...explanation to Bowlby’s attachment theory and Ainsworth’s studies. You will need to show an understanding of the internal working model of attachment and how sensitive mothering impacts on the quality of attachment. (25) - Outline Bowlby’s theory of attachment, showing evidence of how the ethological studies of Harlow and Lorenz, and his own research with war orphans and evacuees and juvenile delinquents impacted his theory. - Determine the phases of attachment and the development of the internal working model of attachment. - Consider Ainsworth’s research and the types of secure and insecure attachments that resulted from the research. - This needs to be linked back to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. Links also need to be made to Erikson’s relevant psychological stages of personality development, emphasising the importance of a supportive social environment. (15) - Consider Erikson’s psychosocial theory of personality, especially the first stage, and link to mothering style and the internal working model of attachment that each infant is developing. Consider research that determines how early attachment impacts on the social and emotional development of three to five year olds and adults. (20) - Look at research undertaken with 3-5 year olds and how early attachment impacts social interactions, and also the adult attachment...
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...Different schools of Psychology to the advancement of the field of Psychology Psychology began or has its roots in philosophy, the mother of all sciences. Aristotle in his works speaks rather remotely on different aspects of psychology. Among some of Aristotle’s major and famous works namely metaphysics, De Anime; he speaks of the soul which in profound consideration could come to the conclusion that it sounds synonymous with our modern understanding of ‘mind’. Thus psychology was a part of philosophy from the very beginning through it stands independently now. Further long before Aristotle existed; philosophers like Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclites and Parmenides spoke on the same subject even though it was not that much elaborated. Here we cannot forget the contribution made by Plato. He very clearly explains in his dialogues further on this matter. Psychology originated very simply as a result of the development of the metaphysical approach of the people of different times. In sociology it is an acceptable fact that the prevailing circumstances and state of a particular social milieu make a great impact on a particular matter. This impact varies from place to place time to time depending on the social characteristics. By inferences the aforementioned is the reason why there are different schools in psychology. When we analyses it stands to reason that all psychologists were trying to deal with the same matter. They have seen the same problems or the issues with regard to ‘mind’...
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...is very important that early years practitioners have a good grasp on this subject as the developmental usefulness of play for a child is extremely significant. For children, play provides them with the necessary skills to develop: socially, emotionally, physically and creatively. Bruce (2004) explores the fact that play is a valuable tool for children to discover their environment and to learn about why things happen using all of their senses both indoors and outdoors. The hypothesis that will be discussed throughout this essay is how play is important in early development and learning and how it serves both the child’s individual needs and the future society in which they will live in. This will be discussed and explored through reference to historical play pioneers, legislation, policy and guidance and theoretical knowledge on the social, cultural and intellectual perspectives on play. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Statutory Framework (2008), created under the Childcare Act (2006), gives all practitioners across England guidance on a play based approach to learning. Therefore, assuming children do learn by play, practitioners and professionals must deliver planned, purposeful play which has a balance between adult-led and child-initiated activities, as stated by QCA (2007). There should be a wide variety of different play methods that allows them to represent their own learning experiences. These opportunities provided for children in early years settings, need to...
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...E13 Early Childhood Literacy Assignment 04 Modeling, Providing and Facilitating Early Childhood Literacy “Many people believe that children learn to read and write in kindergarten or first grade; however, the foundation for literacy skills is laid years before children enter school. Emergent literacy, much like any other cognitive skill, begins at birth” (Zero to Three, 2014). Because literacy skills begin at birth, it is important that the adults in a child’s life are aware of how they can encourage and further the development of these skills. When working on literacy skills with young children, educators should act as a model, provider and facilitator. It is a common phrase that “children are like sponges,” meaning that children listen and watch everything that we do. What they see and hear from others around them is often portrayed in their play and their vocabulary. For this reason, it is important that teachers model attitudes and behaviors in speaking, listening, writing and reading (Machado, 2015). One way to model literacy with young children is to engage in conversation with them. According to Machado (2015), when adults engage in conversational exchanges with children they provide them with opportunities to draw conclusions, infer cause-and-effect, evaluate consequences, evaluate what is happening and much more. It is easy to respond to children’s comments with “I see” or “Wow, that’s great,” but when adults make these comments it ends the conversation, not encouraging...
