...Types of Validity: External Validity: External validity should be thought up in a way of generalization. It is generalized in a form of population, setting, treatment variables, or measurement. External validity can usually be split into two separate types, which are population and ecological validity and they both help provide understanding to the experimental design and the strength of it (McBurney & White, 2009). Population Validity: The type of validity that helps put the population as a whole into perspective is population validity. The goal is for the sample to represent the population as a whole in order to collect data. In order to conduct this type of research it has to be done at random and different locations in order to receive an accurate picture of the population as a whole (McBurney & White, 2009). Ecological Validity: The second type of external validity is ecological validity, which focuses on testing the environment and determines how much behavior is influenced. The negative aspect to this type of test is receiving a clear picture on how the experiment compares to real world situations (McBurney & White, 2009). Internal Validity: Internal validity focuses in the researchers design in regards to an experiment and makes sure that they are following the principles of cause and effect. A better way of understanding internal validity is that it makes sure that there is not another possible cause that could have affected the outcome of the behavior...
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...Reliability and Validity Walter Boothe BSHS/382 April 23, 2012 Staci Lowe Reliability and Validity In human services, research and testing is conducted in order to provide the most effective program possible. Testing methods should have both reliability and validity. They should be both consistent and specific. This paper will discuss two types of reliability and two types of validity and provide examples of how each can be applied to human services research. Additionally, this paper will discuss methods of gathering data in human services, and why it is vital that these methods have reliability and validity. Reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly (Cherry, 2010).Regardless of the reason for testing administering a test , in order for it to be reliable , the results should be approximately the same each time it is administered. Unfortunately, it is impossible to calculate reliability exactly, but it can be estimated in a number of different ways (Cherry, 2010). Two specific types of reliability are inter –rater reliability and internal consistency reliability. Inter –rater reliability is assessed by having two or more independent judges score the test (Cherry, 2010). The scores are compared to determine the consistency of the rater’s estimates. One way to test inter-rater reliability is to have each rater assign each test item a score (Cherry, 2010). Next, test administrators...
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...University of Phoenix Material Validity and Reliability Matrix For each of the tests of reliability and validity listed on the matrix, prepare a 50-100-word description of test’s application and under what conditions these types of reliability would be used as well as when it would be inappropriate. Then prepare a 50-100-word description of each test’s strengths and a 50-100-word description of each test’s weaknesses. |TEST of |Application and APPROPRIATENESS |Strengths |Weaknesses | |Reliability | | | | |Internal |“When you want to know if the item on a test assess one, and only one |The imbalance circulation of element correlation or |By using the degree of correlated items to measure,| |Consistency |dimension” (Salkind,N, pg.108). This test would be "used when you want|extreme values of correlations do not alter the |consistency internally is not a correct choice when| | |to know whether the items on a test are consistent with one another” |general factor. The internal arrangement of |the outcome of the test is not one-dimensional. | | |(Salkind,N. 2011 pg110). It would be appropriate to use this...
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...Validity Significantly different still closely related loyalty is known as validity. In game design validity is the correspondence between game world and real world. The approach I took was to review the article of threats to the validity of research by Parker, 1993. According to Parker, 1993, I define four type of validity. Which are internal validity, external validity, statistical conclusion validity and construct validity. To organize thoughts of paper, I would like to extend my point of view on validity I game design. By passing facts origins helps the community to find the truth in research. By collecting data and have the evaluate them and make it a valid structure. Validity can be use in adopting usability to group settings where validity represent the data from reality to meaning. For the design of games the distinction between internal and external validity have a slightly different meaning. Internal validity related to the content and how is it represented in the logic and structure of the game. Internal validity can be achieved by taking control some of the factors of a environment in a proper...
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...Reliability and Validity Carmen Kbeir BSHS/382 March 26, 2012 Edessa Jobli Reliability and Validity Researchers employ a wide range of data collection methods to obtain information. Some of these methods are quantitative, such as experiments. Others are qualitative, like field studies. Within each of these methods are specific procedures that lead the researcher to various outcomes. The tools, or instruments, used to measure observations or statistics throughout the process are very important. To understand how well the instruments work and the extent to which the outcomes will produce similar results in the future, researchers examine different types of validity and reliability. Reliability is the extent to which an instrument produces consistent results and the probability that others can achieve the same results when reproducing the study. There are several types of reliability, including alternate-form reliability, internal-consistency reliability, item-to-item or judge-to-judge reliability, and test-retest reliability (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability measures the amount of correlation between items on a test (Darity, 2008). The average correlation between items is indicated by item-to-item reliability. These types of reliability let the researcher know how well the items on a test go together (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). A questionnaire or survey is not of much use if the questions on them are completely...
