...Using material from item 2B and elsewhere, assess the view that gender roles and relationships have become more equal in modern family life (24 marks) The domestic division of labour refers to the roles that men and women take in relation to housework. These roles are often referred to as conjugal roles; roles which display roles within marriage itself. Segregated conjugal roles described the situation of man and wife having separate roles within the house where the man would more often be the breadwinner and the woman would be the homemaker. This notion supported Parsons idea of expressive roles, but is the centre of debate for feminist sociologists. There are also joint conjugal roles which represents the idea that couples share tasks such as housework, child rearing and decision making etc. Joint conjugal roles also describe the couple as sharing leisure time together, rather than independently. Within these marriages relationships also vary. One of the most deviant and misunderstood issue within the married couple is the idea that coercive power is used to control the other; usually the male using physical power (according to statistics). Domestic violence can be defined as any kind of physical, psychological, sexual or financial violence that takes place within the family toward an intimate partner. Domestic violence is seen as a method of control amongst partners, to display dominance and/or authority. It is often under-reported so national statistics are not always...
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..."(Using material from item 2B) Assess the view that gender roles and relationships have become more equal in modern family life " (24 Marks) Most sociologists in today's world would argue that yes, the gender roles and relationships have become more equal in recent years- but that they still have a way to go before they are completely equal. The more widespread view is that most people still cohere to the idea of instrumental and expressive roles in the family- because of the idea that the nuclear family is the most idea for society. In recent years, it can be argued that gendered roles in society have begun to disappear. Since the equal rights and pay acts were passed, women in particular have begun to reap the benefits of a much more equal society. Better grades and opportunities for young women, mean they are able to choose a professional career over a domestic lifestyle and- in theory- receive equal position and pay to their male colleagues. Research by sociologists Young and Willmott (1973), suggests that "the roles of men and women have become much more similar". According to other sociologists- such as Gershuny (1994)- "wives who work full time do less domestic work" as this is shared between the husband and wife more equally. This is the idea of a symmetrical family- where both partners spread the workload equally. However, there are some sociologists that believe these views to give "too rosy" a perspective on how work is actually shared in a relationship. Warde...
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...Compare and contrast the toolkit used by hunter-gatherers with that used by farmers. Throughout the ages, there have been tools used and created by man to simplify life as a hunter-gatherer. The earliest tool kits found from the 120,000-35,000 B.C.E. are great examples of simple tools made out of stones. Rough pieces of the stone chipped away to create somewhat of a point on the tip of the rock that could later be used as weaponry such as on a spear or as an everyday tool used for cutting. Through progression of practice and time tools became more evolved. Shapes became more defined and new tools developed. Different materials were used such as bone from animals and natural fibers such as sticks that were used to makes harpoons for hunting and needles for clothes making. As hunting and gathering became insufficient due to growing populations humans began to settle down and domesticate their own crops and animals to feed themselves. Tools of the hunter-gatherer became more sophisticated as they settled into becoming farmers. Farmers used materials of stone, bone, antlers and natural fibers like the hunter-gatherers of the later years. They became more skilled at working the stones and materials polishing them into pieces of functional art. Tool use was not only for food but for other jobs such as clothes making and house building. The difference between hunter-gatherer’s and farmer’s tool kits are the details. The hunter-gatherers did not put as much emphasis on decorating...
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...Case Management Overview Diana G. Resendiz BSHS/ 405 September 21, 2015 James Reeves Case Management Overview Case managers play an essential role in the helping process. Case managers take into account the person as a whole and focus not just on one problem, but also all the other variables (Summers, 2011). The case manager ensures the client receives the most individualized and effective treatments and plan for service possible. The many roles and responsibilities are carried professionally and ethically. The case manager also can use theoretical models to identify problem and cause of the client's behavior. Many times, case managers work with specific special populations and encounter issues that must be prepared to address. Roles and Responsibilities Case management primary purpose is to improve the quality of life the client by assessing their total situation (Summers, 2011). It is imperative that the case manager knows what their client wants not only for service but to have a productive and useful life. Case managers develop a comprehensive picture of each client and identify the specific intervention the client may need. Case management entails being respectful to the client, their family, and the diversity of the human experience. It also requires listening carefully and encouraging people to hope and work towards a productive and healthy life. Case managers utilize funding sources to support standard formal services, in some cases, medication, as well as community...
