...Urbanisation is a demographic process whereby an increasing proportion of population of a region or a country lives in urban areas. It has three linked concepts. Urbanization 1. Demographic phenomena 2. Structural change in society 3. Urbanisation as a behavioural process As a demographic phenomenon, it is interpreted as a process involving the absolute and relative growth of towns and cities within a defined area. The structural change in society is linked with the demographic process, which is consequent upon the development of Industrial Capitalisation. Urbanisation is a behavioural process as it is identified as centres of social change, attitudes, values and behavioural patterns that modify in a particular milieu to urban places. The demographic component is the dependent variable as it provides the driving force for the economic processes. Origin and Growth: The process of urbanisation has a long history. It originated during the pre-historic period from the development of settled agriculture. This not only allows a large surplus production of storable food, but higher densities of rural population and greater intensity of agricultural production. This made it easier to assemble the surplus necessary to support urban population. The earliest examples of urban development originated on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates between 5000 to 3000 B.C. The beginning of urban life was an economic phenomenon, though urbanisation itself has been pre-eminently...
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...Urbanisation in the world today is an ongoing process that has a profound impact on people's living conditions and health status. The globalisation of markets, the desire for higher education, increased use of communication, and new information technologies are the driving forces behind this process. In 2003, as much as 73% of the population in Europe was living in cites or city suburbs, and it is estimated that by 2030 80% of the population will be urbanised. The continued growth of cities today is partly due to rural–urban migration and partly due to an influx of migrants from other countries. The urbanisation process has marked effects on the natural and cultural environment, on housing arrangements and social networks, as well as on work and employment patterns, not only in the cities, but also in the rural areas. Access to health care, social services, and cultural activities are in many cases better in the cities, but there the access may not be evenly distributed among the population. The urbanisation is also part of larger processes occurring in the world, of which market integration is the most important. Globalisation means flow of economic capital, labour, goods and services, as well as ideologies across national borders. Shifts in social networks and living arrangements may lead to changes in mental health and social capital, and a depletion of human capital may be the outcome in some rural areas. Studies on the health impacts of urbanisation reveal that urbanisation...
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...URBANISATION IN INDIA: A DEMOGRAPHIC REAPPRAISAL R. B. Bhagat Department of Geography Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak-124001, India Introduction: The United Nations estimates indicate that at mid 1990s, about 43 per cent of the world population lived in urban areas. With the urban population growing two and a half times faster than its rural counterpart, the level of urbanisation is projected to cross the 50 per cent mark in 2005. United Nations projections further show that by 2025, more than three- fifth of the world population will live in urban areas (U. N. 1993). The growth rate of urban population of developing regions has been declining recently. It was estimated to be 3.9 per cent per annum during 1980-85, which declined to 3.79 per cent per annum during 1980-85, 3.62, and 3.43 during 199095 and 1995-2000 respectively. The decline in the rate of urbanisation is also continuing in developed regions of the world. As a result, some of the European countries have experienced negative urbanisation during 80s ( U. N. 1993 ). However, the continued absence, namely, adequate data on rural to urban migration in most developing countries as well as on natural increase in rural and urban areas separately precludes attribution of the slowing down of urban growth in most of the countries to any single demographic process. It reflects the effects the host of factors like the relatively week expansion of urban industries and price shifts unfavourable to manufactured goods, population...
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...Some of the ways for measuring urbanization are as follows: It includes Population growth, Rural-urban migration, Push and pull factors, Push factors, Pull factors. i. Population Growth: Population growth is one of the main reasons to the urbanization. Fertility rates are largely dependent on economic considerations. As economic wellbeing increases, the fertility level decreases. Security about the future and alternatives to family life in the cities are the main reasons for this decrease Education level has similar effect as economic wellbeing to the fertility rates. For example in Taiwan and South Korea, rising education level has resulted in smaller families, and population growth has fallen by half. However, women’s knowledge of how to manage their own fertility has the biggest effects on birth rates. Nowadays only 25 per cent of the women do have access to family planning materials and the power to control the amount of their children. ii. Rural-urban Migration: Migration is a form of geographical or spatial motion between one geographical unit and another. Internal migration consists of rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-urban and urban-rural migration. Migration is continues and repeated process rather than a single event. Because of these facts, it is difficult to measure and study. The time of migration also varies; it can be periodic, seasonal, or long-term migration. Migration is the main reason for rapid growth of mega-cities. Migration has been going...
