...Reconstruction Abstract Other Americans simply tried to portray the new economy as essentially the same as the old. They believed that individual enterprise, hard work, and free competition in open markets still guaranteed success to those willing to work hard. An evolving mass print culture of cheap newspapers, magazines, and dime novels offered proselytizers of the old values new forms of communication. The End of Reconstruction Reforms in the South seemed unlikely in 1877 when Congress resolved the previous autumn’s disputed presidential election between Democrat Samuel Tilden and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes on the backs of the nation’s freed blacks. A compromise gave Hayes the presidency in return for the end of Reconstruction and the removal of federal military support for the remaining biracial Republican governments that had emerged in the former Confederacy. With that agreement, Congress abandoned one of the greatest reforms in American history: the attempt to incorporate ex-slaves into the republic with all the rights and privileges of citizens. The United States accepted a developing system of repression and segregation in the South that would take the name Jim Crow and persist for nearly a century. The freed people in the South found their choices largely confined to sharecropping and low-paying wage labor, especially as domestic servants. Although attempts at interracial politics would prove briefly successful in Virginia and North Carolina, African American...
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...Then, each of the streams will be discussed as they manifest themselves in the contexts of this Act. First, the problem stream will be examined through the framework of pay discrimination in general and Ledbetter’s wage discrimination lawsuit and resulting United States Supreme Court Case in particular. Ledbetter’s entrance into the policy realm as a policy entrepreneur will also be discussed. Next, the policies stream will be discussed through the lens of the Act as it travelled through Congress. Finally, the politics stream will be analyzed, focusing on the circumstances surrounding the timing of the passage of the Act as well as the political policy entrepreneurs...
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...Choi Department of Politics & Government, Ohio Wesleyan University, Elliott Hall 204, Delaware, OH 43015, USA. E-mail: jychoi@owu.edu Abstract This article examines major debates between rationalism and constructivism. It presents that there are politically significant motives of social actions, including norms and identity, which cannot be completely subsumed by the concept of instrumental rationality. These ideational or social-psychological motivations are governed primarily by thymos or affect (the moral or emotional part of the human personality) and/or valueoriented rationality. We need more flexible assumptions about main actors and their motives than those of rationalism to explain appropriately the politics of anger, loyalty and a sense of justice at international levels. However, constructivism’s emphasis on ideational motivations cannot totally replace rationalism in explaining international political life. Constructivism maintains that identity or norms are causally prior to actors’ interests. Yet when there is conflict between pursuit of interests and maintenance of identity or norms, actors’ strong and well-defined self-interests can overrule their contested or unstable identity or norms. In short, causal arrows can flow in either direction between identity or norms and interests. This implies that rationalism and constructivism are complementary rather than competitive in explaining international political life. International Politics (2015) 52, 110–127...
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...David Campbell Summary Points: Changes in American Religiosity & Tolerance (Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 15) Chapter 3 & 4: Religiosity in America Lifecycle, Generational, and Period Effect Change Ø Most people’s religious views and habits are formed fairly early in life. All of us tend to evolve in fairly predictable ways as we age, following what social scientists call life cycle patterns. These patterns produce a kind of life cycle escalator toward greater religiosity as an individual ages. Ø However, people born and raised in different eras get onto that escalator at different levels. People raised in a less religious era may never become as observant as people raised in a more observant time… Such a difference between people born and raised in different eras is termed by social scientists a generational effect. Ø Both generational and life cycle patterns involve change, but in pure form they produce very different patterns of change. In pure life cycle...
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...This paper will briefly describe Good Sport and the organizational culture and structure in place at the company. The informal definition of culture is “the way we do things around here” (Leigh, 2007). Also, this paper will describe the power structures and politics at Good Sport. Additionally, this paper will identify specific strategies to leading change and managing resistance to change. Finally, paper will discuss the leadership style that will be the most productive for Good Sport in order to ensure the success of change, and lead the company well into the 21st Century. Good Sport is a fitness equipment manufacturer that was founded by ex-basketball star, Jason Poole 15 years ago. Good Sport manufactures sports equipment such as treadmills, bikes, steppers, and rowers. Poole is now the Chairman of the Board and Marvin Wallace has been the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) for the last four years. Under the current leadership, Good Sport has improved the performance of sales, product production, and the research and development teams. The company is expanding outside of Florida into Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Good Sport has an organic structure, which is an organization structure with a wide span of control, little formalization, and decentralized decision-making (McShane & Von Glinow, 2005). “Organizational structure refers to the division of labor as well as the patterns or coordination, communication, work flow, and formal power that direct organizational...