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...numerous functional and dysfunctional properties of the 12-jury men play a big role in analysing and evaluating the main purpose at hand, namely identifying the young man guilty or innocent for the murder of his father. The different roles the 12-jury men play in the deliberation of the capital murder case is prominent. Firstly, a role can be defined as a set of expected behaviour patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit. Different groups enforce different role requirements on individuals namely; role expectation, role perception and role conflict. (i) Role expectation: Role expectation can be defined as the role others believe a person should play or the way others believe a person should act in a given situation. When looking at the Jurors’ main role in any court system and in the film, it is expected of them to decide whether or not the defendant should be declared guilty or not guilty. (ii) Role perception: Role perception can be defined as the individual’s view of how he or she should act in a given situation. When looking at the film the Jurors individual frame of position and prejudices influence how they individually perceive the case. Because the Jurors perceptions are unique it leads to complications in the communication process. In the film “12 Angry men” Juror no. 3 decides beforehand that it is an “open and shut case”. He validates his verdict by using emotionally laden language which eventually influences and persuades the other...
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...Markus Christen, Ganesh Iyer, & David Soberman Job Satisfaction, Job Performance, and Effort: A Reexamination Using Agency Theory The objective of this article is to clarify ambiguities in the literature regarding the relationships among three key constructs of work relationships: effort, job performance, and job satisfaction. The relationship between job performance and job satisfaction is of central interest to research in organizational psychology. However, empirical research in that area finds that the link between these constructs is weak at best. A negative effect of effort on job satisfaction is consistent with agency theory, but there is limited empirical evidence to support this assumption. Moreover, some studies have found a positive effect of effort on job satisfaction. Using a model that incorporates the main constructs from agency theory and organizational psychology, the current study finds a negative, direct effect of effort and a positive, direct effect of job performance on job satisfaction. The authors show that conflicting findings in the literature are the result of inconsistency in both the measurement and the definition of constructs across studies that do not fully account for all the relationships between constructs. The current findings emphasize the need to distinguish clearly between factors that represent employees’ inputs in a work relationship (i.e., effort) and those that represent their outputs (i.e., job performance). The article also demonstrates...
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...identifying key competencies for a particular position in an organization, and then using it for job-evaluation, recruitment, training and development, performance management, succession planning, etc. Competency mapping is about identifying behaviors and personal skills which distinguish excellent and outstanding performance from the average. It also involves identifying key competencies required by a team at a lower level and by the organization as a whole to achieve desired results. Competency mapping generally involves examining two areas i.e. emotional intelligence and other individual strengths like decision making, team work, performing under pressure etc. Steps in Competency mapping 1) Role Competencies To start at the basic level we need to understand and define role and role competencies mean a set of competencies required to perform a given role, each competency further has a skill set. a) Identification of Role Competencies i) Structure & list of roles. ii) Definition of roles. iii) Job description. iv) Competency requirement. b) Structure and List Roles: i) Organizational structure study and examination. ii) List of all the roles in the structure. iii) Identify redundant and overlapping roles. iv) Final list of roles. c) Definition of Roles i) Identify key process areas of the role (KPA). ii) Link the KPAs with dept and organisational roles. iii) Position the role in perspective with that of others. d) Job Description i) List down all the tasks...
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...A Coaching Comparison; Canada vs. United Kingdom Kathryn Garland B00511268 KINE 3740 Thought Paper #1 Instructor: Sherry Huybers September 23, 2011 Question 1: The open system theory is a widely known and organizationally effective theory that depends highly upon the external environment and its feedback (McShane & Steen, 2009). The external environment includes all resources needed for an organization to provide their services or products such as, resources, raw materials, employees, equipment etc. (McShane & Steen, 2009). It is important to ensure that as an organization, feedback is continuously being received on outputs in order to ensure the company can keep up with demand and still be accessible to provide their availability in the future (McShane & Steen, 2009). The open system theory also ganders internally as it explores how well it is able to convert inputs, raw material and human resources into outputs, product/services and employee behavior. How productive the conversion of inputs to outputs is being done is determined by “organizational efficiency” which measures the sum of inputs verses the sum of outputs. It is important however to consider that a successful company requires more adaptive as well as innovative methods and does not rely solely on efficiency. Within the example given, Napeen Beer Co. experienced the downfalls of poor communication which was lost within the organizational subsystems. Although their campaign increased demand...
