...Water pollution through urban and rural land use and freshwater allocation in New Zealand New Zealand has 425,000 kilometres of rivers and streams, almost 4,000 lakes larger than 1 hectare in size, and about 200 groundwater aquifers (Ministry for the Environment, 2010). By international standards, freshwater in New Zealand is both clean and in good supply. However, some aspects of water quality are getting worse in areas dominated by intensive land use. Demand for water is increasing, particularly in areas that are already water-stressed. Water pollution is becoming an ongoing problem for New Zealand. Both Urban and Rural land uses are creating pollution in our water and degrading the quality of our water. Growing demand for water resources in many parts of New Zealand during the last two decades has increased competition and conflicts between different stakeholders for access to scarce surface water and groundwater resources. To try to enable more sustainability in the use of our freshwater, we need to learn to balance and control how much water we use and where it is most needed. Poor or declining water quality has already created direct costs, such as the nearly $450 million allocated over the next 10 to 20 years to the clean-up of Lake Taupo, Rotorua Lakes and the Waikato River, and can constrain economic opportunities (Ministry for the Environment 2010). In New Zealand, it is increasingly recognised, including by government, that water resource allocation and water quality...
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...Evictions notes that while previous studies found that women who migrate to cities do so to join family members – mostly husbands – in the city, this trend appears to be changing: an increasing number of women are migrating to cities on their own, often to escape domestic violence or discrimination in rural areas, or because they have been disinherited. In some sub-Saharan African countries, stigmatization due to HIV/AIDS has also forced women to move to cities. In Kenya, for instance, many rural women who are infected with HIV, or who have lost a husband to the disease, are sent away from the marital home along with their children. Many of these women end up in urban slums, while their children, who are presumed to be infected with the virus, are often denied a share of the father’s property. While poor women and men in urban centres both face insecurity of land tenure and shelter, women are especially disadvantaged because they are often excluded from secure tenure as a consequence of cultural norms and unequal legal rights in legislative and policy frameworks of political systems. Women who become single heads of households, particularly in Africa, are particularly vulnerable, as in many countries in the region, they can still only access land through husbands or fathers. Where women’s land ownership is relationship-based, they risk losing access to land after widowhood, divorce, desertion or male migration, which can lead to destitution. Women who experience violence in their relationships...
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...As an African nation experiencing the phenomenon of urbanization in expanded scale and in prominent pervasiveness, Nigeria is generally perceived as a newly-emerged modern state, which is characterized by rapid industrialization and extensive urbanization (Jiboye,2011).In particular, the term “State” is defined as the politically organized people of a particular land(Antai& Moradi, 2010). When it comes to the cohesion and stability of modernized state, it refers to the condition of a system which is the condition of Nigeria as a whole. In this essay, the threats on the cohesion and stability of Nigeria induced by industrialization and urbanization are assessed in threefold: health threats, criminal threat and threat regarding food insecurity. The aforementioned threats to be analyzed are intertwined with the concept of urbanization and industrialization and the repercussions of food insecurity and the physical health threat in urbanized cities are interrelated with the criminal threat, which could be accounted by mental illness(Antai& Moradi, 2010). With this introductory overview, the essay proceeds to outline the modern situation of urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria with definitions conceptualized. The following part is an evaluation of the health threats comprised of two section, in which the overcrowding issue is explored and illustrative case study focusing on health surveillance in Niger Delta is examined. The next part dwells on the positive correlation between...
