...Human rights are said to be universal, inherent, inalienable, and indivisible. In this paper we will discover what each of those mean including discussions which examine if human rights are in fact universal, inherent, inalienable, and indivisible equally and without prejudice for all of humanity. Human rights are universal since they are said to belong to all humans in every society and should accommodate all persons in the world equally. To consider if human rights are in fact universal, one must considerer a wide range of factors including cultural differences and geographic setting to name a few. Human rights are said to be inherent regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status. To say that human rights are inherent would infer that they exist as permanent and essential or are considered characteristic attributes of all humans. The term inalienable rights refer to a set of human rights that are fundamental, are not awarded by human power, and cannot be surrendered. Human rights are also supposed to be inalienable; because they flow from and protect human existence, they cannot be taken away without endangering the value of that existence. We must consider weather this trait is to be uniformly applied to all of humanity or if there are special considerations (such as incarceration) to which the concept of inalienable human rights may not be appropriate. Human rights are indivisible and interdependent, which means that in...
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...individual to live with dignity as a human being and a member of mankind. Such claims or powers are known as, ‘Human Rights’ (Ajithkumar, Usha. , 2011, p. 1). Human Rights is a universal and legal concept. These rights are meant to uphold human dignity and equality. Human Rights are those rights which inherent to all human beings, irrespective of our nationality, ethnic, origin, colour, religion, language or any other status. Human Rights also referred to as “Fundamental Rights” or “Basic Rights” or “Natural Rights” or “Common Rights”, are the rights guaranteed to people an individual, groups or categories to live...
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...relativism. Deontology, the study of duty, which we explored in Modules 3 and 5, describes a variety of positions that understand ethics in terms of duty or obedience to universal principles regardless of the consequences. These universal principles could come from God, from human origins and nature, or from human reason. Instead of asking whether an action will result in a particular type of consequence, either good or bad, as is the case with utilitarianism and social contract, deontologists ask whether an action is consistent with a particular principle or rule. In Module 5, we studied the ethical deontological categorical imperative of Immanuel Kant. Kant does not believe the authority for duty-driven activity is God. Kant believes that human will is the highest authority. He believes this “highest authority" emanates from the use of human reason. In short, Perhaps Kant’s “duty” is not as absolute as one might suppose. Human ordained moral action is often subject to change according to personal preference. For Kant, the moral action conforms to a law of human origin and is absolute—it admits no exceptions, and it is universally binding. One is obligated to follow the commands of morality, whether one feels like it or not and despite personal consequences. One simply must follow the command out of respect for human reason. This forms the basis of Kant’s Categorical Imperative– if one can do the right thing, one...
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...Descartes and Locke have good accounts of the origins of ideas. These accounts are both vastly different and believe they are the better. Descartes believes that ideas are innate or that we are born with them. On the other hand Locke believes that we gain our ideas through experiences. Descartes account is a bit too far-fetched and unrealistic. This is why Locke’s account is far superior to that of Descartes. In the following paragraphs both their strengths and weaknesses will be displayed to show that Locke’s strengths outweigh his weaknesses showing he has the origins of ideas on lock. The first thing to explain is exactly what each believes. Descartes raises the predicament that the wax is still wax even when it is melted and has lost...
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...CV0C=Universality of human rights has always been a extensively challenged and debated topic, especially in the recent decades. In recent decades, a widely contested debate over the universality of human rights has emerged. Rights are certainly not universally-applied today, with oppression, torture and various atrocities committed in many parts of the world. This paper will focus on the notion that both in the Third-World and the West, states have used human rights discussion as a political tool, which has weakened arguments for its universality. This perspective will be utilised to break down arguments made against universal human rights before presenting alternative conceptions of universal human rights and identifying developments which may ensure they can be universally applied and respected. It is important to first define the theoretical basis of ‘universal’ human rights. Universal conceptions argue human rights are inalienable, self-evident and applicable to all human beings (Donnelly, 2003, 10). These arguments are often linked to origins in Western philosophy and natural law, developed from philosophers such as John Locke (Langlois, 2009, 12). Many scholars maintain that human rights are ‘pre-political’, thus unchangeable and unaffected by cultural or political variation. Donnelly identifies the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis in establishing the “contemporary consensus on internationally recognised human rights” (2003, 22). Human rights hold universal values...
