...Bangladesh’s achievements and expectations from the UNFCCC Climate Change Negotiations (COP) Tarafder Md. Arifur Rahman Senior Research Associate Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad BACKGROUND The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty negotiated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system- commonly believed to be around 2°C above the pre-industrial global average temperature. The UNFCCC was opened for signature on May 9, 1992 after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a report following its meeting in New York. Countries who sign up to the UNFCCC are known as ‘Parties’. As of March 2014, UNFCCC has 196 parties. Since the UNFCCC entered into force, the parties have been meeting annually in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in COP to assess progress in dealing with climate change. From 2005 the Conferences have also served as the Meetings of Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (MOP). Also parties to the Convention that are not parties to the Protocol can...
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...change effects such as long-term droughts and significant sea-level rise are inevitable although global efforts to decrease greenhouse gas emissions are being implemented. Hazardous impacts such melting icecaps in the Polar regions, heavy rainfall and disastrous storms, and growing variability of temperature in almost all regions of the world are being felt. In 1992, many countries collectively came up with an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to consider what should be done to regulate average global temperature increases and the subsequent climate change process, and to tackle whatever impacts were, by then, unavoidable. By 1995, countries recognised that emission reductions provisions in the Convention were insufficient. Two years later Kyoto Protocol was adopted to strengthen the global response to climate change. This protocol legally binds developed countries to emission reduction targets. One paramount principle found in the UNFCCC and in the Kyoto Protocol is the “common but differentiated responsibilities”...
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...World Ocean Conference is the first conference in the world discussing on naval from initiative of Indonesian government. WOC arranged in Manado, North Sulawesi, in May 11-14, 2009 issuing any agreement of 450 delegation members representing 76 countries and 11 world institutions as the WOC members. Indonesia had highest naval biodiversity in the world including ridge of rock exposed at low tide. The waters including 1.6 percents of the world water storages of 76 percents species of rock ridge. Also, 37 percents species of rock ridge fish. Manado Ocean Declaration consists of 14 main introduction paragraphs and 21 points of operative agreement. the countries whose implement the point of declaration are: Indonesia, Pakistan, Grenada, Somalia, Suriname, U.S., Korea, France, India, China, Cambodia, Angola, Filipina, Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, and Namibia. They will implement the development with environmental concept and waters resource management. By the declaration it can gives any supports in implementation of perception exchange on naval that in actual situation the discussion still ignored. Correlation between MOD and CTI (Coral Triangle Initiatives) Summit in New York at June is the six national leader meeting from Indonesia, Filipina, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Timor Leste that known as the coral triangle. The declaration of Coral Triangle Initiatives Summit oriented to any several points in protection ridge the rock in four member territories. Our...
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...Low Carbon Development The concept of low carbon development has its roots in the UNFCCC adopted in Rio in 1992. In the context of this convention, low carbon development is now generally expressed using the term low-emission development strategies (LEDS - also known as low-carbon development strategies, or low-carbon growth plans). Though no formally agreed definition exists, LEDS are generally used to describe forward-looking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass low-emission and/or climateresilient economic growth (OECD, IEA 2010). PUBLICATIONS Preparing Low‐Emission Climate‐ Resilient Development Strategies Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) Brazil Low‐Carbon Development Study LEDS have attracted interest in the climate negotiations as a soft alternative to voluntary or obligatory GHG emission reduction targets in developing countries (ECN, 2011). The initial proposal to introduce LEDS was put forward by the EU in 2008, highlighting how information on planned low-carbon pathways can help to inform the international community about funding needs and priorities and to help gauge the level of global climate change action (OECD, IEA 2010). The concept has been included in the negotiating texts under the UNFCCC since the run up to COP15 in Copenhagen in 2009 and is part of both the Copenhagen Accord (UNFCCC, 2009) and the Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC, 2011), which recognize that a LEDS is indispensible to sustainable development and...
