...Why is malaria such a problem and how close are we to an effective vaccine for this deadly disease? The problem. It was well over 100 years ago that scientists discovered the cause of malaria as a single-cell parasite called plasmodium but, even today, this life-threatening parasitic disease represents one of the international community’s most pressing public health problems. Malaria is endemic throughout the tropical regions of the world, causing more than 300 million acute illnesses and at least one million deaths each year1 . Children under the age of 5 are particularly prone to infection, and, as a direct result of their immature immunity to disease, make up a dramatic proportion of the deaths each year. In Africa alone (where 90% of all malariaattributed deaths occur) this disease is responsible for the death of one child in 20 before the age of 52. In fact, malaria is the world’s leading cause of childhood mortality, killing one child every 30 seconds3 . Pregnant women and their unborn children are also particularly vulnerable to the disease which contributes to anaemia, premature birth and low birth weight whilst foreign travellers, who have often not developed immunity, represent another high-risk group.4 Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite, Plasmodium. Four species of Plasmodium can cause the disease in humans: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malarinae and P.falciparum, which is by far the most deadly. The disease is vector-borne and is transmitted...
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...Research Paper NURS 318P Women’s Health Care A controversial topic that is currently being considered is the application of an early HPV vaccination in younger girls and boys. This sensitive subject has ethical implications and valid points can be argued both for and against the concept. Individuals that are for early vaccination hold that the vaccine prevents transmission of HPV, decreases chances of developing future complications, and is more cost effective in the long run. Individuals that take a stand against early vaccination will say the vaccine promotes risky sexual behavior, is not safe, takes away from parent’s autonomy, and is not cost effective in the immediate period. The following information will give insight to both sides of the argument and a personal stance on the issue. The first example in support of early vaccination is the prevention of transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV). There are symptoms that can occur as a result of having an HPV infection. Gardasil is found to be successful in preventing HPV infections from types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (Donahou, 2013). A benefit of the HPV vaccine is the provision that there is use of accepted medical technology that will prevent serious diseases when possible and minimize pain and suffering (Donahou, 2013). Vaccinating both young girls and boys is found to reduce HPV transmission (Chen, Shepherd, & Becker, 2012). White states “this vaccination may help prevent the spread of genital warts in...
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...medicine throughout history, nothing is more beneficial and effective in the mission to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, than the vaccine. Diseases previously common to man, such as smallpox, polio, and whooping cough, are now prevented by this miracle of medicine, resulting in countless of human lives being saved. Despite controversial and considerable opposition from numerous anti-vaccine movements, vaccines are widely accepted to be...
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...HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women - Fact Sheet [pic] Two vaccines are available to prevent the human papillomavirus (HPV) types that cause most cervical cancers. These vaccines are bivalent vaccine (Cervarix) and quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil). One of the HPV vaccines, Gardasil, also prevents HPV types that cause most genital warts. Gardasil also has been shown to prevent some cancers of the anus, vulva (area around the opening of the vagina), and vagina. Both vaccines are given in 3 shots over 6 months. Why is the HPV vaccine important? Genital HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some time in their lives, though most will never even know it. HPV infection is most common in people in their late teens and early 20s. There are about 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital areas of men and women. Most HPV types cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But some types can cause cervical cancer in women and other less common cancers— like cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, and vulva and oropharynx (back of throat including base of tongue and tonsils). Other types of HPV can cause warts in the genital areas of men and women, called genital warts. Genital warts are not life-threatening. But they can cause emotional stress and their treatment can be very uncomfortable. Every year, about 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer...
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...of HPV vaccine, including educational campaigns, public subsidies, and insurance requirements. The most important of these measures seems to be mandatory vaccination for girls attending school (Colgrove, Abiola, and Mello 785). Thus, with this proposal, a controversy question about compulsory vaccination of HPV began because it involves violation of parents’ autonomy about their children’ lives. Also, being HPV a sexually transmitted infection, some conservative individuals fear that the vaccination could promote promiscuity among adolescents. Despite all controversy that surround HPV vaccine, immunization of young women against HPV is a way to prevent HPV transmission and cervical cancer. However, cost of vaccination, promotion of promiscuity, and safety are some challenges that need to be...
