...Case Study – United States Congress ANSWERS: #1 The probability that a randomly selected representative is female is: 77/432 = 0.178 Ans. The probability that a randomly selected senator is female is: 20/100 = 0.20 Ans. #2 There are 18% females in the House of Representatives in United States Congress, where as 20% females in the House of Senate. Relatively proportion of Males is more in the House of Representatives and less in the House of Senate. #3 a.: The probability that representative is Male is: 355/432 = 0.822 Ans. #3 b.: The probability that representative is Republican is: 232/432 = 0.537 Ans. #3 c.: The probability that representative is Male given that the Representative is a Republic is: 213/232 = 0.918 Ans. #3 d.: The probability that representative is female and Democrat is: 58/432 = 0.134 Ans. #3 e.: If the knowledge that some event B has occurred influences the probability of the occurrence of another event A, then A and B are said to be dependent events. If knowing that event B has occurred does not affect the probability of the occurrence of event A, then A and B are said to be independent events. Two events are independent if the following equation is satisfied. Otherwise the events are dependent. P(A I B) = P(A) Now in the House of Representatives, P (Female) = 77/432 = 0.178 and P(Female|Democrat) = 58/200 = 0.29 Since P(Female|Democrat) P (Female)...
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...Supreme Court Opinion on United States v. Fields In United States v. Fields, Abel Fields was accused of violating the Stolen Valor Act of 2005 by stating that he had served in the military for eight years, and that he had received the Purple Heart award. These claims were false, and he was convicted in court, and was sentenced to pay a fine of $1,000. Fields felt that the Stolen Valor Act had violated his First Amendment rights of free speech, and he appealed the decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After the court ruled in his favor, the government appealed the decision, and the case went to the Supreme Court. Under the Stolen Valor Act, Fields’s First Amendment rights were violated. The Constitution guarantees all citizens the...
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...The decided date of this case was March 3rd, 1919. The parties involved was Schenck and the US government in which Schenck believed that people should not accept the draft. The US Government stated that he was possibly violating the Espionage act. The conflict was whether or not Schenck was allowed to do this under the First Amendment. The United States won in which the court concluded that what Schenck was doing was illegal under the Espionage Act. There were no dissenting opinions, the ruling was unanimous. I believe that there should be a limit to the freedom of speech as people should not be allowed to run around and yell anything that could cause harm or yell anything that can advocate committing a crime. This court case specifically...
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...Nixon v. United States 506 U.S. 224 (1993) Facts Walter Nixon Jr., a U.S. District Court judge in Mississippi, was investigated for his involvement for trading an oil and gas deal with an entrepreneur in exchange for his intervention in the entrepreneur son’s indictment for drug trafficking. Nixon was brought before a grand jury and testified that he did not intervene with the son’s case. He later stood trial in federal court for committing perjury during his grand jury testimony and accepting an illegal gratuity. He was acquitted of the illegal gratuity change but convicted of two counts of perjury. The Judicial Conference of the United States recommended Nixon’s impeachment. The House voted to impeach. The Senate invoked Impeachment rule...
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...During 1942, the United States government decided to relocate all Japanese American citizens and relocate them to an internment camp. The U.S. began to worry about America’s safety and security. During the war, many decisions were made, however, the U.S. never realized what this would do to the lives of the Japanese people. Interning the Japanese American citizens put their lives through much different and much more difficult ways of living. The Japanese relocation greatly affected the lives of Japanese American citizens in a negative way. In 1942, The U.S. government began relocating approximately one-hundred twenty-two thousand Japanese-American citizens into internment camps. Doing this cut the Japanese American citizen's jobs, let alone...
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...Draper v. United States 358 U.S. 307 Supreme Court of the United States (1959) Parties: James Draper (Petitioner/Defendant) v. United States (Respondent/Government) Facts: Marsh was a federal narcotics agent with 29 years’ experience, stationed in Denver. Hereford was a “special employee” of the Bureau of Narcotics in Denver. Hereford had been working at the Bureau for about six months and occasionally gave information to Marsh regarding violations of narcotic laws in exchange for small sums of money. On September 3, 1956, Hereford told Marsh that Draper was living in Denver and was peddling narcotics to several addicts in the city. Four days later, Hereford told Marsh that Draper left for Chicago by train the day before and would be back on the morning of the 8th or 9th with three ounces of heroin. Hereford also gave Marsh a detailed physical description of Draper. On the morning of September 9, Marsh and a Denver police officer spotted an individual matching Hereford’s description at the Denver Union Station, they stopped him and then arrested him. Upon searching Draper, two envelopes containing heroin and a syringe were recovered. Marsh took Draper into custody, and Hereford died four days after the arrest and therefore could not testify at the hearing....
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... a search warrant is required to enter a third party’s residence in order to search for a fugitive believed to be within. Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 222 (1981). This conclusion arose from the facts that officers entered into Steagald’s home looking for Ricky Lyons, a person not living in Steagald’s house, with only an arrest warrant. Id. at 206. The Supreme Court reasoned that the arrest warrant alone was not sufficient enough to allow the entry in Steagald’s house; the probable cause determination of a neutral magistrate that Lyons would be within the house was necessary to allow the officers to search the house for Lyons. Id. at...
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...Should the Roles of Unions Increase in the United States? Tiwiya Hughes HRMT 407 American Public University System Should the Roles of Unions Increase in the United States? This paper will focus on whether the role of the union should increase in the United States and what role HRM will play in accommodating the employees. I stand on the position of that if companies and organizations provide the employees with the essential “employee-based benefits, such as health insurance, a retirement savings plan, sick and vacation leave than there will be no need for the union to be a representation for the employee “(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). For decades, the union has played a major role in the United States when it comes down...