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...Initiatives to encourage re-urbanisation UDCs (urban development corporations) Set up to regenerate areas that contained large amounts of derelict land. UDCs had power to acquire land, clear it and provide infrastructure; they were then to encourage the private sector to develop the area. The UDCs bought economic development to the areas they were set up in but local needs were often ignore by the outside investors who just ploughed in and did it their way. Subsequent developments have tried to take the needs of the locals into consideration. Enterprise Zones Created in 1981 to stimulate development in areas of high unemployment b reducing taxes on businesses and easing planning restrictions. They had success but many of the businesses that had been attracted into the areas weren’t new start-up businesses but ones that moved location to take advantage of lower tax rates. Inner city task force Temporary scheme to provide training opportunities. It was credited with creating 50 000 new jobs Single Generation Budgets Set up after a change of government. Local authorities had to bid for re-generation budgets for run-down housing areas. it was thought that the local authority involvement would give people a bigger say in how much money was spent. English Partnerships Now the national regeneration agency in England. Based in the government department of communities the English partnerships works with a wide range of partners. Their aims include * Unlocking...
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...Urbanization Processes – Environmental and Health effects in Africa Panel Contribution to the PERN Cyberseminar on Urban Spatial Expansion by Kwasi Nsiah-Gyabaah, PERN Steering Committee member and Principal, Sunyani Polytechnic, Sunyani, BA, Ghana, E-mail: spolytec @yahoo.com Introduction Urbanization is increasing in both the developed and developing countries. However, rapid urbanization, particularly the growth of large cities, and the associated problems of unemployment, poverty, inadequate health, poor sanitation, urban slums and environmental degradation pose a formidable challenge in many developing countries. Available statistics show that more than half of the world’s 6.6 billion people live in urban areas, crowded into 3 percent of the earth’s land area (Angotti, 1993; UNFPA, 1993). The proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas, which was less than 5 percent in 1800 increased to 47 percent in 2000 and is expected to reach 65 percent in 2030 (United Nations, 1990; 1991). However, more than 90 percent of future population growth will be concentrated in cities in developing countries and a large percentage of this population will be poor. In Africa and Asia where urbanization is still considerably lower (40 percent), both are expected to be 54 percent urban by 2025 (UN 1995; 2002). Although urbanization is the driving force for modernization, economic growth and development, there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding cities, principally...
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...“The effects of suburbanisation have generally been negative,” discuss. Suburbanisation is the decentralisation of people, employment and services from the inner part of the city towards the margins of the built up area. This like migration not only has an effect on the area people are moving too but also has an effect on the location people are leaving from. In this essay I will discuss and analyse whether the effects of suburbanisation have been generally negative and whether or not there have also been some good points to this process. I will include my own personal view as well as using examples from state funded suburban areas and privately owned suburban areas. One negative to start off with is the use of space and Greenfield sites needed to build these new estates on and their impact on the environment. With an increasing number of people moving to the edge of cities and towards these more scenic greenery and open land more houses are needed to be built upon them. With more people living there more shops and other facilities are needed to be built as well and so you have to use up a lot more of the open land. For example in the early 1900’s an area near Manchester called chorltonville was created by private investors and they took up 10 acres of space to build up the smaller area in Manchester. People see this as a waste of space as they didn’t necessarily have to build this site. Another more recent suburban development was the council built Atherstone estate in Darlington...
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...society has become a new topic for many researchers. Especially in China, with the thirty years of reform and open relations, a huge number of domestic immigrants have migrated into the big urban areas. They are facing many obstacles in their struggle to make a position in a new environment. Is there anything that the urban planners and designers can do to help them blend into the society and give them a sense of belonging and identity? This research will make efforts to address this question and discuss the relation between immigrants and urban environments, particularly the public open spaces by a series of research methodologies. Some literatures will be reviewed and discussed to give a general understanding of the relation between urbanisation and immigrants and the effects of public open space. Then, in order to narrow the research scope, the investigation of immigrants’ social integration condition will be conducted in Guangzhou which is one of the most developed metropolises in China with large amounts of domestic immigrants. Moreover, the white-collar immigrants were chosen as the main research target group. In general, “white-collar” refers to a salaried professional or an educated worker who performs semi-professional office, administrative, and sales coordination tasks, as opposed to a blue-collar worker, whose job requires manual labor (Mills 1951). In this research, the term “white-collar” mainly indicates people with a certain level of incomes and education background...