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...recognition of the strategic advantages of having good human resources have compelled firms to be more competency driven. In good organisations competency mapping existed already. Traditionally HR Directors and their top management have always paid attention to competencies and incorporated them mostly in their appraisal systems. For example when L&T, LIC or NDDB, NOCIL, HLL, Bharat Petroleum etc. revised their Performance appraisal systems they focussed on the assessment of competencies. Role analysis was done and role directories prepared by the Indian Oil Corporation in mid eighties. Competency mapping is important and is an essential exercise. Every well managed firm should: have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Such list should be used for recruitment, performance management, promotions, placement and training needs identification. What is Competency? Any underlying characteristic required performing a given task, activity, or role successfully can be considered as competency. Competency may take the following forms: Knowledge, Attitude, Skill, Other characteristics of an individual including: Motives, Values, Self concept etc. Competencies may be grouped in to various areas. In classic article published a few decades ago in Harvard Business Review Daniel Katz grouped them under three areas which were later expanded in to the following four: Technical. Managerial, Human and Conceptual. This is a convenience classification...
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...A Conceptual Analysis of Stress Alanda James University of South Alabama Abstract Stress is a prominent factor that affects the lives of people who deliver healthcare to patients every day. It is important to examine the concept because unhealthy stress can cause multiple effects on the caregiver and patient. Positive forms of stress can be beneficial to practice, and negative forms of stress can put practice in danger. A conceptual analysis of stress will strategically define the concept, explore antecedents, and pinpoint consequences associated with stress. The mental and physical effects of stress will be examined, and the link between effects and antecedents will be established. The antecedents of stress are essential to identifying the underlying problem, and prevention methods can be implored once those problems have been identified. In addition, cases will be presented reflecting the use of stress to educate the reader with knowledge and recognition of the concept. A model case, related case, contrary case, and borderline case are given in the text as examples to illustrate the concept of stress. A Conceptual Analysis of Stress Stress is a concept that derives from strain placed on a human being. Dictionary.com (2012) defines stress as “mental, emotional, or physical strain or tension”. Positive and negative aspects of stress exist depending on the particular incident or situation. Stress can be activated when a student is nervous about presenting a speech,...
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...BUS 160 Acton – Burnett: Case Analysis Questions Response by Fermions 1. What differences, if any, exist between the problems that the task force has been asked to address and the “real” problems? Two Vice Presidents for the company Keene and Ryan come to the conclusion that a task force must be created to make sense of the final forecast and product demand forecast that the four marketing managers created. The task force found many problems some being systematic bias and that it seemed information was being withheld. In the end at the presentation it becomes obvious that the problems were poorly done incorrect forecasting and a collaboration to prevent people from becoming aware of it, by withholding information and having an aggressive negative manner when discussing the topic. 2. How appropriate was the selection of task force members? What criteria were used/should have been used for member selection? What would have been the effect of having Hunneus head it instead of Baker? Keene and Ryan began formatting the selection of task members by appointing the main focus, which was the market division. They started out by identifying the key groups. However, they decided not to include the marketing managers but their product managers whom reported to them. However, failure to concluded or contribute them in the forecasting task group may have been reason to the results of significant lost of information, influence and lack of decision making. Secondly...