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...Global Climate Destabilization What comes to mind when you think of death? Or what are some of the possible ways that large groups of people may die from? Have you ever thought of being killed through a way that you wouldn’t have died otherwise such as cancer, famine, storms, floods, droughts or epidemics? And the list goes on and on. Well, what if all these probabilities could be part of what global warming can do. Terrifying is in it? As the earth’s population multiply and human activities increase causing the earth’s temperature to rise, can we say that humanity is in charge of the fate of the human race? Because the problem of global warming is increasing so rapidly around the globe, we must develop a policy instantly; we pay no attention to our danger. Global warming or the increase of the earth’s temperature is caused by the amount of different gases released into the atmosphere. Some of these gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone which trap heat rays produced by the sun from radiating back into outer space. As this occurs, the temperature of the planet rises and thus we get the term called “The Greenhouse Effect.” Additionally, ever since the Industrial Revolution there has been an increment in the emission of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide), in the proportion to industrial expansion (Osaka Prefecture, n.d, para. 2). This industrial expansion began roughly between the 18th and 19th centuries and as a result, these different...
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...assessment successfully concluded 3 Standardized Baseline support activities Supporter ACAD/UNEP Riso Sector Grid Emission Factor for the Southern African Power Pool Country/Region Botswana, DRC, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe Uganda Status Approved Green Resources Charcoal (fuel switch, technology switch, methane destruction) Clinker production in the cement sector Positive List for electricity generation from landfill gas and methane destruction factor Approved Ethane Biofuels/Ethiopia UNFCCC/RCCs (Africa/LAC) Ethiopia West- and EastAfrica/Caribbean and Latin America Initial assessment QA on initial submissions/concept stage 4 Standardized Baseline support activities Supporter KfW/UNFCCC RCC, Lomé Sector Replication of the charcoal SB (with methane avoidance component) WAPP GEF SB GEF SB Country/Region West Africa Status Scope is being determined ACAD/UNEP Riso UNFCCC RCC Lomé /St. George's West Africa Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Sao Tome and Principe + 16...
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...Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.[2] Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.[3][4][5][6] These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized nations.[7][A] Climate model projections were summarized in the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 °C (2 to 5.2 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 °C (4.3 to 11.5 °F) for their highest.[8] The ranges of these estimates arise from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations.[9][10] According to AR4, warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe.[11] The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical deserts.[12] Warming is expected to be strongest...
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...Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.[2] Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming.[3][4][5] Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice and warmed the continents and atmosphere.[6][a] Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over tens to thousands of years.[7] On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that human-made carbon dioxide (CO2) continues to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years: currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans and remains in the atmosphere.[8][9][10][11] Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that global warming is mostly being caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other human (anthropogenic) activities.[12][13][14] Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F)...
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...Human Rights Commission of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Official Complaint of the Government of Algoria Alleging Violation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by Australia 31 December 2008 By Keely Boom LLB B Com GDLP PhD Candidate, University of Wollongong Legal Officer, Australian Climate Justice Program CONTENTS Contents I. Summary of Complaint 3 II. Complainant 3 III. Defendant 3 IV. Basis of Complaint 4 V. Jurisdiction 4 VI. Exhaustion of all available domestic remedies 7 VII. Facts submitted by the Government of Algoria 8 VIII. Alleged Violations of the ICCPR by Australia 12 A. The Right of Self-Determination 13 B. The Right to Life 14 C. The Right to Liberty of Movement and Freedom to Choose One’s Residence 15 D. Freedom from Arbitrary or Unlawful Interference with Privacy and Family 16 E. The Right to Culture 17 IX. Causation 17 X. Remedies sought 20 Explanatory Note 22 Summary of Complaint 1. The State of Algoria complains that Australia is failing to fulfil its existing obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[1] (“ICCPR”) due to its historical and continuing contribution to anthropogenic climate change and its associated impacts upon the human rights and fundamental freedoms recognised in ICCPR as held by the citizens of the State of Algoria. 2. The State of Algoria makes this Complaint in accordance with interstate...
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...1. Introduction: The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015. It was the 21st yearly session of the Conference of the Parties to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The conference reached its objective, to for the first time achieve a global agreement on reduction of greenhouse emission in the Paris Agreement, which was adopted with acclamation by nearly all states. The agreement will become legally binding if at least 55 countries that represent at least 55 percent of global greenhouse emissions become a party to it through signature followed by ratification, acceptance, approval or through accession in New York between 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017. It is expected to take effect in 2020. According to the organizing committee, the expected key result was to limit the global warming, by 2100, compared to pre-industrial to below 2 degrees Celsius. The goal to limit temperature increase with 2 degrees was however supplemented in the adopted version of the Paris Agreement, with the statement that parties "pursue to" limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. A 1.5°C goal will require a zero level in emissions sometimes between 2030 and 2050 according to some scientists. However, no detailed time plan or country-specific goals for emissions were stated in the final...