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...In human services research vast amounts of data are collected and analyzed to make decisions regarding the best interest in humans. Majority of data that is collected in human services research are based on tests. It is very important that these tests are reliable and valid. The following paragraphs will explore reliability, and validity. This paper will also explore data collection methods and data collection instruments that are used in human services research, and managerial research. Types of Reliability Reliability is defined as “the quality or state of being reliable; specifically: the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials” ("Reliability," 2011). There are five types of reliability: alternate-form, internal-consistency, item-to-item, judge-to-judge, and test-retest reliability. Alternate-form reliability is the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability is how reliable the test is as a whole or how judges score (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Item-to-item reliability and judge-to-judge reliability are almost the same. Item-to-item reliability is the reliability of any single item on average and judge-to-judge is the reliability of any singe judge on average (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Finally test-retest reliability is the degree of stability of a measuring instrument or test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). All types of reliability...
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...results that matter (i.e. half of the test or interview is about health and welfare issues and the other is about the economic state of the interviewee). 4. Inter-rater Reliability - As in contests where there are multiple judges, tests, contests, experiments and research are tested and marked by a set of qualified people. Their average assessment is then seen as reliable. 5. Internal consistency - Internal consistency refers to the manner by which a particular subject matter is explored in a test/research. The greater the number of items relating to the subject matter, the greater the internal consistency, making the test/research focused and reliable as questions about the subject matter are asked in a myriad of ways. Validity Is valid similar...
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...Reliability and Validity in Personality Testing 02-16-2015 Introduction Psychological tests are often used in the selection of projective personnel (Anastasia & Urbina, 1997). The idea is that by using the scientific approach to personality and emotional intelligence testing in hiring, the employers will be able to increase the number of successful employees (Beaz lll, 2013). “Personality refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits”, which in relationship to a person’s projected Emotional Intelligence (EI) may lead to matching the right person to the right job. Job proficiency tests are used to select candidates for employment and are the number one tool used to match the right person to the right position (ND.gov, 2015). However, there are quite a few complaints about the fairness of this process and due to many court cases challenging the validity of these tests, many organizations have chosen to drop the assessment. A plaintiff must establish adverse impact upon a protected group by the employment practice used, in order to force an employer to show content validity in terms of examined traits to be consistent with job relatedness. In a court case against Target, the court found that the questions relating to personality traits in terms of religion and sexual orientation did not have any bearing on the desired emotional stability of the projective employee who had applied for the security officer’s job (Schaffer & Smidt...
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...Chapter 10: Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Answers to Review Questions 10.1. What is a confounding variable, and why do confounding variables create problems in research studies? An extraneous variable is a variable that MAY compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study. A confounding variable (also called a third variable) is a variable that DOES cause a problem because it is empirically related to both the independent and dependent variable. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable (it’s the type that we know is a problem, rather than the type that might potentially be a problem). 10.2. Identify and define the four different types of validity that are used to evaluate the inferences made from the results of quantitative studies. 1. Statistical conclusion validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are related and the strength of that relationship. 2. Internal validity. • Definition: The degree to which one can infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables. 3. Construct validity. • Definition: The extent to which a higher-order construct is well represented (i.e., well measured) in a particular research study. 4. External validity. • Definition: The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes...
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...84 CHAPTER 3 Research design, research method and population 3.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 3 outlines the research design, the research method, the population under study, the sampling procedure, and the method that was used to collect data. The reliability and validity of the research instrument are addressed. Ethical considerations pertaining to the research are also discussed. 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN It is the blueprint for conducting the study that maximises control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings. Designing a study helps the researcher to plan and implement the study in a way that will help the researcher to obtain intended results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the real situation (Burns & Grove 2001:223). 3.3 RESEARCH METHOD A quantitative, descriptive approach was adopted to investigate reasons why women who requested TOP services failed to use contraceptives effectively. 3.1 Quantitative This is a quantitative study since it is concerned with the numbers and frequencies with which contraceptive challenges were experienced by women who requested TOP services in terms of the 85 CTOP Act (no 92 of 1996) in the Gert Sibande District of the Mpumalannga Province of the RSA, during August and September 2003. 3.2 Description This study was descriptive because it complied with the characteristics of descriptive research as stipulated by Brink and Wood (1998: 283). • Descriptive designs...
