...CARITAS UNIVERSITY AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU NAME: JOSEPH FLORENCE REG NO: URP/2012/064 COURSE: URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING CODE: URP 212 LECTURER: PROF. ARTHUR DATE: FEBRUARY, 2015 URBAN PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA URBANIZATION IN NIGERIA Spurred by the oil boom prosperity of the 1970s and the massive improvements in roads and the availability of vehicles, Nigeria since independence has become an increasingly urbanized and urban oriented society. In 1970s, Nigeria had possibly the fastest urbanization growth rate in the world as a result of great influx of people into urban areas, in 1986; the growth rate was estimated to be close to 6% per year more than twice that of the rural population. Between 1970 and 1980, the population of Nigerians living in Urban areas was estimated to have grown from 16 to more than 20% and by 2010, urban population was expected to be more than 40% at the nation’s total population. Although Nigeria did not have the highest population or urban population in sub-Saharan Africa. It had larger cities and the highest total urban population at any sub-Saharan African country. Available data reveal that the population of Nigeria has been increasing at an alarming rate. Our towns and cities are growing rapidly. In 1921, the population of Nigeria was only 18.72 million. In 1952, it rose to 30.4 million and in 1963 to 55.67 million. The preliminary census data for 1991 (although the 1991 census figure...
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...Generally, urban development will change, alter, affect or make a significant impact on the environment. The construction of buildings and roads has extensively changed the hydraulic properties of many habitable human settlements. Naturally, some areas have been observed to be less permeable or even impermeable to storm water and these areas are depressed and raised to check ponding or dishing to trap runoff in the environment. The construction of surface and conduit drainages is constructed to drain runoff efficiently and sustainably in well planned urban areas always remove natural vegetation which causes reduction, interception and transpiration of plants in the environment (CSIR, 2000). These limited vegetation cover in the environment...
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...because of financial factors such as expenditures were higher than revenues, the high level of debts and bad management. In the audit report issued for the 2012 there were many qualified and adverse opinions with regards to the financial statements. The fact that City of Detroit filed for bankruptcy, as hard as it might be, would give the city a new start and a new way of managing and thinking. This city needs restructuring and functioning under a new economic vitality. By developing new strategic plans such as new employment opportunities and offering reliable services for its residents and businesses, city of Detroit will regain its role in the economic vitality of Michigan. The economy of Detroit plays a key role in the economic development of Michigan. City of Detroit is known as the Motor City for the innovations in the auto industry but also for its goal diversifications into emerging fields such as information technology and advanced manufacturing. Encouraging advantage are the different tax incentive programs that city of Detroit offers. For example, Detroit Renaissance Zone Tax includes a waiver of city income and utility users taxes, most city property taxes, county property taxes. The program applies to businesses that will conduct business within the area and are not delinquent in any local, county or state taxes and once qualified there is no need to reapply. Should our corporation consider being part of big changes in Detroit and consider the benefit of tax...
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...URAN SPRAWL: DIAGNOSIS AND REMEDIES Throughout this article, the main focus is urban sprawl and the non-endearing remedies to fix this growing concern. Three influential forces are the end results of urban sprawl: a growing population, rising incomes, and falling commuting costs. Although these sound positive to societies well being, market failures are distorting their positive social desirability. The allocation of agricultural land converted to urban usage has justified the criticism of urban sprawl by not accounting for the benefits of open space, social costs of road congestion, and developers failing to pay for the infrastructure costs generated. The remedies projected for these market failures in hope of alleviating the spatial size of the city are developmental taxes and congestion tolls (1). Critics raise a few questions about urban sprawl and the possible remedies policy makers could enact. But, are they are justifiable? The first one is, is urban sprawl truly a growing problem affecting American society? Throughout the article, Brueckner states both views on urban sprawl: The criticism against it and how to prevent it, and the benefits of urban sprawl to American society. Another question addressed is, is urban sprawl contributing to the decay of downtown areas? With the growth of urban development, the incentive to rebuild land and housing closer to the city center is reduced. This is because developers can purchase large amounts of farmland further away from...
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... http://jtlu.org . 6 . 1 [2013] pp. 7–24 http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v1.425 Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries Robert Cervero University of California, Berkeley a e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. is is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. e cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere—accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs—are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world’s poorest countries. Abstract: Keywords: Urban transportation; land use; Developing cities; Air quality; Poverty 1 The challenges of rapid growth in developing cities e...
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...Urbanization Insert Name Here Insert Affiliation Here Urbanization/CASE Urbanization refers to the reallocation from a rustic to an urban social order due to shifts in global variants. It is a product of economic, political and social advancement that has paved the way for the emergence of large metropolis, cause a spike in the population density of the region. A survey predicted that half of the earth’s inhabitants would reside in urban centers towards the end of 2008 (United Nations). Intimately connected to the processes of modernization, industrialization and rationalization, the phenomenon has it genesis in the Renaissance period. Continuous attacks by the Turks caused the Christians to migrate from the east to the west of Europe. Consequently, the volume of trade rose and European cities besides the coastline progresses impressively. An additional push was given to urbanization upon the advent of the Industrial Revolution; the population density of European and American cities continued to intensify. For instance, the city of Chicago saw it population rise from fifteen individuals to over twenty million in a timeframe of seventy eight year. Yet, the phenomenon took hold of the Asian and African region only after sovereignty from colonial subjugation; in the first and second half of the 20th century, respectively (Howard Gillette Jr.). As mentioned before, the process of urbanization takes place when individuals abandon their rural lifestyle and migrate to...
