image. Jung believes that human unconsciousness exists and it expresses itself through our dreams using symbolic language. He asserts that “whoever denies the existence of the unconsciousness is in fact assuming that our present knowledge of the psyche is total. And this belief is clearly just as false as the assumption that we know all there is to be known about the natural universe” (192). Jung is right here because human race doesn’t know all about the natural universe. Human psyche is part of nature and nature is limitless and infinite. Thus defining nature and psyche is just the belief that human describes and explains any psychic events as best as it can be but that is not the whole truth. As it is well known that human minds never...
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...psychological understanding of his own nature and more broadly of human nature. Third, he places poetry at the center of human experience. This introspective account of his own development was completed in 1805 and, after substantial revision, published posthumously in 1850. Many critics rank it as Wordsworth’s greatest work. The Prelude begins with an account of the poet’s childhood in the English Lake Country. - See more at: http://www.bachelorandmaster.com/britishandamericanpoetry/the-prelude.html#sthash.XM5b3a41.The Prelude is in fact the first long autobiographical poem written in a drawn out process of self- exploration. Wordsworth worked his way towards modern psychological understanding of his own nature and more broadly of human nature. Third, he places poetry at the center of human experience. This introspective account of his own development was completed in 1805 and, after substantial revision, published posthumously in 1850. Many critics rank it as Wordsworth’s greatest work. The Prelude begins with an account of the poet’s childhood in the English Lake Country. - See more at: http://www.bachelorandmaster.com/britishandamericanpoetry/the-prelude.html#sthash.XM5b3a41.The Prelude is in fact the first long autobiographical poem written in a drawn out process of self- exploration. Wordsworth worked his way towards modern psychological understanding of his own nature and more broadly of human nature. Third, he places poetry at the center of human experience. This introspective...
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...Essay on Human Understanding • a British philosopher • Oxford academic and medical researcher • his association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become o a government official charged with collecting information about trade and colonies, o An economic writer, opposition political activist, and o finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. • Much of his work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. • This opposition is both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church. • Locke's monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to God, the self, natural kinds and artifacts, as well as a variety of different kinds of ideas. • It thus tells us in some detail what one can legitimately claim to know and what one cannot. • Locke also wrote a variety of important political, religious and educational works including the Two Treatises of Government, the Letters Concerning Toleration, The Reasonableness of Christianity and Some Thoughts Concerning Education. Essay on Human Understanding • Locke is often classified as the first of the great English empiricists (ignoring the claims of Bacon and Hobbes). • This reputation rests on An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. ...
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...consider to constitute Human Resource Development is just a condensed version of the elaborate array of definitions I came across doing research on the field this summer. In reality, I did not take into context how dynamic the field can be and the overall complexity that must be measured when attempting to define HRD. I have always been one to learn by personal experiences, rather than being fed information from different sources. The article captivated my attention when Lee stated that her understanding of HRD was impacted by each experience she encountered and how it “shifted and changed according to that experience – and each experience influenced, and was influenced by, future experiences” (Lee, 2001). I felt like this related to me personally because I can see my own definition changing as time goes on and I face new experiences associated with defining Human Resource Development. It was also interesting to me how she made the analysis of often misrepresenting HRD “as a thing of being rather than a process of becoming” (Lee, 2001). I liked how she prodded on the fact that defining HRD actually withholds the process of becoming. I now see how determining a set definition of HRD takes away from how others might personally define it based on their own experiences. This article made me look at HRD from a different point of view, making me realize that my own definition does not accurately reflect the true meaning of HRD, but also that my lack of experience in the field takes...
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... and perceptions about members of this group. I often assume that Asian Americans are very intelligent and successful. I often belief that they are very peaceful and logical. If someone asked me what religion I thought they may be, I would probably say Buddhism. I have always believed in many of Buddha’s quotes, and admire the respect, meditation, and peacefulness of the culture. I never assume what country or area of Asia they are from, because I am unaware of the differences. 2) When you think about working professionally with members of this group, are there traits, characteristics, or other issues about the group that you would be curious about, concerned about, or intimidated by? Why would understanding diversity issues be important to you as a human services worker? Their own therapeutic beliefs can affect the agencies therapeutic response. The differences in beliefs can challenge the organization to find the proper resources and assistance for the clients. However, just because their race is Asian American, does not mean they would not have customs of an American citizen. It is important not to assume or create stereotypes when dealing with our diverse society. It is important not to “overrate” or “underrate” any individual, and their beliefs and values. Being able to understand a client that is of Asian descent...
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...associated religion. This rethinking was led by William F. Albright, G. Ernest Wright, and others of the Harvard Divinity School. Sixty years later, it is widely accepted that Israelite religion is just one more West Semitic religion and that its characteristic features can be fully explained on through evolutionary change. Oswalt writes that no new discoveries led to this dramatic change in thinking. Because of the work of Karl Barth in 1950, the scholarly world was ready the idea of revelation in ways not found in the last couple of generations. Revelation assumes that this world is not self-explanatory and that some communication from beyond the world is necessary to explain it. Oswalt states that this idea is distasteful to humans in that humans are not in control of their own destiny. Although the biblical and Near Eastern data had not changed at all, the possible ways of explaining that data did change. Here, another feature of the Old Testament enters the discussion: the obvious similarities that exist between the literature and culture of Israel and the literatures and cultures of Israel’s neighbors....
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...Skepticism: A Reexamination of Reality When dealing with skepticism, it's imperative to understand why it is being discussed. Seeking the answer to a question that challenges the concept of reality is hardly an undertaking most people would want to attempt. It is far easier for the general population to blissfuly accept the reality that they experience as concrete. However, If our concept of knowledge is bound to what is accessible within our own minds, experiences that we have like taking psychedelics and vividly dreaming only show that the true concept of possessing knowledge is impossible. After all, dreams regularly fool us into believing we are truly experiencing an event; so how do we know there is any difference in what we are experiencing now? In the following paragraphs I will be explaining Descartes reasoning for skepticism, and my subsequent view of why it is important to be a skeptic. At some point in our lives, we all have believed with certainty, something that is a fallacy. However, for us to know that we have believed in a fallacy, we must be certain that our current assertions are correct. This notion is exactly what Rene Descartes started his first meditation on, reflecting on past falsehoods he realizes he must forget everything he knows, and start with a fresh plate. His first realization is that the easiest way to find doubt in his beliefs is not to methodically go through and pick out individual problems with each belief, but instead it is wiser to...
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...travel and relax they go without worries. They reach mental decline don’t like everyday life changes, reach a level independency. At this age generative stage and feel like they lost their sense of dependency. Doctors’ visits are more frequent because of decline. They are set in old ways from their past and don’t like to experience new ideas or change. In many instances they could be racist because of their upbringing. Not wanting to change the way they think regarding diversity. Also they start to think about deaf more and afraid of how that day will come. Another things poor physical health body aches, hearing, vision problem. One main issue. I believe feeling empty and Loneliness without their companion. Depression the feeling of not having appetite for sex drive and losing their memory loss of creativeness. The regrets of not making better decision when in a better stage of mind. • When you think about working professionally with members of this group, are there traits, characteristics, or other issues about the group that you would be curious about, concerned about, or intimidated by? Why would understanding diversity issues be important to you as a human...
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