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...“Life and Misery of Gypsies in Lahore Date: 24th November 2010 SUMMARY Gypsies are a social group of nomads that mostly suffer discrimination from the rest of the society. These gypsy communities in Lahore are living in great misery. They don’t have even the basic facilities of life such as electricity, health, education and clean water for drinking instead there are masses of rubbish and pools of filthy water all around. The children of gypsies run here and there, naked and with dirty hairs and skin, the males are addicted and the ladies move towards the Bazars for begging and prostitution. Government must stop being negligent of these 700,000 people and has to provide them with space for housing, basic facilities of life and provide them with employment to sort out their financial problems. INTRODUCTION The Gypsies are one of the most segregated and neglected ethnic groups in all over the world are living a dejected life on the various margins of the globe. In this report the problems and hardships of the gypsies encountered particularly in Lahore will be highlighted. The major issues are improper settlement of gypsies, lack of basic facilities of life for them, lack of education, unemployment and poverty which results in increase in crime rate. The Governments mostly turn their heads from these settlements, regarding them as "lumps" in the body of society. We will discuss different means by which we can over come this problem...
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...reduction of valuable farmland near cities and increased urban pollution. Urban sprawl affects the environment by destroying native habitats and increasing urban pollution including air pollution from increased traffic and urban waste into waterways. There are many definitions of urban sprawl. The Heinemann Atlas states that urban sprawl means the spread of urban areas into rural areas such as farmland, forests and coastal lands that lie on the outer edges of cities. In other words, urban sprawl is described by development that increases the distance between the city center and its outer edge. (2003, HYPERLINK "http://www.hi.com.au/atlas/updates/bg.asp?subtopicid=3619" http://www.hi.com.au/atlas/updates/bg.asp?subtopicid=3619) It is estimated that 88% of the world’s population growth next century will be in urban areas. This phenomenon especially in Australia where more than 80% of the people live in cities and coastal areas. Australia’s cities however will continue to grow and the numbers of people both live and work will increase. A number of Australian cities have the problems that associated with urban sprawl. Indeed, some of Australia’s cities are considered the world’s worst in terms of their sprawling nature. For example, Perth’s metropolitan area currently spreads more than 100 kilometers in a North-South direction. The city of Wanneroo, in the Northern suburbs of Perth, is the second fastest growing urban area in Australia. (2003, HYPERLINK "http://www.hi...
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...Study of Japanese Experiences es on Sustainable Urban Development el including Pollution Control and Management, Resource/Energy Efficiency and GHG Reductiion o GH FINAL REPORT T February 2011 y THE WORLD BANK JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY STUDY OF JAPANESE EXPERIENCES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE / ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND GHG REDUCTION FINAL REPORT The First East Asia Eco2 Program, including this study, was funded by the Cities Alliance through a non-core contribution of the Japanese Government, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the World Bank February 2011 ALMEC CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN TEXT 1 SUMMARY 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Context of the Study....................................................................................................... 1-1 Study Objectives ............................................................................................................ 1-2 Analytical Framework of the Eco2 Initiative.................................................................... 1-3 Urban Development Process, Urban Management, and Environmental Initiatives in Japan.......................................................................................................................... 1-5 Responses of Stakeholders ........................................................................................... 1-8 Lessons from Japanese Experiences...
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...Introduction Living in a rural location is a quieter area to reside in with fewer options compared to a more congested urban area. When an individual is choosing a location to live in there are many factors to consider. Some of these factors include population, amenities, school, employment, and crime rates. Desirable locations vary based on an individual’s age, ethnicity, and career path. Choosing a place to live is something that should not be taken lightly. Buying a home will lock one into a mortgage and make it more difficult to get out, unlike a lease, when one rents a home there is more flexibility. Shopping Opportunities Typically in an urban location one will have more opportunities to shop and find needed items at any given moment at a more affordable price. In a rural setting, however, there is a smaller population and less of a demand for goods and a person would have a difficult time buying items that they need as well as paying a considerably higher price for the items. Supply and demand play a big role on the price and availability of goods and merchandise. In an urban area there are more stores that carry items so they have to be competitive and offer sales and lower prices so consumers will buy their products. Transportation An individual also needs to consider the travel expense associated with living in a rural area, as more...