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...inquiry - University of Witwatersrand’s Urban Framework Design Development Analysis in its Architectural Design Concepts and Strategies. Buildings analysed and compared in research proposal: School Of Construction Economics and Management Building, University of Witwatersrand by Michael Scholes and Associate Architects. (discussed in Assignment 1) Wits Science Stadium, University of Witwatersrand by Savage and Dodd Architects in collaboration with Urban Solutions, Urban Design Framework proposed by Ludwig Hansen Architects & Urban Designers. Following Assignment 1, I now analyse WSS and its design strategies that are used to achieve the objectives of the universities urban framework design development scheme and compare them to the strategies used in the design of the CEM building. Key questions developed from urban framework document investigation- What are the architectural design concepts and strategies incorporated in the respective buildings, which relate to the primary goal and the individual main objectives of the University of Witwatersrand established urban framework Intended layout of the essay - • Intro: Brief History into the urban framework of the University of Witwatersrand and its development. • Discussion of problems acknowledged in existing urban framework • Explain and discuss the new urban framework design scheme and how it aims to enrich the urban fabric and resolve existing problems in urban the urban framework. • Discuss the primary goal and...
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...its immediate environs. Understandably, they more easily identified with the town in which they lived rather than the expanse beyond the actual and imagined town-limits. We call residents of Nassau, Nassuvians. Yet, unlike Abaconians, Cat Islanders and Inaguans, what is the demonym for those of us who live at New Providence? During the 20th century the population of Nassau climbed significantly through a combination of high birth rates among Bahamians and an influx of immigrants from Haiti who also tended to have high birth rates. The influx of Family Islanders also boosted the capital island’s numbers. Beginning around the middle of the last century, the mutual forces of majority rule and black economic empowerment ignited an urban expansion. With considerable rapidity, the majority of the island’s population shifted beyond Nassau. Urbanization has engendered many benefits as well as significant challenges for New Providence. These varied challenges include ongoing infrastructural needs in the areas of housing, ground transportation networks, public services and facilities, and reliable utilities, among others. There are also a complex of sociological challenges including increased crime and violence, social alienation by some and the changing nature of social networks such as neighbourhoods. The environmental and health challenges related to urbanization are also significant. What we are continuing to get our hands and collective imagination around are...
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...Discuss the impact of the automobile’s rise on urban form during the twentieth century and critically evaluate planning measures used to limit the negative social and environmental aspects Since the rise of the automobile, there have been many dramatic changes to urban form in attempts to accommodate this new mode of transport. Focusing on America and Britain, this discussion considers influences on all scales ranging from reclassification of physical roads to the decentralization of urban cores. The rising social and environmental concerns caused by the increase in vehicle usage include pedestrian safety, residential livability, and environmental deterioration. I have decided to explore this question by considering features that have both affected urban form and also acted as planning measures to limit negative social and environmental impacts, these include motorway developments, the garden city urban planning approach and Greenbelts. With over 15 million units of Ford Motor T sold between 1908 and 1927 (Flink, 2001), urban form was most dramatically influenced in American cities during the correlating time period. Planners began to oppose the conventional Roman-grid layouts, where streets were arranged at perpendicular angles to each other. Rising traffic congestion at intersections placed pressure on city planners to reorganise the structural layout in attempts to liberate these chaotic streets. Pedestrians were heavily victimised...
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...Taking another look at urbanization and making the best use of the land we have is going to become a major concern in the near future. There are many current approaches being in use to help with this issue. We will need many more efforts to make sure that we do not do further damage to our planet. We need the planets natural resources to survive. We more we encroach on the ecosystems of plants and animals that we depend upon for live and sustenance the harder it will be to overcome problems we create in these ecosystems. One approach that is being used in city planning is compact development. Populations often migrate to urban communities in search of employment. To accommodate the influx of people, communities are using compact development. This is the practice of developing housing close to transportation sources, employment, and social services. With compact development the need to individual transportation diminishes. With easily accessible public transportation fewer employees need to commute to get to work. In some of these communities, it is possible for employees to bike or even walk to work. This cuts down on the number of vehicles on the road and reduces the air pollution in the community. (Environmental Planning, 2007) In doing so, this...