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...[23/02 20:11] srmanjuprasanna: The main factors of low urbanization of bihar: 1.Weak Economic Base is mainly underpinning low urbanization in Bihar. Infrastructure deficit is a continuous constraint in urban sprawl. Population growth and mass influx into urban habitations have been developing stress over the existing infrastructure and services; consequently affecting the quality of life of the urban inhabitants. 2.A resident of Bihar for decades and environmentalist with the UNDP, Deepak Kumar, explains that there are two major factors that have contributed to the non-realization of the goal of urbanization. Firstly, it is unplanned township and secondly, mismanagement in the urban governance. 3.This apart, the state has been failing to attain an efficient and equitable financial allocation for urban infrastructure. A government employee in the Urban Development department on the condition of anonymity explains how any project faces difficulties pre and post execution. [23/02 20:14] srmanjuprasanna: This apart three cities – Muzaffarpur, Biharsharif and Bhagalpur have listed under the ‘to be smart cities.’ Experts believe that Smart Cities and AMRUT would pace up the momentum of expanding urbanization in Bihar. context :of urbanization efforts, the 2031 Master Plan for Patna has highlighted some important guiding principles which show the direction for future urban planning process. The focus on concepts like multiple nuclei based urban planning, rural urban continuum...
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...Urbanization refers to the process by which the proportion of a countries population living in cities increases an also to the related economic, social and political changes. A city is usually defined as having more than 10, 00 inhabitants; mega cities have more than 10 million inhabitants. Urbanization occurs as a result of migration but also of smaller settlements growing so that they are reclassified as cities. The growth of cities in developing countries will be much faster than that of developed countries. Rural populations are expected to remain stable overall, though with some variation between regions of the world. Personally I believe that urbanization is not a necessary and desirable aspect of development due to the fact that it results in the opposite effect being ‘crowded cities with slum conditions’, the exact opposite result of what the developing country aimed to achieve and this not being a necessary step towards the process of development. Modernization theorists, looking back to the model of the Western development, see the growth of cities as an essential part of economic growth. Cities provide a labour force concentrated in one place for factories and businesses. They are also important in promoting cultural change, because they remove people from the countryside, where traditional ways are strongest, and through exposing them to Western values, cultural change should occur. Modernization theorists would therefore expect that urbanization would be an essential...
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...Urbanisation is the term given to the process of people establishing themselves in locations as a large urban community, building the characteristics of bigger towns and cities for example the cities of; London, Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow. From this we can deduce that Counter-urbanisation is the process of people migrating away from the big crowded cities into less densely packed areas in the countryside or smaller settlements than the environments they came from. One of the main causes of counter - urbanisation is the perception of a better quality of life, they want to be able to live in a clean and quiet area without air and noise pollution, busy traffic, dirt and the crime of urban environments. Another attraction of moving to a rural environment is that employers have also started to move to rural areas, adding to the cause of counter- Between 1981 and 1996 rural areas gained more than 1 million jobs. The use of high speed internet connections has allowed people to work at home, even establishing their own internet businesses this has allowed them to move away from the towns and cities. One of the major effects of counter- urbanisation is that the majority of the services in the area are forced to close. This is because the majority of people moving into the areas commute to work every day so instead of using the small village shops for their goods they use the large supermarkets in the urban areas in which they work. Businesses in rural areas then have to close...
