...contents 2 Hazard Analysis Worksheet STEP #10: Understand the potential hazard. Clostridium botulinum toxin formation can result in consumer illness and death. This chapter covers the potential for C. botulinum growth and toxin formation as a result of time/temperature abuse during processing, storage and distribution. The growth of other pathogens and the formation of other toxins as a result of time/temperature abuse during processing are covered in Chapters 7 (histamine formation), 12 (pathogen growth during processing other than C. botulinum), and 15 (Staphylococcus aureus toxin formation in hydrated batter mixes). Additionally, the prevention of C. botulinum toxin formation during storage and distribution of the finished product by drying is covered in Chapter 14. The prevention of C. botulinum toxin formation during storage and distribution of the finished product by specialized cooking and hot filling procedures is covered in Chapter 16. The prevention of C. botulinum toxin development during storage and distribution of the finished product by pasteurization in the finished product container is covered in Chapter 17. When C. botulinum grows it can produce a potent toxin, which can cause death by preventing breathing. It is one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances known. The toxin can be destroyed by heat (e.g. boiling for 10 minutes), but...
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... Lab #3 SPRAY DRYING Date of Experiment Performed: 01/30/2013 Date of Submission: 02/11/2013 Instructor: Iraj Mehrnia Submitted By: RAMYASHREE. J (100508620) Lab Partners: Ashok Bikku UMA Naren Anil Vishwa Anuj Kunal ABSTRACT: The main Objective of this experiment is (1) To become familiar with a spray-drying operation (2) To observe the overall efficiency of a spray dryer (3) To measure the moisture content of the final product at several air outlet temperatures (4) To observe differences in the final product using different total solids (TS) in the feed (5) To observe how the quality of the final powder is affected by the temperature of the air, feed, and outlet; solids in the feed; and degree of optimization We worked on spray dryer by using milk as sample and the final product was milk powder. The moisture content of the initial and final product was test and the product was found to have more moisture content than the specified. The procedure and the technique of the experiment was correct and accurately carried out but the instrument was not properly working. The texture and the colour of the product were similar to the commercial milk powder. The texture was very fine and the colour of the milk powder was pale yellow colour. INTRODUCTION: Spray drying is a unit operation widely...
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...2012 – 2013 INTEL PHILIPPINE SCIENCE FAIR RESEARCH PLAN Required for All Projects To be Submitted to IRB/SRC before the Experimentation Begins Joshua Garcia Bullago Life Science II Name Cluster Category Baguio City National High School School Fair Division (074) 444 26 45 Cor. Gov. Pack Rd., Baguio City School Address Tel. No. NEUTRALIZING MIXTURE Title of Project Mrs. Juliet Herreria-Ilustre Project Adviser The research plan must include the following: A) Problem/s: 1. General Objective: The study aims to neutralize weak and strong acidic solutions using mixture of ashes of banana leaves, banana peelings and potato peelings. 2. Specific Objectives: a. What is the pH of the weak and strong acidic solutions after incorporating mixture of ashes of banana leaves, banana peelings and potato peelings? b. Which of the following mixture of different amounts of ashes of banana leaves, banana peelings and potato peelings will best neutralize the pH of the acidic solutions? c. How long will the neutralization take effect on the pH of the acidic solutions once the mixture of ashes of banana leaves, banana peelings and potato peelings is incorporated to the solutions? B) Hypothesis/Objectives: 1. The neutralization of pH of acidic solutions using mixture of different amounts...
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...Rubberwood Processing Manual CFC/ITTO/72 PD103/01 Rev.4 (I) “Demonstration of Rubberwood Processing Technology and Promotion of Sustainable Development in China and Other Asian Countries” Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing 2007.6 Rubberwood Processing Manual Authors of this manual: Zhou Yongdong, Associate Professor Jiang Mingliang, Professor Gao Ruiqing, Associate Professor Li Xiaoling, Senior Engineer CFC/ITTO/72 PD103/01 Rev.4 (I) “Demonstration of Rubberwood Processing Technology and Promotion of Sustainable Development in China and Other Asian Countries” Project leader: Ye Kelin, Professor, Director of CRIWI Lu Jianxiong, Professor Executing Agency: Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing 100091 P.R.China Tel: +86-10-6288 9482 Fax: +86-10-6288 1937 Email: yekelin@caf.ac.cn jianxiong@caf.ac.cn 2 Table of Contents Foreword...........................................................................1 Chapter 1 Sawing of Rubberwood .................................3 1 Sawing Equipments ............................................................. 4 2 Sawing technique................................................................. 8 2.1 Quarter Sawn ............................................................ 8 2.2 Back Sawn .............................................................. 10 2.3 Live Sawn ............................................................... 13 2.4 Radial sawn......