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...vaccinations because (1)vaccines are safe and effective (2) you reduce the chance of spreading the disease to family members and the community and (3) you don’t want to pay the price of getting sick. Attention Step Nearly everyone in the U.S. got measles before there was a vaccine, and hundreds died from it each year; today, most doctors have never even seen a case of measles. Like all of you, I am part of the lucky people who have been vaccinated, however, there are many people around the world who are not as fortunate and others who are simply beginning to deny vaccinations. After researching vaccinations, I have become very aware of how much they actually benefit our society. According to the cdc, vaccines given to infants and young children over the past two decades will prevent 322 million illnesses, 21 million hospitalizations, and 932,000 deaths over the course of their lifetimes. Vaccines will have saved $300 billion in direct costs, such as medical expenses and a total of more than $1.3 trillion in societal costs over that time, because children who were spared from sometimes-devastating illnesses will...
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...acceptance by the public. Moral and ethical principles have been questioned by parents that present resistance HPV vaccine in children, even though important benefits are promoted by HPV vaccine. The public health authorities should promote the vaccination of school-aged girls against HPV, because the benefits and positive aspects are stronger than negative points once it is program ethically justified. The school-based HPV Vaccination Program is a program that adheres to the principle of beneficence. Due high efficiency, the HPV vaccine prevents HPV infections and malign disease that requires previous HPV infections to occur in young girls. Thus, the incidence of some type of cancer such as cervical cancer will decrease and...
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...the risk of outbreaks to people who may be exposed to these potentially deadly illnesses and therefore should be mandatory. Vaccinations should be mandatory because they help keep our school age children safe. Currently, the requirement for entering all public schools is that your child must be vaccinated first. This is a requirement within all fifty states, as marked by the Center for Disease Control. If your child doesn't get vaccinated, they can't start their first day of school. The Food and Drug Administration regulates and licenses all of the vaccines required for children to ensure both "safety and effectiveness." Given our history before vaccines, outbreaks claimed dozens of lives. Researchers at the Pediatric Academic Society has reported that childhood vaccines in the U.S. now prevent about 10.5 million cases of infectious illnesses and help prevent over 33,000 deaths per year. This is a 90%-99% success rate for vaccines creating "herd immunity." With such positive numbers, and numerous young lives saved, we should all be headed to make...
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...effectiveness and safety to the general public. Currently there are no federal laws which mandates vaccination, but there is a vaccination requirement per state for children entering school. The chart below details which vaccines are mandated for public school by several states: Children who are not vaccinated have a greater chance of death than children who received the required vaccinations. The safety of vaccinations is in questioned by many, asking if they are safe for children to receive. They are safe and should be required for children since those vaccinations help prevent illnesses, lower the risk for some diseases and it might even cause financial growth. There are several advantages of receiving the recommended vaccines. One advantage is that they are designed to put foreign antigens into the body so the body will produce antibodies to fight it off. The body will produce two types of immune responses when an antigen is introduced in order to ensure total immunity from the disease. Vaccines ensure that children get immunity from diseases instead of contracting them. Having immunity is a major advantage against any disease. There is less complications and it decreases the chance for Pneumonia, stroke, and Herpic Neuralgia. ("How Do Vaccines Work To Protect People From Disease?", 2014) Parents should consider the benefits of getting their child vaccinated since they are very essential in preventing diseases and sometime even death. Many years ago, there were...
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...Vaccines for Kids Vaccines are one of the most important medicines in the world. Many countries in the world use vaccines for their children. It have many positive impacts for kids. The vaccination of kids is very necessary in our children’s lives to protect them from the infectious diseases. A lot of physicians are advice for all kids to take vaccines to keep them alive and healthy. Vaccines is kind of medicine give the body protect from illnesses. Kids should be required to take vaccines because they protect their live from illnesses and save children and their parents time and money. Vaccines are very important because they protect children’s lives. Vaccines save 2.5 million kids from preventable illnesses every year. (procon.Org)...