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...Robert Hayes II Geog 413 Midterm November 10, 2013 Megacities or Suburbs? Urbanization and growth rely on each other like cause and effect. However; when one asks does urbanization trigger economic growth and development, or is economic growth and development the result of urbanization is like asking which came first the chicken or the egg? Urbanization and growth rely on each other, however; does there come a point in which the diseconomies start to outweigh the benefits of agglomeration? Annez and Buckley state in Urbanization and Growth: Setting the Context that “Urbanization is necessary to sustain growth in developing countries.” Annez and Buckley point out that urbanization affects the growth process through the enhanced flow of ideas and knowledge attributable to agglomeration in cities. They drew in evidence from Landes (1969 cited in Willamson 1987, p. 6) whom believes “Urbanization is an essential ingredient in modernization”. (Anez & Buckley p. 1 & 2) Industrialization is triggered by urbanization which leads to modernization. Modernization leads to economic development which allows people to use current technology. Part of the modernization process is education and creation of a centralized bureaucracy. These creations enable their people to advance and compete in the modern world. All these concepts are related and rely on each other. Annez and Buckley show in several graphs as countries become urbanized their GDP rises. In almost every...
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...Abstract— Cities need to become smarter by becoming more sustainable, more efficient and more livable. Information technology is helpful in making the city smarter. Smart cities are based on eight pillars comprises of buildings, energy, water, recycling, healthcare, mobility, services and finance. This paper focuses mainly on energy, environment and infrastructure which include all the eight pillars. The key drivers in smart city in terms of energies are maintaining grids reliability and stability, improving energy efficiency across the value chain, integrating intermittent CO2 free energy and intelligent energy storage. Smart infrastructure in smart cities are sensor networks, digital management of water and waste management, resources awareness,...
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...studies climate data historical context project goals site analysis an ecological solution personal identification reference list 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 - 12 13 14 15 16 - 34 35 - 58 59 - 65 66 - 71 72 73 - 88 89 - 108 109 110 - 111 abstract Waterways are a vital and productive resource to our environment. Rivers provide a variety of amenities and services to communities across the world such as drinking water, food, travel, recreation, wildlife habitat, connection to place, aesthetic appeal, economic development, etc. This thesis project examines the importance of the Mississippi River to its urban community and how riverfront design can function as a unifying element for the city center and its ecosystem. Over half of the world’s future population will be living in urban environments by 2030, which will dramatically increase the stress on a vulnerable network of water systems. A restoration of a river can bring awareness to people while improving physical and ecological corridor connections (Bernhardt & Palmer, 2007). Keywords: Mississippi, river, community, ecosystem, restoration, urban, connection 5 problem statement How can riverfront design be used to unify...
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...one place to another to find food and other basic needs. In modern terminologies, if you live like a nomadic person does, you are called itinerant,that now refers to the indigenous groups in a country who live in rural areas. But our brothers and sisters in urban areas tend to be moved from one place to another, yet they are not indigenous. They have the tendency to vacate their place, but not due to the loss of food and basic necessities, but because of the fact that they have to resettled and relocated to a new location. Resettlement is a voluntary or involuntary movement of large number of people from one place (which is usually the original settlement) to another (which is a new settlement), and this movement is not without consequence (Akpanudoedehe, 2010). It is a planned or impulsive transfer of people from their original places to a new settlement site wherein they have to adapt to the new environment. Here in the Philippines, resettlement is a common picture in our environment, and the most dominant kind of resettlement that we can see is involuntary. Involuntary resettlement is largely a consequence of planned change generated by major development projects such as dams for irrigation and hydropower, urban renewal, and highway construction (ADB 2000). Illegal settlers who live in these expropriated lands are relocated to places that may be far from their original home and is much different to the surroundings that they are used to. Over the years, the National...