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...MAHENDRAN : QUALITY OF INSTANT GUAVA DRINK POWDER PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF DEHYDRATED GUAVA CONCENTRATE: EFFECT OF DRYING METHOD AND MALTODEXTRIN CONCENTRATION T Mahendran Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Chenkalady Accepted: 20th May 2010 ABSTRACT Dehydration of guava juice into powdered particles gives a considerable reduction in volume and is an effective method of prolonging the shelf life. Therefore, a research study was conducted to determine the effect of different drying methods and the addition of drying aids on the physico-chemical properties and sensory characteristics of dehydrated guava concentrate. Instant guava-drink-powder samples were obtained by dehydrating the concentrated guava juice using freeze drying, spray drying and tunnel drying techniques. Guava juice at 10.5°Brix was used to prepare the fruit powders. A significant reduction (p<0.05) in titratable acidity of 0.22% as citric acid and an increase in pH of 0.44 after drying of guava juice indicated that some acids were lost during the drying process. The oxidative loss of ascorbic acid was considerably lower in freeze drying (18.8%) compared to tunnel drying (32.2%). Spray dried powders were obtained from the guava juice with different maltodextrin concentrations as drying aids. When 30% maltodextrin was added to guava juice, the solubility of powder was 95% whereas, adding 60% maltodextrin decreased the solubility...
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...Minex Introducing itself as one of the pioneers, Minex organization is based in India. Minex is an ISO 9001-2008 certified company serving Aluminum, Iron & Steel Industries & Non-Ferrous Industries for 30 years. The company is in operation since 1984 and has 3 operating plants in Central India, in the vicinity of Nagpur. In the past decade, Minex has emerged as a benchmark in providing total alloying solutions making it a $100 million company. The following products are regularly being used by reputed foundry industries: IRON FOUNDRIES: Ferro Silicon Magnesium Alloys for S.G. Iron production. Barium, Strontium, Calcium and Zirconium based inoculants. Nickel Magnesium Alloys. Rare Earth and Mischmetal Cored wires for S.G.Iron production, inoculating wires of various specifications for S.G. Iron production.Minex Wire Injection system for injection of Ferro Silico Magnesium cored wires and Inoculants cored wires. STEEL FOUNDRIES: Ferro, Aluminum Ferro, Silico, Calcium Ferro, Titanium Ferro, & Zirconium Cored Wires. ALUMINUM FOUNDRIES: Titanium, Boron, Aluminum, Aluminum-Boron, Iron Tablets. Aluminum-Chromium, Aluminum-Strontium, Aluminum-Iron Cored Wire Injection System. In the field of Cored Wire Feeder and Cored Wire, Minex is pioneer in this part of the world, having introduced this technology during the Eighties, initially with Wire Feeder and Metallurgical Cored Wires. Minex has installed, provided technological support and evolved Wire Injection...
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...INTRODUCTION This report will give a detailed study on the projects dealt during practical training period in “AIR DESIGN ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS (ADES)” Chennai. THE FOLLOWING PROJECTS WERE HANDLED: * Apollo Tyres Ltd – Factory, Oragadam Chennai, India * Columbia Washing Plant Ltd, Bavanipur, Bangladesh * Thillagar Hotel, Chennai, India * Remi Holdings Ltd, Ademzee EPZ, Bangladesh * Nokia Solutions Networks, Oragadam Chennai, India * Emami Paper Mills Pvt Ltd, Balasore, India AREA OF EXPERTISE: * HVAC schematic design * Fresh air and ventilation calculation with reference to ASHRAE 62.1 * Cooling load calculation with the help of “Hourly Analysis Program (HAP)” * MEP coordination * Green building ratings and documentation * Maintenance and commissioning * Energy simulation with reference ASHRAE 90 * Basic electrical load calculation in a building INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building's environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it. IEQ is determined by many factors, including lighting, air quality, and damp conditions. FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY Source: there is a source of contamination or discomfort indoors, outdoors, or within the mechanical systems of the building. HVAC: the HVAC system is not able to control existing air contaminants and ensure thermal comfort Distribution: one or more pollutant pathways connect the...