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...ANALYSIS PHASE…………………………………………………………….. 9 1. Determining item difficulty (p)………………………………………………. 9 2. Determining discriminating power………………………………………….. 10 3. Preliminary investigation into item bias………………………................... 11 6. REVISING AND STANDARDISING THE FINAL VERSION OF THE MEASURE…… 12 1. Revising the items and test…………………………………………………. 12 2. Selecting items for the final version………………………………………... 12 3. Refining administration instructions and scoring procedures…................. 12 4. Administering the final version………………………………….................. 12 7. TECHNICAL EVALUATION AND ESTABLISHING NORMS………………………….. 13 1. Establishing validity and reliability………………………………………….. 13 1. Reliability…………………………………………………................ 13 2. Validity……………………………………………………………….. 14 2. Establishing norms, setting performance standards or cut-scores……… 16...
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...Assignment 02: Psychometric properties of psychological assessment measures LIST OF CONTENT PAGES 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. STEPS IN DEVELOPING A PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURE 3 1. Planning phase 3 1. The aim of the measure 3 2. Defining the content of measure 4 3. The test plan 4 2. Item writing 5 1. Writing the items 5 2. Reviewing the items 5 3. Assembling and pre-testing the experimental version of the measure 6 1. Arranging the items 6 2. Finalizing the length 6 3. Answer protocols 6 4. Developing administration instructions 6 5. Pre-testing the experimental version of the measure 6 4. Item analysis phase 7 1. Item difficulty (p) 7 2. Discrimination power 7 3. Preliminary investigation into item bias 8 5. Revising and standardizing the final version of the measure 8 6. Technical evaluation and establishing norms 8 1. Issues related to the reliability of a psychological measure 8 1. Definition 8 2. Measurement error 8 3. The reliability coefficient 9 4. Standard error of measurement 9 ...
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...exercises, oral or written output and input or role play. Assessment centres will also allow businesses to gain an insight into the characteristics of the candidates as they perform tasks which are as similar to job reality as possible (CIPD 2013). In order for any method to be effective, there are numerous criteria which must be true of the method. First the method must be both reliable and valid. Reliability is defined by Ungerson as “the confidence one can have that if it is used more than once, it will give the same, or a similar result.” (Ungerson 1983). Whilst Lewis defines it as “the consistency in the way that candidates for the same job are assessed.” (Lewis 1992). Thus we can consider reliability to be the accuracy of the method. Validity however is defined as “the measurement measuring what it was designed to...
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...study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time. Validity can be defined as the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. There are three basic approaches to the validity of tests and measures. These are content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. With validity, knowing the facts to decreasing errors in the measurement process will give the researcher information of how to proceed with the research. The reliability of a research instrument concerns the extent to which the instrument yields the same results on repeated trials. Although unreliability is always present to a certain extent, there will generally be a good deal of consistency in the results of a quality instrument gathered at different times. The tendency toward consistency found in repeated measurements is referred to as reliability. Reliability estimates does not always measure the accuracy. It may not match up to the measurement that the researcher want. Therefore, the researcher will need to re-test the accuracy of the measurement. In addition, the result may not be the one the researcher wants, however, at times, there might be multiple trials before getting the results, even if the results are not what the researcher desired. Plans for testing the validity and reliability by generating the instrument is to test the participants at least twice. This will be done one week apart....
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...uminary ReviResearch Definitions and Study Guide for Luminary Comps HC3 - 2013 Ideology | Oversimplified explanations for social behavior that focus on one or a few variables to explain a social phenomenon. Ideologies are resistant to change and become entwined with moral, instead of empirical arguments. Begins and ends with facts. | Social Theory | A systematic, detailed means of explaining why a social phenomenon exists that recognizes the influences of a multitude of factors, is subject to change, and avoids moral arguments in favor of empirical arguments. Begins with a question and ends with facts. | Concepts or Constructs | Abstract terms people use to describe reality. People may share general definitions or understandings of a concept, but because they are abstract, the specific interpretation of these concepts among many people may differ. An abstraction. Cannot be measured directly. | Dimensions | A theoretical term used to describe clusters of concepts that together represent a broader, more complex concept. | Conceptual Definition | Is the working or “dictionary type” definition a researcher uses for a concept. It tends to be nonspecific | Operational Definition | Is used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity. | Measurement | The process of observing concepts, as indicated by their operational definitions, and assigning some...
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