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...Robert Hayes II Geog 413 Midterm November 10, 2013 Megacities or Suburbs? Urbanization and growth rely on each other like cause and effect. However; when one asks does urbanization trigger economic growth and development, or is economic growth and development the result of urbanization is like asking which came first the chicken or the egg? Urbanization and growth rely on each other, however; does there come a point in which the diseconomies start to outweigh the benefits of agglomeration? Annez and Buckley state in Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context that “Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries.” Annez and Buckley point out that urbanization affects the growth process through the enhanced flow of ideas and knowledge attributable to agglomeration in cities. They drew in evidence from Landes (1969 cited in Willamson 1987, p. 6) whom believes “Urbanization is an essential ingredient in modernization”. (Anez & Buckley p. 1 & 2) Industrialization is triggered by urbanization which leads to modernization. Modernization leads to economic development which allows people to use current technology. Part of the modernization process is education and creation of a centralized bureaucracy. These creations enable their people to advance and compete in the modern world. All these concepts are related and rely on each other. Annez and Buckley show in several graphs as countries become urbanized their GDP rises. In almost every...
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...As an African nation experiencing the phenomenon of urbanization in expanded scale and in prominent pervasiveness, Nigeria is generally perceived as a newly-emerged modern state, which is characterized by rapid industrialization and extensive urbanization (Jiboye,2011).In particular, the term “State” is defined as the politically organized people of a particular land(Antai& Moradi, 2010). When it comes to the cohesion and stability of modernized state, it refers to the condition of a system which is the condition of Nigeria as a whole. In this essay, the threats on the cohesion and stability of Nigeria induced by industrialization and urbanization are assessed in threefold: health threats, criminal threat and threat regarding food insecurity. The aforementioned threats to be analyzed are intertwined with the concept of urbanization and industrialization and the repercussions of food insecurity and the physical health threat in urbanized cities are interrelated with the criminal threat, which could be accounted by mental illness(Antai& Moradi, 2010). With this introductory overview, the essay proceeds to outline the modern situation of urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria with definitions conceptualized. The following part is an evaluation of the health threats comprised of two section, in which the overcrowding issue is explored and illustrative case study focusing on health surveillance in Niger Delta is examined. The next part dwells on the positive correlation between...
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...city’ is a notion popularly cited among planning academics and practitioners in describing some strategic places in the world economy. Pioneer researchers in this area define global cities as basing points of capital in a world economy (Friedmann, 1986: 71); production centres of specialized information services such as financial services, media services, educational and health services, and centres of tourism (Hall, 1998: 24); and centres for servicing and financing international trade, investment and headquarters operations (Sassen, 2004: 171). Summarizing those perspectives and recognizing the influence of a new economy, which can be characterized as informational, global and networked (Castells, 2000: 27), global cities can be seen as the urban nodes where globalization materializes so that they are (1) highly concentrated command points in the organization of the world economy; (2) key locations for finance and specialized service firms; (3) sites of production of innovation; (4) markets for the products and innovations produced (Sassen, 2001: 3 and 4). Taylor (2004) has argued that these perspectives involve understanding just the attributes of cities and suggests that the key roles of global city are shaped by the relationships and connections they have with the rest of the world. He illustrates a hierarchy of cities reflecting such relationships by analyzing the location of advanced producer service firms and produces. Olds and Yeung (2004) provide a comprehensive coverage of other...
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...one place to another to find food and other basic needs. In modern terminologies, if you live like a nomadic person does, you are called itinerant,that now refers to the indigenous groups in a country who live in rural areas. But our brothers and sisters in urban areas tend to be moved from one place to another, yet they are not indigenous. They have the tendency to vacate their place, but not due to the loss of food and basic necessities, but because of the fact that they have to resettled and relocated to a new location. Resettlement is a voluntary or involuntary movement of large number of people from one place (which is usually the original settlement) to another (which is a new settlement), and this movement is not without consequence (Akpanudoedehe, 2010). It is a planned or impulsive transfer of people from their original places to a new settlement site wherein they have to adapt to the new environment. Here in the Philippines, resettlement is a common picture in our environment, and the most dominant kind of resettlement that we can see is involuntary. Involuntary resettlement is largely a consequence of planned change generated by major development projects such as dams for irrigation and hydropower, urban renewal, and highway construction (ADB 2000). Illegal settlers who live in these expropriated lands are relocated to places that may be far from their original home and is much different to the surroundings that they are used to. Over the years, the National...
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...rent. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) oversees the three major programs offered by the federal government, i.e. public housing, privately owned subsidized housing and housing choice voucher (section-8). This paper doesn't focus on one of them specifically, but rather on the efficiency of the overall programs. The loopholes and inefficiencies addressed in this paper relate to the eligibility requirement, the lack of coordination across the various programs, their portability, the lack of incentives, and their perception across the indutry. Keywords: HUD, government, Section 8, housing, assistance, rental Are Government Rental Housing Assistance Programs Fulfilling their Social Mandate? Government Rental Housing Assistance has three programs to help low income families with their housing: public housing, privately owned subsidized housing, and housing choice voucher programs, the latter popularly known as Section-8. These programs are the result of a long process that started a hundred and fifty years ago with the Civil Rights Act of 1866. However, while the Civil Rights Act of 1866 established the conceptual foundations for fair housing policies, the country was still left without mechanisms to unable a fair housing market. It is only in the 1960's first federal structure really started taking place. President Lyndon Johnson had already founded the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and introduced the Fair Housing...
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