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...It is clear to everyone, Water is main source of survival for all mankind. Nevertheless people seem to imagine that our water supply is endless. So why worry? But problems of severe drought have affected many states in America. California is also one of the states that have been severely affected and the government has declared drought emergency state-wide. Many urban areas in the bay area have started taking action against drought emergency. The government in many district in Contra Costa county has requested the public to conserve water and introduced the preliminary water use reduction target that are to be followed by all the residents and customers. As a result of the drought emergency small suburban city like El Cerrito has done a lot to help conserve water that could be implemented by many other district in Contra Costa County. The different projects El Cerrito has implemented to conserve water during drought could be also used by urban cities so that they do not have to implement extreme actions later on and also will be of great help during worsening drought conditions. In order to prevent serious damage due to shortage of water El Cerrito city started The Energy and Water Efficiency Program (EWEP) in 2008 so that it could fund projects that have innovative approaches for energy and water conservation (Innovative). Just by starting such program El Cerrito city was able to fund 1 water efficiency project due to which 1.5 million gallons water was saved which is a remarkable...
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...Title Mary Felene Varon and Fleur V. Garagan BA Sociology University of the Philippines Visayas TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. QUESTIONNAIRE 3- 4 3. FIELDWORK OUTCOMES 4 Response Outcomes 4-7 4. EVALUATION 8 Experiences, impressions, and pictures of the second fieldwork 8-10 5. APPENDIX 10 Appendix A: List of Questions in Kiniray-a Version 10-11 1. Introduction According to a research conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute, there are factors that change and reinforce connections between rural and urban areas. These factors include information technology, improved education, paved roads, and yearning for employment. Each year, ruralites in low- income countries such as the Philippines are going to urban places in exchange of economic security for the households that they have left in rural areas. Recent studies in Bangladesh, Thailand, and the Philippines provide insights into reasons for migration and how it plays a part in a household’s strategy to escape poverty. For our second paper in Rural Sociology, we were tasked to look for two families with unmarried children working in the city. The search for two families was not easy due to the fact that it was one of the poblacion barangays of Miag-ao which meant that they have easy access to opportunities and enterprises that are prevalent in the town. The establishment of the University of the Philippines also contribute...
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...to general increase in population and the amount of industrialization of a settlement. It includes increase in the number and extent of cities. It symbolizes the movement of people from rural to urban areas. Urbanization happens because of the increase in the extent and density of urban areas. The density of population in urban areas increases because of the migration of people from less industrialized regions to more industrialized areas. The concept “Urban Sprawl” means increase in spatial scale or increase in the peripheral area of cities. “Urban Sprawl” has its own drawbacks. The city and its infrastructure may not be adequately planned. Traffic is high with increased time needed for commuting.Essential services are not reachable within time.City administration becomes extremely difficult. An excellent example of urban sprawl within our country is that of the city of Bangalore. After the establishment of IT industry in Bangalore, the population exploded from 24,76,355 in 1980 to 42,92,223 in 2001 with influx of 18 lakh immigrants within two decades. The growing population has increased pressure on several resources including civic amenities, residential availability, cost of living, local infrastructure, transport, traffic and administration. Bangalore has lost many if its water bodies (lakes) and consequently the fragile ecosystem has been disturbed due to the everincreasing need for space, to cater to residences and business establishments. The beginning of urbanization...
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...living in towns and cities. It occurs because people move from rural areas to urban areas, which usually occurs when a country is still developing. There are many different causes of urbanization. People living in rural areas are drawn to the city, because they often believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better. Urbanization has its pros and cons and affects every developing country differently. Three positive effects that urbanization has had on Costa Rica are: Less distances to travel and decrease in transport cost, growth in trade and commerce, and increase community resources. When population is concentrated in cities people have less distance to travel to work and for most other purposes. Urbanization helps the nation's business sector. Rural people come to the urban places with their goods. In Costa Rica growth in trade was a major positive in urbanization, because they are large exporters of bananas, coffee beans, and pineapples to name a few. Inspired by the growth of Los Reyes, multiple residential developments are being built in vast areas. It includes a combination of residential solutions in large areas with other services like a club, swimming pool, golf, tennis and football facilities. Three negative effects that urbanization has had on Costa Rica are: the decrease in rural population, increase in population in urban places, and unemployment increases in urban areas. The decrease in rural population effects the agricultural productions...
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