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...Piston Vacuum Pump© James A. Narus James C. Anderson * June 2003 * James A. Narus is Professor of Business Marketing, Babcock Graduate School of Management, Wake Forest University. James C. Anderson is the William L. Ford Distinguished Professor of Marketing and Wholesale Distribution, and Professor of Behavioral Science in Management, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University. He is also the Irwin Gross Distinguished ISBM Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Business Markets (ISBM), located at Penn State University, and Visiting Research Professor, School of Technology & Management, University of Twente, the Netherlands. Please note that we prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. We disguised all of the company names and some of the information on marketplace conditions. Send correspondence to: James A. Narus Babcock Graduate School of Management Wake Forest University Suite 150, One Morrocroft Centre 6805 Morrison Boulevard Charlotte, NC 28226-3551 USA +1.704.365.6717 (telephone) jim.narus@mba.wfu.edu (e-mail) © 2003, James C. Anderson and James A. Narus. All rights reserved. Commercializing the Kunst 1600 Dry Piston Vacuum Pump Evan Stone, a senior product manager at Kunst Vacuum Pumps, was excited as he lifted the prototype of a dry piston vacuum pump out...
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...CHAPTER I PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION These days, the number of population has increases impulsively and according to Worldometers the real time world statistics, the current world population is about 7 billion. The population grows fast simultaneously the number of cars the people use in their everyday life. As stated in the report of Wards Auto, the global number of cars exceeded 1.015 billion as of 2010 and the OECD's International Transport Forum forecast that the number of cars worldwide would reach 2.5 billion by 2050. Nowadays, living in the community with things having high technology people always choose to do their jobs more easily. They’re always tend to depend to other people to make things easier such as cleaning their cars. They prefer on going to car wash to pay for cleaning their cars rather than cleaning it themselves because, going to carwash makes them lives more easily and at the same time they also treat their cars. Today's modern industrial environment the surface of a vehicle is subjected to daily abuse. The sun beats down on your car all day every day, pollutants and dirt deeply embed themselves into your paint, and minute slivers of metal become lodged into your paint which eventually rust. If you have owned a white vehicle or have observed one then you may have noticed specks of rust. Those metal slivers are the cause. Car washing techniques vary amongst individual vehicle owners. Car washing is an essential function of preventive...
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...The Xtra Vacum 175 May 2007 The Xtra Vacum 175 J. White, a senior product manager at XtraVacum, was excited as he lifted the prototype of a dry piston vacuum pump out of its shipping carton. Management of XtraVacum's new parent company, KPO GmbH, had decided to test its ability to penetrate new market segments within the United States (U.S.). Whereas KPO marketed the 125 under its own name as a platform product to the scientific laboratory and health care segments, XtraVacum would sell it as a derivative product in previously untapped application segments. The division’s vice president, L. Will, had named White to head up a team charged with finding new segments for and then commercializing the 125. White looked forward to the challenge. Success would bring recognition from KPO's senior management. As he placed the steel gray device on his desk, White recited to Will all the product information he could recall. “The Xtra Vacum 175 Dry Piston Vacuum Pump is a fractional horsepower, injection-molded aluminum pump, with a pumping speed of 1.6 cubic feet per minute (CFM). The pump weighs 16.5 pounds. The Xtra Vacum 175 is a reconfigured compressor outfitted with a screen over its input nozzle to catch contaminants. Because it is a compressor, the Xtra Vacum 175 can run longer and cooler than conventional vacuum pumps. This enables the Xtra Vacum 175to function more efficiently at lower pressure levels than competing products. And, the fact that it is injection-molded means that...
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...DIKUI A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Gas Technology) Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources Universiti Malaysia Pahang APRIL 2009 v ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to extract essential oils from M. koenigii leaves by using ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction method. The major constituent of M. koenigii has been reported as caryophyllene and 3-carene which is responsible for the aroma and flavor. This research has focused on the influence of ultrasonic, various natures of solvents, sonication times and also drying method towards the extraction of M.koenigii essential oil. Two types of solvents are used in this research which is ethanol and hexane. In this research, the methods of drying, grinding, extraction, separation and analysis are used and the sample is separated from solvents by using a rotary evaporator to get the essential oil. The sample was analyzed by using a GC-MS to identify the component of M. koenigii essential oil. In this research, the most suitable solvent to produce higher percentage yield is by using ethanol (ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction of fresh leaves for 30 minutes) and the percentage of oil yield also increased with increasing the time. The major component in M. koenigii leaves is caryophyllene and hexane on the other hand is the best solvent to be used to extract caryophyllene vi ABSTRAK ...