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...communication systems. Communication is essential for human beings. Language is the primary way in which adults pass ways of thinking and conversing on to their children. Language is an accumulation of knowledge because we learned everything by somebody through language. Society would have to recreate itself every generation if it could not pass its knowledge on through language. Language is one of the most powerful tools in human communication. Words are meant to establish and maintain friendly contact. Through words, people shape their identities. People can express their feelings, attitudes, and experiences to each other through words. By speaking, information can be give to others about oneself and the world around him/her. In Christine Leong's essay Being A Chink, she describes the power of language. She said, "It gives us identity, personality, social status, and it also creates communities, defining both insiders and outsiders. Language has the ability to heal or to harm, to praise or belittle, to promote peace or even to glorify hate." I believe this is what language is all about. Language has two purposes. Depending on what is said, and how others perceive what has been said, language can be helpful to the soul or destroy one's self-confidence. Words are intended to inform others so they can understand us. Words are not intended to establish superiority; if they are, people get hurt in the process. Language is a uniquely human trait, and questions of how and why it evolved...
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...THE UNIVERSITY OF Manchester “Human Rights in World Politics” POLI 70492 Essay title: East meets West: Human Rights in Perspective. Lecturer: Dr James Pattison Essay Question: “Should Universal Human Rights Be Enforced regardless of Cultural differences?” ID Number: 8262033 Introduction: Even though human rights are of the major issues in our current day world, it has not been the case over the course of human history. Despite some early calls by the Greeks especially Aristotle for citizenship rights and participation in the political life, slavery was regarded as a normal feature back then and it was not until the 18th century that serious attempts to protect human rights and dignity took place: The two major events promoting these rights were without doubt the United States of America’s declaration of independence in 1776 and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 both of which endorsed some basic rights and freedom which were a huge step forward at the time. As an example, the French declaration clearly enclosed the following article “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”. Following these two events, many Western writers and philosophers such as John Stuart Mill, Thomas Paine, and G.W.F. Hegel defended human civil rights and liberties in their writings...
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...Media Ethics -Ethics, in Greek word Ethos, mean moral value and quality. -Conrad C. Fink defined “ethics is a system principles, morality or code of conduct. It is the values and rules of life recognized by an individual, group or culture seeking guidelines to human conduct and what is good or bad and right or wrong.” -set of principle of right conduct or code of moral conduct for people to behave -reflects society’s views of what is right or wrong 3 branch of ethics -meta-ethics ( study of origin of ethical concepts) -normative ethics (concerned with developing general theories, rules or principles of moral conduct to distinguish right from wrong) -applied ethics (problem solving: use insight gained from meta-ethic, general principles and rules from normative ethics to apply ethical issue, or situation) Good Samaritan-Yes -origin from Whistle Blower -a generous people who is ready and willing to help people in distress without hesitation -Example: a good Samaritan pulls a person out of a burning car after an accident -religion taught us to help people No-good Samaritan (why people never help?-Genovese Syndrome) -bystander effect, large bystander increase the likelihood that people will step forward to help a victim, expect others to help the victim -diffusion of responsibility, social phenomenon occurs in groups where responsibility is not clearly assigned, thus rely on other. (Less than 3 people, everyone will take action; more than 10 people, no one...
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...Throughout history, sibling relationships in different classes, religions, genders, and specific races of the human race have provided humans with an inherent empathizer. Being raised and shaped into distinct characters in the same environment and experiencing the same essential memories of childhood binds siblings together for better or for worse. Likewise, in “Sonny’s Blues”, written by James Baldwin, the narrator and his brother Sonny reunite through their shared origins and finally understand what it symbolizes to them and their entire community. The sibling relationship between the narrator and Sonny demonstrates two different ways in which people of the same background attempt to deal with their shared communities and memories to regain...
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...Nowadays, the concept of human rights has shaped up quite well, aiming to secure at least the very basic moral standards by which a living person should be respected. Even so, there are far too many breaches in them for us to call them finished and refined. There is still a lot of tyranny in the world, a lot of shady practices and even in the strongest upholding countries for human rights. Be it because of a complicated political or moral situation or pure savagery or tyranny, let’s look at the list of countries which still violate the very basic we are born with. What document guarantees international human rights? - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees international human rights. The United Nations General Assembly passed this document in 1948. - What international organizations are responsible for protecting human rights? - International concern for human rights has been evident outside of the United Nations. The Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, which met in Helsinki in 1973-75, produced the Helsinki Final Act. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which first met in 1950, produced the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Social Charter; the Ninth Pan-American Conference of 1948 adopted the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man; and the Organization of African Unity in 1981 adopted the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. There are also...