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...Characteristics of professional development linked to enhanced pedagogy and children’s learning in early childhood settings: Best Evidence Synthesis July 2003 Characteristics of professional development linked to enhanced pedagogy and children’s learning in early childhood settings: Best Evidence Synthesis October 2003 This report is one of a series of best evidence syntheses commissioned by the Ministry of Education. It is part of a commitment to strengthen the evidence base that informs education policy and practice in New Zealand. It aims to contribute to an ongoing evidence-based discourse amongst policy makers, educators and researchers. The best evidence synthesis approach is being developed in collaboration with researchers. It draws together in a systematic way the available evidence about what works to improve education outcomes, and what can make a bigger difference for the education of all our children and young people. Prepared for the Ministry of Education Authors Linda Mitchell and Pam Cubey Copyright © Ministry of Education PO Box 1666 Wellington ISBN 0-478-18773-4 Web ISBN ISBN 0-478-18774-2 www.minedu.govt.nz Characteristics of professional development linked to enhanced pedagogy and children’s learning in early childhood settings Best Evidence Synthesis Report prepared for the New Zealand Ministry of Education Linda Mitchell and Pam Cubey July 2003 New Zealand Council for Educational Research P O Box 3237 ...
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...different theorist which define the human development and its stages, when human being comes up with different characteristics. To discuss on the essay whether or not ‘early life experiences and social development impact on adults and to explain ‘to what extent culture impacts on development OR a particular aspect of development’ three different theories by Erik Erikson (1902-1994), Robert Havighurst (1900-1991) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) are going to be highlighted. Question 1 As concerned to the first question, early life experiences and social development certainly impact on adults. Erikson’s psychosocial theory describes the development throughout the human life. He has categorized his theory in eight stages and they are infancy, early childhood, late childhood, school age, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood and maturity. Each stage deals with different central tasks which are related to both positive and negative aspects of life. On the other side, Havighurst says development occurs through the learning. He has divided his theory into six stages and they are infancy and early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age and later maturity. Each stage relates to six to ten learning tasks (Baldwin & Bentley, 2012). Speaking of myself, I am twenty two years old and running in my early adulthood. I believe my lifespan matches with both Erikson’s and Havighurst’s development theories. Based on the stages in Erikson’s theory, they are...
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...Teaching Department of Education and Training Level 2, 33 St Andrews Place GPO Box 4367 Melbourne 3001 Acknowledgments This resource has been developed by the Office of Learning and Teaching, Department of Education and Training, Victoria, 2004 Authors Sandra Mahar and Maddy Harford Contributions This publication was developed by the Research and Development Branch, Office of Learning & Teaching for the Department of Education and Training. Contents INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING IN THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY 4 Defining Learning 5 Overview of the paper 6 THEORIES OF LEARNING 7 Cognitive Learning Theories 7 Social Learning Theories 7 Constructivist Theories 8 Experiential Learning 9 Adult Learning, or Andragogy 9 Multiple Intelligences 10 Situated Learning Theory and Communities of Practice 10 FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING 12 Neurological development and functioning 12 Emotional and Social Factors 13 Generic Skills 14 The ICT Revolution 15 CONCLUSION 16 Bibliography 17 Selected Resources 17 Introduction: The Importance of Learning in the Knowledge Economy This paper is the first in a series of occasional papers developed by the Research Branch within the...
