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Unit 5 Project 1: Pollution, Labor and Public Goods

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Unit 5 project 1: pollution, labor and public goods

Research on coal burning plant – Releases of pollutants’ are Carbon Dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and mercury compounds. These limits are from the EPA (environmental pollution agency) and its 2249lbs/Mwh for carbon, 13lbs/Mwh for sulfur, 6lbs/Mwh for nitrogen. Water is used to cool the plant and the company has to have a permit to release the water back into the environment. The water may contain lead and arsenic and will have to be managed.
Wisconsin Power & Light’s just settled a lawsuit that ended up with WP&L paying out 2.45 million for alleged violations of air pollution laws. WP&L agreed to pay out 8.5 million for environmental projects and that will include 5 million to solar power investments, 2 million to boast power from wind and hydropower plants. This is to be over the next 5 years.
WP&L did not install the proper environment control equipment and that is the reason for the suit.
The big thing is paying 1.2 billion to keep the big plant up and running with installing the needed pollution control items.
Wisconsin is discontinuing about 17% of their coal burning fleet and that is about 1500 Megawatts of power and two plants are the Nelson Dewey plant in Cassville and two of the three boilers in Sheboygan, 590 megawatts of coal will be retired, or the equivalent of one large modern coal plant.

Coal is roughly 49% of our electrical producing product. With wind and solar and hydro combined is roughly 7.5%
External costs of coal mining and power generation include the following:[3]
Reduction in life expectancy (particulates, sulfur dioxide, ozone, heavy metals, benzene, radionuclides, etc.)
Respiratory hospital admissions (particulates, ozone, sulfur dioxide)
Congestive heart failure (particulates and carbon monoxide)
Non-fatal cancer, osteroporosia, ataxia, renal dysfunction (benzene, radionuclines, heavy metal, etc.)
Chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, etc. (particulates, ozone)
Loss of IQ (mercury)
Degradation and soiling of buildings (sulfur dioxide, acid deposition, particulates)
Reduction of crop yields (NOx, sulfur dioxide, ozone, acid deposition); some emissions may also have a fertilizing effect (nitrogen and sulfur deposition)
Global warming (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide)
Ecosystem loss and degradation the monetary value of one "quality adjusted year of life" (QALF) was $129,090 in the year 2008 my response to the coal and other forms of producing electricity is to work more with the renewable energy sources and to work with some sort of price control so that people will use more of the reusable products. Work with wind on a more local and personal level so that people will have the option of using the grid or getting off of it.
Public roadways and the effects of the environment and what is needed to keep the roads safe. There is the gas tax that goes toward the upgrade and upkeep on the roads. Not everyone is equal on this as cars differ from make and model and how much they use.

Cost Maintaining Roadside Vegetation Sediment Control: 90% average
P and N: 40% average
COD, Lead, and Zinc: 50% average
TSS: 60% average Natural succession allowed to occur
Average: $100/acre/year
Range: $50-$200/acre/year

Street Sweeping Smooth Street Frequent Cleaning:
TSS: 20%
COD: 5%
Lead: 25% Smooth Street Infrequent Cleaning:
TSS: N/A
COD: N/A
Lead: 5% Average: $20/curb mile

Range: $10-$30/curb mile

Cost Considerations
Most community public works or transportation departments already consider the maintenance of local roads and bridges. Therefore, the costs of pollutant reducing management practices will involve the training and equipment required to apply these new practices. Table 2 includes cost data for some recommended new practices.
Costs may vary greatly in the type of deicer selected for application. Table 3 includes a comparison of four different deicers and the cost of application. It should be noted that CMA costs more than the other deicers, but that reductions in corrosion to infrastructure, damage to roadside vegetation, and amount of material used may offset the higher cost.
Table 1. Deicing Alternatives (Keating, 2004)
Substance Cost Characteristics
Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) Flake $290/ton, pellet $340/ton • Melts ice at temperatures of -25 ° F
• If used as recommended, will not harm vegetation
Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) Flake $260/ton, pellet $300/ton • Lowest practical temperature: 5 ° F
• If used as recommended, will not harm vegetation; however, MgCl2, on a percentage basis, contains 17-56% more chloride ion than other salt-type deicers
Potassium Chloride (KCl) $240/ton • Lowest practical temperature: 12 ° F
• Will not harm vegetation
Urea $280/ton • Lowest practical temperature: 15 ° F
• Will not harm vegetation
Calcium Magnesium Acetate (CMA) $2,000/ton • Will work below 0 ° F
• Low toxicity and biodegradable

There are efforts to control our roads and the pollution that they create. With control of walls for noise pollution and the water recovery for our water pollution control. These all add to the cost of the public good of roads.
Clean Water Act In 1987, Congress established the Nonpoint Source Management Program under section 319 of the Clean Water Act (CWA), to help states address nonpoint source, or runoff pollution by identifying waters affected by such pollution and adopting and implementing management programs to control it. These programs recommend where and how to use best management practices (BMPs) to prevent runoff from becoming polluted, and where it is polluted, to reduce the amount that reaches surface waters.

References
Controlling Runoff from Roads, Highways and Bridges | Polluted Runoff (Nonpoint Source Pollution) | US EPA. (n.d.). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/roads.html
EPA - Stormwater Menu of BMPs. (n.d.). U.S. EPA ColdFusion Server. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/index.cfm?action=browse&Rbutton=detail&bmp=100
Energy and You | Clean Energy | US EPA. (n.d.). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/index.html
External costs of coal - SourceWatch. (n.d.). SourceWatch. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=External_costs_of_coal jsonline. (n.d.). EPA settles with Wisconsin utilities on coal plant air pollution. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from www.jsonline.com/business/epa-settles-with-wisconsin-utilities-on-coal-plant-air-pollution-1p9lo5u-204201561.htmlhttp://

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