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...THE EFFECTS OF ROLE PERCEPTIONS ON WORKPLACE CONFLICT The effect of role perceptions and their impact on workplace conflict is examined. The results of a questionnaire study on a full time working employee showed that differences in individual employee role expectations have a direct impact on workplace conflict. A relationship between ambiguous rules and counterproductive workplace behaviours exist. Misinterpreted role perceptions by employees and other stakeholders in the organisation create varied levels of understanding that directly contributes to conflict. The problem of ambiguous or unrealistic role expectations has an increased impact on workplace conflict and in particular dysfunctional workplace conflict. Levels of conflict are identified in relation to role perceptions and are seen as the stressors of conflict which impact on achieving goals that benefit both the individual and the organisation. These findings relate to how well the individual understands their role expectations and how those expectations are also understood by others within the organisation structure is explored. Role perceptions and conflict immediately has its challenges, however with clear expectations and realistic performance goals identified, dysfunctional conflict impacts can be reduced and minimise the effects of wasted resources and effort to achieve organisational objectives. A workplace without conflict is an ideal state of mind, something we all strive for and is rarely achieved...
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...relation to social roles each person has their own way of doing things while living their own life. The concept is similar for businesses and organizations that work to provide opportunities for others. They have a responsibility in providing products, goods, and services that are fair while serving a purpose. In either scenario, consequences are suffered when failing to do what is right. In many cases, when you neglect to be responsible, others may be affected in ways you may not have anticipated. Responsibility is something most people are taught from an early age. As you get older you take what you learn and use it to your advantage to help you sustain a healthy way of living. This includes taking care of yourself from the inside out while managing emotions and other needs. Sometimes a consequence suffered from a previous event can make it more difficult for an individual to assume personal responsibility on a social scale. Keeping a sound mind and treating others with respect are things you continue to do throughout your life. When you do something wrong a consequence will follow as this is a part of human nature. But, there are actions that can be avoided yet people will do them anyway knowing potential consequences. For instance, youth are taught to stay away from drugs and illegal substances because they can harm the body and even lead to death. Unfortunately, youth are taught consequences of using drugs beforehand and many still turn around and engage using them anyway...
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...Stress A Conceptual Analysis of Stress Abstract Stress is a prominent factor that affects the lives of people who deliver healthcare to patients every day. It is important to examine the concept because unhealthy stress can cause multiple effects on the caregiver and patient. Positive forms of stress can be beneficial to practice, and negative forms of stress can put practice in danger. A conceptual analysis of stress will strategically define the concept, explore antecedents, and pinpoint consequences associated with stress. The mental and physical effects of stress will be examined, and the link between effects and antecedents will be established. The antecedents of stress are essential to identifying the underlying problem, and prevention methods can be implored once those problems have been identified. In addition, cases will be presented reflecting the use of stress to educate the reader with knowledge and recognition of the concept. A model case, related case, contrary case, and borderline case are given in the text as examples to illustrate the concept of stress. A Conceptual Analysis of Stress Stress is a concept that derives from strain placed on a human being. Dictionary.com (2012) defines stress as “mental, emotional, or physical strain or tension”. Positive and negative aspects of stress exist depending on the particular incident or situation. Stress can be activated when a student is nervous about presenting a speech, or a supervisor is worried about...
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...Differences In Conversation Between Vietnamese And Americans Cultural Studies Essay Conversation is a dialogue using all the possibilities mentioned. The purpose is to reach highest degree of communication, understanding, and, where necessary agreement. Disputes may occur, but they have only the purpose of classification. The leading purpose must be mutual understanding and, in some cases, the attempt to reach agreements if possible and to create pragmatics solutions for conflicts in case of disagreement. (Anindita Niyogi Balslev, cross – cultural conversation, pp 166 - 167). As we know, conversation is communication between two or more people. It is a social skill that is not difficult for most individuals. Conversations are the ideal form of communication in some respects, since they allow people with different views on a topic to learn from each other. A speech, on the other hand, is an oral presentation by one person directed at a group. For a successful conversation, the partners must achieve a workable balance of contributions. Find out more from UK Essays here: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/cultural-studies/differences-in-conversation-between-vietnamese-and-americans-cultural-studies-essay.php#ixzz3LvVR2EAQ The subject matter of a dialogue has influence on its formal structure. There are some fields in which disputation and argument will be an essential part of the argument, and in which procedures for compromising are most lawgiving binding all partners involved. (Anindita...
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