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...Early and Middle Adulthood Francisco Del Angel PSY/280 February 15, 2013 Shannon Hilligoss Early and Middle Adulthood In this paper, early and Middle adulthood will be compared and contrasted. It will show how the decisions made earlier in age may or may not affect people. This paper will go through the changes of social and intimate relationships in these two different age frames as well as the various role changes people in this age group might encounter. It’ll talk about health problems and the reasons for these problems. In early adult hood the age range is 18-25. Around this time frame people tend to break away from social ties and begin to become independent from their parents. They move out the house and go to college or simply get their own apartment to gain ultimate independence. They choose not to be committed to anyone, like a serious girlfriend to avoid marriage or children. It was thought that in order to be intimate you were to be serious with someone and possibly get married and have children. However early adults are beginning to discover that marriage and parenthood are only two of several ways paths to go through when in search of intimacy. One of the main sources of intimacy for emerging adults is friendship. This is especially true for those who do in fact break away from their parents and choose not to be married or have children of their own. Usually men and women prefer friends of the same sex so they can participate in same sex activities to...
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...banging toys, learning their name, construction of words can began. Piaget found that there are permanence of objects, imitation, and other accomplishments such as sensory motor. These are often know to happen earlier and have different variation then what Piaget thought . Attachment to familiar faces, voices, and caregivers, become uneasy in the presence of strangers, anxiety occurs with separation, start learning the word “no”, “cover-up” when they’ve done something wrong, starting “to and fro” play with others than the caregivers Early Childhood Slim down in weight, gain muscle and lose fat. Able to start some motor skills such as somersaults, cartwheels, dancing and being able to get a swing going is a possibility of motor skills as well. The proportions of the body is changing and this is what is helping the children achieve their goals. Advance language, understanding of social situations, able to think quicker than before, and are able to name what things are when just looking at it. Are able to catch things better with hand and eye coordination. In the text it states that Piaget has said that the development that happens between two - six years is the preoperational intelligence. This when the thought is symbolic and the language and imagination is most important. Emotions are changed by the different stimuli. There are...
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...Influence of early attachment relationship on development Introduction: It is understood, through lifespan psychology, that the psychological development of an individual is a process that continues throughout an individual's life, this development consists of both internal and external dynamics. The well theorised theme of attachment forms the basis of this study. Attachment focuses on the formation of early relationships and their influence on later developmental outcomes. The social constructionist perspective explores "how knowledge about sex and gender has been constructed within particular historical and social contexts" (Wood et al 2007) this perspective assumes that the knowledge comes from social contexts and is evidenced predominately by an individual's use of language. This study explores the paradigm of attachment from the social constructionist perspective. The paradigm of attachment is concerned with a "strong, ongoing emotional bond between two people" (Wood et al 2007) and suggests that attachment is fundamental to emotional, social and cognitive progression. Bowlby, an attachment theorist purports that attachment is a survival instinct in infancy, and once established it remains relatively fixed throughout life. Positive attachments created in vertical relationships, that is an "attachment to someone who has greater knowledge or social power - a typical example is a child's relationship with a parent or a teacher" (Wood et al 2007) forms a secure foundation...
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...between fashion and social class is not only focused on adults but is also a big issue for kids. The issue with today’s children’s fashion affects their thinking of values, branding and social class. For children, the meaning of branding might be just one word, “cool”. How do children (from age 5-14) determine and chose their style of clothing? Is it from material, price or their parents? Their parents judge their appearance by using evaluative criteria; it may affect children’s clothing when they have enough income or knowledge to shop. Most of the time, people believe clothing makes or shows the class status because people like to discuss others’ styles and put them in the different catalog of class level. “With marketing of mass marketing of designer clothing and with shifts in the nation’s economy jobs from blue-collar to white-collar and pink-collar in the service sector, it is becoming creasing difficultly to distinguish class differences based on appearance.” (Ewen and Ewen, 1982)The basic principle of fashion is that high status individuals set fashion. Any assessments of clothing and fashion should include all class of society and economy. And until modern times the lower class of society were by far the most numerous. Much of the information seems to be drawn from the behaviors of the classes whose activities were recorded, such as the royalty and the upper middle class and upwards. But the vast majority of people weren't in these classes. There is...