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...United States v. Peterson In the case of the United States v. Peterson, the issue of self-defense is addressed. Bennie L. Peterson was convicted of manslaughter for the killing of Charles Keitt by a jury. In this case, Keitt and a couple of his friends drove to Peterson’s house to remove windshield wipers from Peterson’s wrecked car. Peterson was not pleased and told Keitt to leave. Keitt had already returned to his car to leave when, Peterson returned from inside his house with an unloaded pistol (U.S. v Peterson, n.d). Upon Peterson’s reemergence to the yard, he began to load his pistol. Keitt and his friends were already attempting to leave when Peterson stopped and threatened Keitt. Keitt then got out of the car and approached Peterson before realizing Peterson had a gun, Keitt, in turn, returned to...
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...McCray v. United States (1904) Facts In 1886, Congress established the Oleomargarine Act, which imposed a one-quarter of a cent tax per pound of uncolored oleomargarine and ten cents per pound of yellow oleomargarine. The yellow oleomargarine was artificially colored to resemble butter. McCray, an oleomargarine dealer, was fined when he declined to pay the tax. McCray appealed to the Supreme Court from lower courts. Issue Did Congress violate Article I, section 9 by using excessive legislative power under the Oleomargarine Act? Rule The Oleomargarine Act imposed a tax on colored and uncolored oleomargarine. Article I, section 9 declared direct taxes would be apportioned among the states based on the census or population. Article I, section...
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...Heart of Atlanta Motel, INC. v. United States, 379 U.S. 241, 85 S.Ct. 348, 13 L.Ed.2d 258 (1964) Posture: The Heart of Atlanta Motel refused to rent rooms to African Americans. They were found to be in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. They sued, claiming Congress violated the Constitution by prohibiting racial discrimination in places affected by interstate commerce. Facts: The Heart of Atlanta Motel operates near a highway where about 75% of their guests are from out of the state. The hotel refused to rent rooms to African Americans, violating Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prevented discrimination based on race or color in places of accommodation. Congress could also prevent discrimination under the commerce...
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...liable for Ms. Mormont’s injuries because Ms. Mormont knew of and appreciated the risks inherent in bowling. A person is knowledgeable and appreciative of a risk if they know from experience with the sport that a dangerous outcome could occur given a certain action. Grady v. Green Acres, Inc; Jussila v. United States Snowmobile Association; Schneider v. Erikson. The Court of Appeals of Minnesota has applied this rule to several inherently dangerous sports. Id. In Grady, a case concerning an adult who was injured while snow tubing after colliding with another patron, Grady sued Green Acres Inc. the owner of the business where the incident occurred. Grady v. Green Acres, Inc.. Grady claimed Green Acres was negligent with regards to the safety of its patrons and that he was not appreciative of the risks involved. Id. The court held that Grady was both knowledgeable and appreciative of the risks of snow tubing from his previous experience snow tubing and other related sports. Id. In Jussila, a case concerning a patron who was struck with a snowmobile at a snowmobile race, Jussila sued the United States Snowmobile Association (USSA) who organized the event. Jussila v. United States Snowmobile Association. Jussila claimed USSA was negligent in designing the barriers around the track to protect spectators. Id. The court held...
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...Marvin M. Brandt Revocable Trust v. United States Chief Justice Robert's Opinion Goal: Determine what happens to a railroad's right of way when the railroad abandons it: does it go to the government, or to the land owner who acquired the land underlying the right of way? Why: In order to determine if the property of Marvin Brandt is unburdened and free for his use in result of the railroad's abandonment of the railway, we must examine the General Railroad Right-of-Way Act of 1875. Issue: What happens to a railroad's right of way granted under a particular state when the railroad abandons it: does it go to the government, or to the private party who acquired the land underlying the right of way? Legal Rule: The legal rule in question here is the General Railroad Right-of-Way Act of 1875. According to Roberts, the United States lost its case mainly because it had successfully argued in Great Northern Railway Co. v. United States that 1875 Act rights of way were easements. In that case Great...
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...In this case Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. vs United States, the supreme court made the ruling that Shell Oil Company was not liable under the CERCLA. This case was about an agricultural chemical distribution business that operated on a small plot of land leased by Burlington Northern Railroad company. The chemical company stored and distributed hazard substances on the land, as well as a pesticide sold by Shell. Through the years, these hazard chemicals leeched into the ground contaminating the groundwater. Part of these leaks occurred during the transfer phase from when the tanker trucks would deliver to the chemical company. The chemical company eventually went out of business but the United States and the State of California...
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...(Slip Opinion) OCTOBER TERM, 2010 Syllabus 1 NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued. The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader. See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U. S. 321, 337. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES Syllabus SNYDER v. PHELPS ET AL. CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT No. 09–751. Argued October 6, 2010—Decided March 2, 2011 For the past 20 years, the congregation of the Westboro Baptist Church has picketed military funerals to communicate its belief that God hates the United States for its tolerance of homosexuality, particularly in America’s military. The church’s picketing has also condemned the Catholic Church for scandals involving its clergy. Fred Phelps, who founded the church, and six Westboro Baptist parishioners (all relatives of Phelps) traveled to Maryland to picket the funeral of Marine Lance Corporal Matthew Snyder, who was killed in Iraq in the line of duty. The picketing took place on public land approximately 1,000 feet from the church where the funeral was held, in accordance with guidance from local law enforcement officers. The picketers peacefully displayed their signs—stating, e.g., “Thank God for Dead Soldiers,” “Fags Doom Nations,” “America is Doomed,” “Priests...
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