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...protected from infectious diseases and wants to do everything in their power to prevent any illness in the future. Every day there are thousands of babies born in this world and as parents we know that their immune systems are not ready to take on the illnesses that this world has. So why not protect your child? The American Academy of Pediatrics state that childhood vaccines are 90 – 99% effective in preventing disease. The risks of not being vaccinated far outweigh the small risks associated with vaccination. This is an issue that some parents face each time we prepare our children to attend public schools. We all know the common cold is air born and school aged children are prone to picking up that strand from another child. There are also other diseases that children can pick up from their classmates like chickenpox, measles and pertussis (whooping cough). If we vaccinate our children when they are scheduled to be, they are less likely to be sick in the future. For many years there have been reasons for a child not being vaccinated. Some individuals have claimed that it is due to religious views, the cost of...
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...varies in different countries on an international level. WHO (2017) states that there is a lag in the introduction of the newer and more expensive vaccines in many middle-income countries. The main reason for this is that these countries often do not receive external support for vaccinations and their health budgets are often insufficient to cover the costs of procuring the newer and more expensive vaccines (WHO, 2017). Regarding measles vaccination, 85% of children globally have been vaccinated with the first dose of measles vaccine by their first birthday and 64% with a second dose (WHO, 2017). These coverage levels remain short of those required to prevent outbreaks, prevent death and achieve measles elimination goals (WHO, 2017)....
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...Eliminating Malaria Brown 1 Malaria was first discovered in ancient times. The cause of Malaria was discovered by French scientist Alphonse Laveran in 1880 and 20 years later the type of mosquito responsible for the transmission was discovered by scientists in Italy and India. There is no malaria vaccine that has been proven to be effective and researchers all over the world are working to find a vaccine that will eventually eliminate malaria. Despite the obstacles, they are optimistic that a vaccine is in reach. Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium and it is transmitted by certain types of mosquitos. Once bitten, the parasite targets liver cells and then proceeds to target red blood cells (RBCs). According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), “Because the malaria parasite is found in RBCs, malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or the shared use of needles or syringes contaminated with blood. Malaria also may be transmitted from a mother to her fetus before or during delivery” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 12). Malaria is very uncommon in the United States; however, it is still widespread in tropical and subtropical countries. It is mainly a problem in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and the Indo-Pacific regions. According to Dr. Ananya Mandal: In 2010, according to the World Health Organization, there were 216 million episodes of malaria and 655,000 deaths worldwide...
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...Infections are the most common cause of disease in humans and the practice of immunization to prevent disease has been used for hundreds of years. Buddhist monks drank snake venom to immunize themselves from snake bites and in 17th century China people rubbed cowpox on small cuts in their skin to protect themselves from smallpox (Different Types of Vaccines, 2017). The science of immunization using vaccinations has progressed rapidly and it has been demonstrated to be one of the most effective medical interventions to prevent disease worldwide. Readers of the British Medical Journal (2007) voted that vaccination was one of the four most important medical developments over the prior one-hundred and fifty years along with antibiotics, anesthesia,...
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...In recent years, a wave of anti-vaccination beliefs has been sweeping the nation. However, vaccines “protect us from diseases that used to routinely kill hundreds of thousands of children in the United States and still kill hundreds of thousands globally” (University of Pennsylvania, 2012). Even with this knowledge, many parents have refused to vaccinate their children over fears of side effects, but this has created a significant health risk for the greater public and those more at risk, such as children too young for vaccines and the elderly. Much of the anti-vaccination sentiment is based on misinformation and uninformed positions. Vaccines have benefited humanity greatly and the only thing to outperform the benefits of vaccines to public health is clean water (Andre, Booy, Bock, Clemens, Datta & John et al., 2008). Vaccinations are an essential part of disease prevention as when children are not vaccinated, they can spread diseases to others and face serious health risks of their own from vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines rely on a herd, meaning that they are only very effective if nearly everyone receives them. This helps to eradicate the diseases from the bulk of the population, making it very unlikely that at-risk and unvaccinated individuals would be exposed to the diseases. As a result, the more unvaccinated people there are, the greater the risk of an outbreak. Therefore, “if a high number of children go intentionally unvaccinated because of personal belief...
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