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...liberalization and competition have encouraged the emergence of, and in many places, also sustained, investigative reporting. But at the same time, market pressures are a major obstacle to its continued viability.” Where donor funding is available, non-profits sometimes take on the watchdog role. "They fill a gap in media systems where market, ownership, or political pressures make investigative reporting by commercial or state-owned media difficult if not impossible. These centers are involved in training and reporting and serve as models of excellence that are helping raise the standards of local journalism. Elsewhere, startup ventures by individual journalists are taking the lead in cutting-edge investigations. In Malaysia, the web-based news site Malaysiakini is filling the information gap in a...
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...China’s Peaceful Rise to Dominance The current state of the globe has seen many changes in the past few decades. The global political structures have shifted and turned to provide a new landscape where substantial evolution has and will continue to occur. The purpose of this essay is to argue and prove that China will rise to power in a peaceful manner throughout the 21st century. This paper will first explain the current situation, which has left China in position to become a global leader as the new century unfolds. The essay will also examine military, economic and social issues that may positively contribute to this change and lead this Asian country to a new significant posture within the geo-political realm of international relations. The Rise of China towards the 21st Century Technology and communication improvements have changed the world for good. With new developments in these areas, the world has become much smaller and navigable in many ways when discussing China and their current rise to global prominence in recent times. The end of the Cold War which saw a bipolar world develop into a unipolar world has created opportunity for other powerful nations to step in and play a key role in global events that are unfolding. China’s massive population and natural resources have continued to organize and be directed towards more powerful means. Chinese leaders have seen this coming for years as the country began opening up to global interests in the 1970’s. As America’s...
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...Table of Contents Introduction 2 Changes in the market 3 Economical 5 Political-legal 7 Regulatory pressure 8 Conclusion 8 References 11 Introduction The UK property market has experienced remarkable development in the last 50 years; with a notable shift in the trends investors tend to use, (Halifax, 2010). The housing market in the UK has seen great change when comparing the figures over the last 15 years. According to Beckett (2014), the rise of housing prices have led to the creation of a good investing opportunity both in the residential and in the commercial property market. The housing boom has been in chaos since the market crashed in the 2007, but as many industries continue to struggle, the UK housing industry is to experience a recovery, many experts speculate. This is due to the increase in the need for housing due to the increase in demand of properties, both for commercial and residential use; and the decrease in supply. Even with most individuals in the UK still struggling to recover from the 2007 market crash, market watchers estimate that the base line is bound to increase and revive the industry. The property industry though has been experiencing a constant boom through the years. A survey by De Montfort University in 2005 showed that the development finance was at £23 billion; this was up from £9 billion, 6 years earlier, (Gibertson, 2006). The trend has been in constant growth despite a few setbacks due to the strain in the economic pressures...
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...and global politics John L. Esposito, Series Editor University Professor and Director Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding Georgetown University islamic leviathan Islam and the Making of State Power Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr Islamic Leviathan Islam and the Making of State Power Ú seyyed vali reza nasr 1 2001 3 Oxford Athens Chennai Kolkata Nairobi New York Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Paris São Paul Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated comapnies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 2001 by Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza, 1960 – Islamic leviathan : Islam and the making of state power / Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr. p. cm.—(Religion and global politics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-514426-0 1. Malaysia—Politics and government. 2. Islam and politics—Malaysia. 3. Pakistan—Politics and government—1988 – 4. Islam and politics—Pakistan...
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...Gabriel Rodriguez Professor Kimpel December 4, 2011 SOC 209 In Cornel West’s book “Race Matters” he discusses a few themes and gives his readers on thoughts on African Americans in society. He also speaks out on issues that he believes are very important to black America such as Nihilism, his views and the views of Liberal Structuralists and the conservative behaviorists, and the crisis of no leadership in black America. These to me are the important themes that need to be shown in order for there to be change in society. Before one goes into the views of the two comps and leadership issue one must understand the importance of Nihilism. Nihilism in definition is the total rejection of laws and institutions already established. However West’s makes it more than this as he makes references in his work that it has now become a disease, “ Like alcoholism and drug addiction, nihilism is a disease of the soul”. He continues on making references that this “virus” cannot be completely cured but it can be stopped and have its effects reversed. He believes that this threat of nihilism in black America cannot be stopped merely debates and analyzing the situation but can be controlled by love and care. Through these two cures it will give people a chance to believe that there is hope for the future and give meaning to struggle. With these two factors it supposedly increases the modes of self-valuation and encouraging political resistance in an individual’s community. West’s also...