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...Alistair Hall Discuss the causes of urbanisation around the world Urbanisation is the growth of in the proportion of a country’s population that lives in urban as opposed to the rural area. We can see how urbanisation is increasing globally by the switch over of the majority of the global population living in rural areas to urban areas in 2007, and how the percentage of the global population living in urban areas is now 53% as well as their being 28 megacities around the world as of 2015. The primary reason for the increase in urbanisation around the world is the process of rural-urban migration (mainly in developing countries/NICs). This can be seen in the mega city of Delhi, where its total population is over 17million and has since increased by 285,000 due to migration alone. The reasons for these migrants to move from the rural to urban areas can be due to centrifugal or centripetal forces. A Centrifugal force is something that pushes people away from the rural areas and into the urban areas for example rural poverty and environmental degradation, while Centripetal forces is something that attracts people into cities which are usually the perceived benefits and opportunities of education, employment, shelter, electricity, food and water. These forces are demonstrated by migration of people into the city of Delhi. The Centrifugal forces include the pressure on the land in rural areas, such as parts of the state of Uttah Pradesh, and the farms being fragmented making farming...
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...mega cities and world cities. Economic development and change related to urbanisation. Contemporary urbanisation processes Urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Suburbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Counter-urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Re-urbanisation: characteristics, causes and effects. Planning and management issues. Contrasting case studies within countries at different levels of economic development to demonstrate the above. Urban decline and regeneration within urban areas Characteristics and causes of urban decline. Urban regeneration: gentrification, property-led regeneration schemes, partnership schemes between local and national governments and the private sector. Retailing and other services The decentralisation of retailing and other services – causes and impacts. One case study of an out-of-town centre retailing area. The redevelopment of urban centres – impacts and responses, including one case study of an urban centre that has undergone redevelopment. Contemporary sustainability issues in urban areas Waste management: recycling and its alternatives. Transport and its management: the development of integrated, efficient and sustainable systems. |Topic: World Cities - Economic development and change related to |Unit 3 –World Cities– Contemporary geographical issues | |urbanisation | ...
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...development, conquest to disturb the environment. Human factors such as urbanisation, changing of river systems (e.g. the building of levees, channel straightening etc.) are all important in the causes and consequences of flooding. * Firstly, there is the issue of deforestation; the cutting down and removal of trees. Deforestation means that there is less vegetation for the interception of water, meaning that there is a larger amount of surface run-off, while deforestation also results in the loss of top-soil, and therefore the inability for new trees to grow. Since 1990, Bangladesh has lost a total of 2,600 hectares (ha) of forest cover per year, this equates to 0.17% of all forest cover in Bangladesh, meaning that by 1998, there would be an average loss of 20,800 ha of forest, this is contrasted in the US, where afforestation is taking place due to Flood Action Plans by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). * Secondly, urbanisation. 82% of the United States’ population lives in urban conditions, while the 1990 US census shows that in Mississippi State alone, there was 49% urbanisation. Let alone this and discounting the 31 states covered by the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB), the 12 states that the Mississippi river basin comprises of: Arkansas; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Kentucky; Louisiana; Minnesota; Mississippi; Missouri; Ohio; Tennessee and Wisconsin, have a combined average urbanisation of 60.8% with an annual increase of 1.2% (overall). Similar to...
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...international city after serval important stages and development. The economic development and population changes bring Hong Kong develop as a cosmopolitan city and lead to some interaction between Chinese and foreign cultures and let Hong Kong become a role in the Asia- Pacific Rim.! Excluding the Hong Kong’s economic development, we are focus on the how the population change affect the process of urbanisation in Hong Kong like expanding the Kowloon area and New Territories.The transform of Hong Kong let this entrepôt become a financial centre and play an important role in the Asia pacific! The Population change in Hong Kong! - The reason of population change! - Population structure during1901 to present! - The distribution at different period (Pre war, Japanese occupation…! - The factors of change in different time period(China and Britain negotiations…! Development of urbanisation! - The urbanization process! - The reason of exploding land! - The reclamation Projects! - The New Town Development Program! The relationship between Urbanisation and Population Growth! - How to affect the urbanisation and population distribution ! - Describe those transformation in different period ! - Describe how does the development affect Hong Kong at the social aspect! Relationship with the Mainland and Hong Kong’s role in the Asia- Pacific Rim! - Brief the social environment of china and the whole Asia- Pacific! - Describe some social issues that shows the corporation between HK and China! - Analysis the...
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