...THE USE OF VACCINES Vaccines have been considered instrumental in making the world a healthier environment for children and adults alike; however, vaccines do impose some health risks. It is important for all parents to consider both the benefits and risks of vaccines when deciding whether or not to have a child vaccinated. Vaccines are made up of products that stimulate a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease. They are usually administered through needle injections by mouth or sprayed into the nose. They are made up of small amounts of weakened or dead versions of bacteria, viruses, or other antigens that stimulate the immune system to create antibodies that prevent future infections from the disease. There are fourteen vaccine-preventable diseases that are considered potentially serious and have been routinely vaccinated against; these are: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Meningococcal, Rotavirus, Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Polio, Hepatitis A and B, Pneumococcal disease, Varicella (Chicken Pox), and Haemophilus Influenza Type B (HIB disease). Not long ago, these diseases disabled and killed millions of American children but because of the United States high compliance with childhood immunization schedules, these diseases have now become very uncommon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Immunization is a subject that evokes very strong opinions...
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...discover a vaccine that would cure smallpox, as well as be able to prove it more than once (Famous). Due to Edward Jenner’s discovery of a safer way to immunize patients, any other method of treating smallpox was banned (Trueman). Modern health care now uses vaccines to protect individuals from disease rather than any other method because it is now the safer and more effective way. Jenner laid the foundation of modern health care with his discovery in the curing of the epidemic disease known as smallpox. Jenner’s first patient was an eight year old boy named James Phipps (James Phipps). He...
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...childhood illnesses were prevented between 1994 and 2014 due to vaccination” (CDC). Yet, some refuse to vaccinate their children. Vaccines prevent diseases, are safe, effective, and protect future generations. For these reasons, they should be mandatory for all children. Vaccines should be given to children in effort to prevent diseases. Some may say that vaccines cause harmful side effects such as seizures, ADHD, autism, diabetes and allergic reactions. According to Sanjay Gupta, a neurosurgeon and Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, "you are 100 times more likely to be struck by lightning than to have a serious allergic reaction to the vaccine that protects you against measles." Many studies taken on by prestigious institutions such as, the Center for Disease Control, Johns Hopkins, and the American Medical Association show it is worthwhile to protect your tot with the use of shots. MMR, dTap, the flu vaccine, and others show no correlation with instances of diabetes, autism, Bell’s Palsy, and asthma, a claim made by some. Results of false accusations by opposers, show that vaccinations should be administered to all children....
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...logos, or images from the Internet or other sources. I further agree that my name typed on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student's signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature): _Marie Jean, Carrie Johnson, Paul Gauthier, Mike Waidlich________ Marie Jean WEEK II LEARNING TEAM Find articles that your team feels would give them a balanced view on these issues. Cite your sources. Summarize the article. The key question to cover in detail is the following: Tell why you see these as credible sources. Use the following to guide your discussion of “credibility” of your source. To determine credibility, you must “confirm the veracity” of your own research. Specifically, you must evaluate your source materials to make sure the evidence you use is relevant, sound, valid, and objective. Before you decide to use a source, examine the following issues: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Vaccine_Monitoring/Index.html The center for disease control and prevention (CDC) came to Atlanta Georgia in 1949, and has always been a good credible source of information on health issues for the public at large. Their site is a government site that provides information on health that covers most of the public’s, myths, and misconceptions for the public to make inform decisions. Their mission...
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...artificially acquired immunity | Passive artificially acquired immunity | Active artificially acquired immunity is induced by a vaccine which is a substance that has antigens, the vaccine stimulates the primary response against the antigen not causing symptoms of the disease. Immunity does not take place immediately, there is a time lapse for immunity to develop. Active artificially acquired immunity lasts for a sufficient long period of time with no side effects.Vaccine doses vary depending on the vaccine, it is either received as a single amount or received as a sequence of three amounts with a break in each amount. | Passive artificially acquired immunity is an immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies into the human body that lasts a short time because the anti-bodies gradually break down and are not replaced. Passive artificially acquired immunity can be controlled in many forms like human or animal blood plasma, intramuscular use, and in form of monoclonal antibodies. Passive artificially acquired immunity is used for immunodeficiency diseases like hypogammaglobulinemia, it is also used to treat several acute infections and to treat poisoning. Immunity gotten from passive immunization has a possible risk of sensitive reactions or serum sickness especially if the source of the immunity is non-human. | Vaccines Vaccine is a...