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...competitive Porter competitive forces model to develop competitive strategies using information systems • Leveraging the value chain and value web models to identify opportunities for strategic information system applications opportunities for strategic information system applications • The role of information systems in creating synergies, core competencies, and network-based strategies to achieve competitive advantage • The challenges posed by strategic information systems and management solutions 2 EBay Fine-Tunes Its Strategy • Problem: Losing market share to other online retailers, ultracompetitive and constantly changing marketplace • Solutions: Acquire other businesses and adjust its business Acquire other businesses and adjust its business model to maintain online dominance • Purchase of PayPal, deal with Buy.com allowed eBay to grow and diversify its business di it • Demonstrates IT’s role in the development of eBay’s organization as it expands and makes acquisitions • Illustrates the challenges of maintaining a competitive advantage in a fast-moving, constantly-changing marketplace 3 Organizations and Information Systems • Information technology and organizations influence each another • Complex relationship influenced by organization’s structure, relationship influenced by organization structure business processes, politics, culture, environment, and management decisions This complex two-way relationship is mediated by many factors...
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...– Winter Term Essay Proposal – Topic no. 10 The Advancement of Green Politics Within Government: The Cases of Germany and Great Britain Since their formative years, Green parties have seen increasing success in advancing environmental interests in European politics. They key factor in determining a Green party’s capacity to implement its policy aims is the context of the political system in which it operates. This is reflected in the relative electoral success of the German Greens, Alliance ’90/The Greens, as compared with the difficulties faced by the British Greens. Many analysts consider the German Greens “the strongest example of the impact of Green politics on Western European political systems” due to its impact within German government (Burchell, 2002, p. 52). The Green Party in the United Kingdom is considered a minor party—defined as “a party with no elected seats in Parliament” (Birch, 2009, p. 53). This represents the greatest challenge to the British Greens’ political efficacy. The German and British Green parties were established in extremely different political climates, and they gained different levels of influence within government as a result. The emergence of the German Greens in the twentieth century coincided with the rise of new social movement protests during the 1960s 1970s. This movement brought about a heightened awareness of social and environmental problems among new-left student populations, as well as citizen action groups, that helped...
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...about the legitimacy of the current government, raises doubts surrounding the power of the state; a manoeuvre that demands concessions. Moreover, terrorism has taken on a pseudo religious-political form that has resulted in an involuntary knee-jerk reaction throughout the modern liberal democracies in the Western World. Not many events, actions or ideologies have influenced politics as terrorism has done so consistently throughout history. Terrorism and politics intertwine more than many understand. Terrorism is a catalyst for political interaction and development; as politics is seldom contained to one opinion, it is home to a myriad of diverse beliefs and judgements. It is about command and control and is not regulated to a sole individual, but the interconnections of various people from differing backgrounds and faiths, prompting revolution, oppression and liberalisation (Delaware Criminal Justice Council [DCJC] 2012, para. 1). It is this dynamic and multifaceted concept of politics that enables the rise of terrorism - in which individuals, groups and societies aim for change, as these factions challenge the ruling government or nation state in a David verse Goliath standoff in the struggle for survival, power and legitimacy (Encyclopædia Britannica 2013, para. 1). It is this...
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...The social and economic change brought on by the Market Revolution in the first half of the 1800s saw political developments. Between 1814 and 1850 while the American economy was booming and prospering, the more the society and American politics were becoming more democratic. The educated people were expected to be different with the wisdom of the elite, which was the politics of difference. This was called the era of the common man (white man) because governments began to expand beyond elite origins. The vote was extended to of the population. The common man (white man) was considered to be white, quite literally, and a man of the early 1800s. Many of the states required property ownership to be mandatory for full citizenship, but racial...
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...Normalcy” what does that mean? Science better at understanding the world than religion Individuals have the right to choose their own lifestyles Women control their minds and bodies More rights for minorities? Reactions? The New Traditionalists God trumps science Bible is the ONLY source of morality Women are subservient to men Immigrants are subservient to white Anglo-Saxon men 1920s The New Era The Roaring Twenties Rise of automobile, gangsters, rise of the radio & other gadgets and appliances The Jazz Age Clash of old & new values The Economy after the war… Switch from war to peace initially difficult Gets re-cranked up by 1922-1923 United states’ industry still intact after war, unlike Europe Becomes world’s top producer of consumer products Middle class expands greatly What about the lower classes? Same problems as before Too much prosperity for middle class to care!!! Rise of consumer spending on new fangled items Luxuries become necessities Auto Industry Urban and rural more closely connected Changes social mores Mores= social values Related businesses expand too Becomes dominant American business Why? Advertising in the Modern Age New focus-???? New target-???? Does this work?- yes New Religion, Old Religion Liberal Christianity Fundamentalism National debate Scopes Monkey...
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