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...M17_HOLL6227_05_SE_C17.qxd 5/20/10 4:06 PM Page 641 CASE STUDY IV.3 Dyson Vacuum Cleaner: shifting from domestic to international marketing with the famous bagless vacuum cleaner The Dyson history It is impossible to separate the very British Dyson vacuum cleaner from its very British inventor. Together they are synonymous with innovation and legal battles against established rivals. James Dyson was born in Norfolk in 1947. He studied furniture design and interior design at the Royal College of Art from 1966 to 1970 and his first product, the Sea Truck, was launched while he was still Courtesy of Dyson. studying. Dyson’s foray into developing vacuum cleaner technology happened by chance. In 1978, while renovating his 300-year-old country house, Dyson became frustrated with the poor performance of his conventional vacuum cleaner. Whenever he went to use it, there was poor suction. One day he thought he would find out what was wrong with the design. He noted that the appliance worked by drawing air through the bag to create suction, but when even a fine layer of dust got inside, it clogged its pores, stopping the airflow and suction. In his usual style of seeking solutions from unexpected sources, Dyson noticed how a nearby sawmill used a cyclone – a 30-foot-high cone that spun dust out of the air by centrifugal force – to expel waste. He reasoned that a vacuum cleaner that could separate dust by cyclonic action and spin it out of the ...
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...Pentachlorophenol (PCP) in wood treatment 1.Introduction Wood is a hard, fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also mediates the transfer of water and nutrients to the leaves and other growing tissues. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. The Earth contains about one trillion tonnes of wood, which grows at a rate of 10 billion tonnes per year. As an abundant, carbon-neutral renewable resource, woody materials have been of intense interest as a source of renewable energy. In 1991, approximately 3.5 billion cubic meters of wood were harvested. Dominant uses were for furniture and building construction. The wood-preserving industry treats lumber with various chemicals to protect against insect damage and decay. Chemically preserved wood is used in products for outdoor use such as railway ties...
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...SEED PROCESSING AND STORAGE Principles and practices of seed harvesting, processing, and storage: an organic seed production manual for seed growers in the Mid-Atlantic and Southern U.S. Copyright © 2004 by Jeffrey H. McCormack, Ph.D. Some rights reserved. See page 28 for distribution and licensing information. For updates visit www.savingourseeds.org For comments or suggestions contact: jeff@gardenmedicinals.com For distribution information please contact: Cricket Rakita Carolina Farm Stewardship Association www.carolinafarmstewards.org www.savingourseed.org P.O. Box 448, Pittsboro, NC 27312 (919) 542-2402 or Jeff McCormack Garden Medicinals and Culinaries www.gardenmedicinals.com www.savingourseeds.org P.O. Box 320, Earlysville, VA 22936 (434) 964-9113 Seed Processing and Storage: Principles and Practices TABLE OF CONTENTS Principles of seed harvesting and processing..................................................................................... Seed harvesting and extraction.............................................................................................................. Harvesting..................................................................................................................................... Dry seed processing ................................................................................................................... Wet seed processing .................................................................................
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...Deepika et al. Microbial Cell Factories 2012, 11:116 http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/11/1/116 RESEARCH Open Access Influence of fermentation conditions on the surface properties and adhesion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Gurjot Deepika1, Esther Karunakaran2, Claire R Hurley3, Catherine A Biggs2 and Dimitris Charalampopoulos1* Abstract Background: The surface properties of probiotic bacteria influence to a large extent their interactions within the gut ecosystem. There is limited amount of information on the effect of the production process on the surface properties of probiotic lactobacilli in relation to the mechanisms of their adhesion to the gastrointestinal mucosa. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the fermentation pH and temperature on the surface properties and adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Results: The cells were grown at pH 5, 5.5, 6 (temperature 37°C) and at pH 6.5 (temperature 25°C, 30°C and 37°C), and their surfaces analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel-based proteomics. The results indicated that for all the fermentation conditions, with the exception of pH 5, a higher nitrogen to carbon ratio and a lower phosphate content was observed at the surface of the bacteria, which resulted in a lower surface hydrophobicity and reduced adhesion levels to Caco-2 cells as compared to the control fermentation (pH 6.5...
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