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...is based on the observation that the number of autism cases increased in the years of the 1980s, coinciding with a push for greater childhood vaccinations, which increased above recommended levels of a child’s exposure to mercury in the vaccine preservative, called thimerosal. The autism diagnosis continued to rise even after thimerosal was removed from the United States childhood vaccines in the year of 2001. A review by the Institute of Medicine, of over 200 studies concluded that there were no links between vaccines containing thimerosal and autism. Autism is no more common among vaccinated children than those children who are unvaccinated, and its incidence has not varied with the presence of thimerosal in vaccines across different times and locations. These findings have not persuaded supporters of the mercury autism link, whose strategies have become more extreme as the evidence against the hypothesis have mounted. Mercury is a known neurotoxin, so even without believing that it causes autism, one might argue for removing thimerosal entirely from vaccines all together. Although, this option is not risk free. Without a reliable preservative within the vaccine, they would need to be dispensed in a single use rather than in multiple use phials, which are more expensive and bulkier. Developing countries may not be able to afford the more...
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...world. In the present time, these diseases are cured or contained by vaccines. A couple centuries ago, doctor Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine in 1796. He discovered this vaccine by observing his ambiance. Jenner realized that milkmaids (tend to cattle) frequently contracted cowpox, but after they convalesced they were immune to the deadlier disease smallpox. So Jenner said, “Why not infect people with cowpox to confer immunity to the more dangerous disease.” With his research, he got the pus from a milkmaid who had cowpox and put it on a small healthy eight-year-old boys cut. Eventually, the boy was infected with cowpox, how Jenner predicted. When he was done recovering, Jenner took the riskiest step there is. Jenner deliberately injected the smallpox disease into the kid. This was a dangerous step because smallpox resulted in thousands of deaths every year or left the person disfigured. Thankfully, the boy...
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...Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Terry J. Vervenne DeVry University Should Vaccines Be Required for Children? Shots, inoculations, vaccines, do children need them? This is the issue that needs to be discussed. Why are vaccines a necessity of current times? Even though vaccines may have some side effects, they have saved many lives as everyone already knows. They prevent many types of diseases and stop the spread of others. Just image having to send your children to school that’s filled with other children carrying diseases and viruses. Viruses such as small pox, measles, and mumps that could invade your child’s body which in most circumstances will then be brought home and spread to other family members. Therefore, every child in America needs to be vaccinated before beginning school because vaccines can prevent disease, save lives, and alleviate sick days at school. Firstly, many of these contagious diseases in children are preventable. Many of the viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps, or small pox are very dangerous. Sometimes the symptoms are very mild or not even noticed. While other times the symptoms can be severe, possibly even leaving a residual effect. For example, as everyone knows, if an adult male contracts mumps, this may cause sterility. Another example is polio, although preventable, once this disease is contracted it can lead to permanent muscle weakness. Once someone contracts one of these types of disease, it can possibly be fatal...
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...In the article “Vaccines, What Your Doctor Won’t Tell You”, Rob Pell contrasts the safety and effectiveness claims of vaccines to the actuality and scientific backing of vaccines administered in a medical facility. Rob Pell makes a clear argument that patients and parents of young minors are not fully informed on the truth about vaccines and that they should think twice before making a decision to be injected before they are informed upon the true effectiveness and safety claims of the manufacturer. Pell believes that those with a “pro-vaccine mentality” are in danger and need to rethink their decision before unknowingly going through with a vaccine that could possibly not help, but rather hurt them. Rob Pell is able to support his anti-vaccine argument through the use of statistics and facts. One important statistic he recognizes is” In the US and England, the death rate from Pertussis (whooping cough) dropped from about 60 deaths per thousand in the mid-1800s to about 2 per thousand in the early 1950s, even before the Pertussis vaccine was used. Deaths from measles from the mid-1800s until the 1963 introduction of the measles vaccine fell at a nearly identical rate.” Rob Pell uses this specific statistic in order to show that even before vaccines were administered, in both cases the death rate was already decreasing rapidly throughout the United States and England. An extremely important fact Pell uses to further his point is “A 1978 survey of 30 states showed that more than...
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...Why is malaria such a problem and how close are we to an effective vaccine for this deadly disease? The problem. It was well over 100 years ago that scientists discovered the cause of malaria as a single-cell parasite called plasmodium but, even today, this life-threatening parasitic disease represents one of the international community’s most pressing public health problems. Malaria is endemic throughout the tropical regions of the world, causing more than 300 million acute illnesses and at least one million deaths each year1 . Children under the age of 5 are particularly prone to infection, and, as a direct result of their immature immunity to disease, make up a dramatic proportion of the deaths each year. In Africa alone (where 90% of all malariaattributed deaths occur) this disease is responsible for the death of one child in 20 before the age of 52. In fact, malaria is the world’s leading cause of childhood mortality, killing one child every 30 seconds3 . Pregnant women and their unborn children are also particularly vulnerable to the disease which contributes to anaemia, premature birth and low birth weight whilst foreign travellers, who have often not developed immunity, represent another high-risk group.4 Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite, Plasmodium. Four species of Plasmodium can cause the disease in humans: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malarinae and P.falciparum, which is by far the most deadly. The disease is vector-borne and is transmitted...