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...alphabet is used by all the Romany languages/dialects except Carpathian Romany and Finnish Romany. Romani alphabet Lovari Roma The Lovari are subgroup of the Roma people who speak a dialect of Romani influenced by Hungarian. They live in many parts of Europe, including Hungary, Romania, Poland, France, Germany, Italy and Greece. Lovari Romani alphabet and pronunciation Lovari Romani alphabet and pronunciation Sample text in Romani Sa e manušikane strukture bijandžona tromane thaj jekhutne ko digniteti thaj capipa. Von si baxtarde em barvale gndaja thaj godžaja thaj trubun jekh avereja te kherjakeren ko vodži pralipaja. Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of...
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...Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic, social and cultural Three generations Rights by claimant Animals /Authors /Children /Consumers Fathers /Fetuses Humans Natives /Kings/LGBT/Men /Minorities Mothers /Plants /Students/Women Workers/Youth Disabled persons We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Three generations first-generation civil and political rights (right to life and political participation), second-generation economic, social and cultural rights (right to subsistence) and third-generation solidarity rights (right to peace, right to clean environment). Out of these generations, the third generation is the most debated and lacks both legal and political recognition. This categorisation is at odds with the indivisibility of rights, as it implicitly states that some rights can exist without others. Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.[1] Rights are of e ssential importance in such disciplines...
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...DURING THIS LESSON, REFER TO THE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS SHEET “HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL RIGHTS” AT THE END OF THIS LESSON. Time: 1h. 30m. Content Objectives • Students review common greetings and introductions by role-playing. • Students communicate and exchange personal information. • Students claim their rights through speaking up about them. Rights Literacy Objectives • Students discuss the idea of each human being entitled to “rights.” • Students begin to incorporate simple rights language into their conversations. Language Objectives • Students review vocabulary on greetings and role-play a basic conversation in pairs practicing common expressions. • Students practice speaking “human rights language.” Materials Needed • Paper, writing board • Pencils, pens • Student lesson handout • Copies of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (recommended) Content Objectives • Students review common greetings and introductions by role-playing. • Students communicate and exchange personal information. • Students claim their rights through speaking up about them. Rights Literacy Objectives • Students discuss the idea of each human being’s entitlement to “rights.” • Students begin to incorporate simple rights language into their conversations. Language Objectives • Students review vocabulary on greetings and role-play a basic conversation in pairs practicing common expressions. Intermediate Level Basic Human Rights Toolkit ESOL These lessons contain some basic information about...
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...Locke’s argument against innate ideas. In Locke’s ‘An Essay Concerning Human Understanding’, he argues for his view of empiricism, concerning the origin of ideas. A conflicting position for this subject is rationalism. According to rationalists, ideas are innate. However, Locke was an empiricist and believed that ideas came from experience. In this essay I aim to explore Locke’s position on the formation of ideas and consider how his arguments may be criticised or indeed supported. According to Locke, an idea is “the object of the understanding when a man thinks” (I.i.8). In his ‘Essay’, Locke argues against the notion that ideas are innate in humans. He argued that ideas were formed from sensory experience rather than being innate. By innate, we mean that we were born with the ideas. Locke mentions the argument for innate ideas being that there are universally accepted ideas, so they must be already present in people when they are born. In the ‘Essay’, Locke said that the existence of innate ideas could be disproved if another way was found in which all mankind could come to agree on a certain truth. I think there is a weakness in this argument. In order for his point to be relevant, he would need to find this truth that is universally accepted and prove that it was born from experience. Therefore, the argument that innate ideas are responsible for universal truths is the best explanation that can be given. Although Locke’s argument does not have a lot to justify it...
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... modus ponens, where given “A” and “If A then B”, then “B” must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is the syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does indeed follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables. These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning makes conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if “90% of humans are right-handed” and “Joe is human” then “Joe is probably right-handed”. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophical logic. Metaphysics Main article: Metaphysics Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, events, processes, and causation. Traditional branches of metaphysics include cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety, and ontology, the study of being. Within metaphysics itself there are a wide range of differing philosophical theories. Idealism, for example...
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