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...Carbon Credit How company’s Generating profit An Interactive Research Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of AMITY BUSINESS SCHOOL AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH by Aamir Malik(B 43) Anuj Dubey(B 55) MBA (G) 2013-2015 October 2013 __________________________________________________ INDEX S.No | Topic | Page No. | 1. | Acknowledgement | 4 | 2. | Abstract | 5 | 3. | Introduction | 5-6 | 4. | How carbon credit Trading works | 7 | 5. | Global Scenario | 8 | 6. | Analyzing Indian Scenario | 9 | 7. | Benefits for India | 10-11 | 8. | Financing Up port in India | 11-12 | 9. | Business Mechanism and Carbon exchange | 12-13 | 10. | CDM process and carbon Trading | 14 | 11. | Accounting and Tax treatment In different Countries | 15-17 | 12. | CASE 1: Buddhil Hydro Electric Power Ltd. | 18-20 | 13. | CASE 2: Greenply Industries Ltd. | 21-22 | 14. | CASE 3: Reliance Power | 23 | 15. | Future Of Carbon Trading | 24-25 | 16. | Conclusion | 26 | 17. | References | 27 | ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Ms. Lakhwinder Kaur Dhillon Mam for their guidance and constant supervision...
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...Our planet has a problem that it is getting warmer. Most of the scientists agree that this climate change is threatening our earth; human beings can be extinct probably in the near future. The cause and effects of this phenomenon has been studied which is greenhouse effect. The whole world is getting involved in this issue and looking for solutions. Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon that increases temperature of the earth’s surface (Australian government). However, according to the investigations, human activities enhanced the greenhouse activities, making it worse. So our climate change is due to the increasing human activities, global industrialization which ejects huge amount of carbon emissions. Human activities enhance greenhouse effect that causes widespread heave rainfalls in the northern Hemisphere during the last 50 years (Minetal, as cited in Allan, 2011).The rising temperature is disrupting every aspect in our life and the whole ecosystem. This climate change affects atmospheric and ocean circulations and brings many hazards to the earth, such as widespread drought, flood and tsunami. As we considered climate change, we need consider the common good for all the humans on the earth. The common good refers to the total living conditions which can enable individuals to get the achievement which enables people to achieve humanity (google), whereas climate change is a serious issue that is eliminating human living resouces in many aspects. As we mentioned above...
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...increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking. Human-induced warming of the climate is expected to continue throughout the 21st century and beyond.” The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that places necessary responsibility on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system. According to the UNFCC website, the Protocol "recognises that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, and places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities'." There are 192 parties to the convention, including 191 states (all the UN members, except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States) and the European Union. The Protocol was adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC in 1997, and entered into force in 2005. Peter Kent, Canada’s Environment Minister announced that Canada will withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol. It was said that the decision will save the Canadian government an estimated $14 billion in penalties, according to Kent. The Conservative government says it has no choice given...
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...Adaptation Plans Adaptation is the act of adapting to the effects of climate change which is important in dealing with the impacts of climate change that are already happening as well as preparing for future impacts (UNFCCC, 2008). Adaptation planning enables countries to generate and implement national adaptation plans so as to identify medium and long term adaptation needs. Adaptation planning is a continuous process; that is guided by the country. This process is participatory, transparent and gender sensitive in planning for current and future climate change impacts (UNFCCC, 2008; Preston et al, 2011). When generating developing adaptation plans governments, regional authorities and local communities must, together plan and decide on...
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...Annex 14 Center for International Forest Research Southern Africa Regional Office Lusaka, Zambia Report Climate Change in Zambia: Opportunities for Adaptation and Mitigation through Africa Bio-Carbon Initiative By Samuel Mulenga Bwalya Peaks Environmental Management Consultants P.O Box 32632 Lusaka, Zambia January, 2010 Table of Contents Contents Page Table of Contents................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ii List of acronyms ................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ v 1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Objectives of the study........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Approaches and methodology............................................................................. 2 2. Climate variability and impacts .................................................................................. 2 2.1 Climate...
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