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...system there are many things that could become an object if this program is developed using an Object-oriented Programming Language. Among the most important we have User, which would identify a user inside the system with its role and some other attributes. Person, which would have all information related to a person and would be related to User. In the system a User is own by a Person. Then we would have Animal and Vaccine too, with all related information applicable. We could have other objects such as Adoption Form, Cage (the cage where the animal stays in) and Treatment but in any case, the object-oriented approach will help achieve the desired levels of encapsulation and data hiding. “The term encapsulation means to package data members and methods into a single programming unit (in our case, a class or an object created of that class) with a well-defined external boundary, or interface. Encapsulation is most often achieved through data hiding, which is the process of hiding all the facts, or secrets, of a class that do not contribute directly to others’ ability to use it” (Bohl & Rynn, 2008). Array structure selection The array structure selected is for one of the steps of creating or adding a new animal into the system, in the past week’s assignment we stated that at this step the user will be prompt to input all...
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...Professor Perez ENGL102 8 November 2015 The Anti-Vaccination Movement Over the last 30 years, the number of vaccine-preventable diseases has increased substantially. This is due to a rising number of “anti-vaxxers” spreading misinformation “that vaccines are actually ineffective, useless, or even dangerous” (Kata 3778). The internet and other forms of mass media have steered parents to believe these claims and it has had devastating results. It has been proven by scientists for hundreds of years that the use of vaccinations greatly outweighs the risk of not getting them. The research shows that the claim that vaccines cause autism or any other disease cannot be substantiated by any scientific evidence and therefore, should not be entertained under any circumstances. The background of the anti-vaccination movement is an old one. The United Kingdom’s Vaccination Act of 1853 is a good example of this. The act required parents to vaccinate their children for small pox at three months or risk life in prison. This is a harsh punishment for the parents, but considering the millions of deaths that small pox has caused world-wide, lawmakers at the time considered it a just penalty. “The anti-vaccination movement experienced a steady decline from the turn of the century up to the 1970's” (Kasarda 548). After the 1970’s there was a resurgence in the anti-vaccination movement. This is due to research from a group of authors working at London Hospital. “M. Kulenkampf, J.S. Schwartzman...
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...raised in the modern first-world are educated to believe in the science and efficiency of vaccinations to ensure public health and decrease infant and childhood mortality rates. A wealth of evidence exists to prove that vaccinations are safe, effective, and increase public health. The scientific and medical communities, by a vast majority, support the use of vaccinations and are desperately attempting to get vaccines to third world countries and end massive generations-long death tolls attributed to preventable diseases. The diseases that these vaccines prevent had been eradicated in the United States and Western Europe for decades. Why, then, are people willing to allow their children to go unvaccinated in first world nations? Cognitive dissonance may hold the answer to this question. Ian and Linda Williams are educated parents in Auckland, New Zealand, who refused to vaccinate their son, Alijah. This decision would be life-altering. The family was caught up in the recent anti-vaccine movement, promoted heavily by celebrities like Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Jim Carrey, and Jenny McCarthy - one of the most famous opponents to vaccine use. This paper will delve into the shocking story of one family’s regrettable decision to not vaccinate their child and the possible social psychological phenomena that led to their decision. What is Cognitive Dissonance? Cognitive dissonance theory “assumes that we feel tension, or a lack of harmony, when two simultaneously accessible thoughts or...
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...Vaccinations is a process where a person is injected with a substance to make them immune to a disease. Diseases that can make you sick, disabled or even kill you. Most vaccines contain the disease that it is trying to protect you from by building up your immune system to help you fight it if you ever come across the real thing. Many parents of an autistic child blame the condition on vaccines being the direct and only cause. Often, many of those parents have no real concrete evidence to support their claim. Those parents usually are just reading blogs of parents who are facing the same issue. Over the past decade many parents face the hard decision on whether they want to vaccine their child or not. Jenny McCarthy said, “If you ask...
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...of HPV vaccine, including educational campaigns, public subsidies, and insurance requirements. The most important of these measures seems to be mandatory vaccination for girls attending school (Colgrove, Abiola, and Mello 785). Thus, with this proposal, a controversy question about compulsory vaccination of HPV began because it involves violation of parents’ autonomy about their children’ lives. Also, being HPV a sexually transmitted infection, some conservative individuals fear that the vaccination could promote promiscuity among adolescents. Despite all controversy that surround HPV vaccine, immunization of young women against HPV is a way to prevent HPV transmission and cervical cancer. However, cost of vaccination, promotion of promiscuity, and safety are some challenges that need to be...
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