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...Early Childhood Environment The Nebraska Department of Education and the Iowa Department of Education (1994) describe an appropriate learning environment for the young child: "The primary learning environment provides time and opportunities for children to experience and respond creatively to their world. The learning environment is social in nature, providing a secure and stimulating climate for all children. It provides time and opportunities for children to take appropriate risks and to explore and investigate their world. Children have experiences which encourage them to interact with others, to develop interpersonal skills, and to work and learn cooperatively." (p. 3) Lombardi (1992) notes that the early childhood environment should be based on developmentally appropriate practice: "Programs for young children should not be seen as either play-oriented or academic. Rather, developmentally appropriate practice, whether in a preschool or a primary classroom, should respond to the natural curiosity of young children, reaffirm a sense of self, promote positive disppositions towards learning, and help build increasingly complex skills in the use of language, problem solving, and cooperation." Effective Grouping Practices An important organizational issue in early childhood education is the grouping of children. Traditionally, children have been grouped by grade-level designations according to age and ability. Many effective early childhood programs do not follow this...
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...In Santrock (2017, p. 335), Erikson theorized that intimacy versus isolation is the key developmental issue in early adulthood. This stage is when the young adults are trying to bond with each other, open to that person, find love, form an intimate and close relationship with someone and just be close to that person, in every meaning of the word. If the person isn’t able to achieve that intimacy level then they get a feeling of isolation. I was lucky enough to be born and grow up with loving, caring and trusting parents and it was easier to trust people growing up and be securely attached later in my adult romantic relationships. Securely attached infants are defined as those who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore...
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...Early and Middle Adulthood Over the course of the lifespan people change daily and change at different paces. Where we come from as well as who we come from, molds us into adults. We just discussed the middle childhood and adolescence phase. In this paper, we will examine the psychological adjustments to aging and the lifestyle that occur within individuals during early and middle adulthood (emerging adulthood), which can be looked at as a separate developmental stage. Social and Intimate Relationships The social and intimate relationships that people experience during early and middle adulthood can change greatly. As I will explain later in this paper, role changes affect these relationships as well. As Erikson has stated in his intimacy versus isolation phase, humans are “social creatures.” The social relationships that people have at 18 will likely be different from those they have at 25. As emerging adulthood takes place, personality changes are evident. Many early and middle adults seek a mixture of education, friendship, and achievement. If this combination is attained, self-esteem will surely improve. For example, I was 19 when I enlisted in the Marine Corps. I had grown up in a small town in Wisconsin and was living in my own “bubble.” I received my first set of station orders and was sent to Iwakuni, Japan. It was exciting but also scary for me to think about being so far away from my hometown friends as well as my family. After I had gotten to Japan...
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...Lifespan Development and Personality Development does not only start as soon as we are born, but does not end with adolescence as some may think. Adults also experience cognitive, physical, and social changes along with going through modifications. It has been suggested that adulthood starts at the age of 18, but adulthood can actually be divided into three different periods; early adulthood (18 to 40), middle adulthood (41 to 60), and late adulthood (60 and up). In early adulthood, a persons’ body is still developing. The chest range increases, shoulder length, and height, along with each individual continues to expand his or her physical capabilities. Through the mid-thirties just about everyone will have some type of hearing loss, but during this time most people would will say this these years are the best part of adulthood. In middle adulthood, physical modifications slowly appear. The one that is most common is the loss of sensory sharpness. Individuals become more sensitive to light, more accurate at noticing differences in the distance, and he or she is slower and less able to consider factors. At the age of 40, an individual has more caution then before. In a woman’s late 40’s or early 50’s, a woman will go through menopause, which is the shutdown of her reproductive capability. Estrogen and progesterone also decrease, and her menstrual cycle eventually stops. Most individuals are well into the delayed adulthood before his or her physical functions start to show...
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