...Nurse-to-Patient Ratios Primary health care organizations such as New York Presbyterian (NYP) are impacted by low nurse-to-patient ratios. The recent implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has required organizations such as NYP to explore many approaches to improve quality and patient outcomes that contain costs. “Numerous studies reveal an association between higher levels of experienced RN staffing and lower rates of adverse patient outcomes” (www.nursingworld.org, 2015, para. 1). For this reason, nurse-to-patient ratios is an issue that needs to be addressed at NYP in order to improve quality healthcare within their organization. The acuity of the unit in which patient care is being provided, should determine the acceptable nurse-to-patient ratio. According to the American Nurses Association (ANA), factors that influence the nurse staffing needs include: patient complexity, acuity, or stability; number of admissions, discharges, and transfers; professional nursing and other staff skill level and expertise; physical space and layout of the nursing unit; availability of or proximity to technological support or other resources ("Optimal Nurse Staffing," 2015). Currently, New York is one of only fourteen states that addresses the nurse staffing issue in hospitals. New York State requires organizations such as NYP to disclose their nurse-to-patient staffing ratios to the public; however the state does not require a minimum nurse-to-patient ratio to be maintained...
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...Health Economics and Health Policy A critique of the methods used to measure and value health in cost-effectiveness studies submitted to NICE. Introduction The responsibility to provide data concerning “Good value for money” in regards to a new treatment or healthcare programme intervention has for itself a remarkable relevance. However, this information has become much more important in recent years due to the fact that we are facing a combination of unprecedented demand with the limitation of resources and the necessity of making decisions regarding priority setting in the healthcare system. Priority setting in healthcare means to determine what is most important in the context of finite resources as well as to decide who is going to benefit from a particular health care service as giving priority to one group of people inexorably implies taking it away from another one. (William, 1998). Nowadays, health care systems are facing the problem of how to set priorities in the allocation of health care resources in order to provide a high quality of care to those who need it and at a cost their governments can afford. All this happens in a time when people have greatest expectations concerning the care they should receive and the health care innovation offers broader options for interventions. (Littlejohns et al, 2012). In England the NHS has the obligation to provide a comprehensive and fair service for all and at the same time to promote an equal...
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... Analysis of company situation………………………………………………....4-8 Analysis on market situation...............…………………………………….....9-12 Swot and competitor analysis ………………………………………………12-15 New product for McDonalds………………………………………………...15- 19 Future marketing strategy..................................................................................19-21 Financial forecast............................................................................................21-22 Conclusion……………………………………………………………......22 Appendix …………………………………………………………..........23-24 References…………………………………………………………….....25 INTRODUCTION Health care system is critically important around the world. And health care industry has always been a subject area with a strong international dimension. The health-care industry incorporates several sectors that are dedicated to providing health care services and products. According to industry and market classifications the health-care industry includes health care equipment and services as well as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and life sciences, nursing homes, providers of health care plans and home health care. Consuming just fewer than 10 percent of gross domestic product of most developed nations, health care...
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...REV: SEPTEMBER 13, 2004 WILLIAM BRUNS Introduction to Financial Ratios and Financial Statement Analysis There is almost always a reason why someone picks up an organization’s financial statements and begins to analyze them. Lenders or creditors may be interested in determining whether they will be repaid money they have lent or may lend to the organization. Investors may be interested in comparing a potential investment in one organization with that of another. Employees may want to compare the current performance or financial status of their employer with earlier periods. Regulatory agencies often need to assess organizational or industry financial health and performance. Financial analysis is always based on a set of questions, and the specific questions requiring answers depend on who the financial statement user is and the reasons for his or her analysis. Financial analyses based on accounting information consistently involve comparisons. Amounts or ratios may be compared with industry norms, the same measurement in a prior period, the same measurement in a competitor’s organization, or with planned and budgeted amounts previously established. Figuring out which comparisons will best answer the questions motivating the analysis is one of the necessary steps in making the best use of accounting information. Financial ratios can help describe the financial condition of an organization, the efficiency of its activities, its comparable profitability, and...
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...Gamble- 2006 | Written Case Analysis | Contents Executive Summary 3 Facts about Procter and Gamble: 4 Financial Ratio Analysis: 5 Profitability Ratios: 5 Liquidity Ratios 5 Disadvantages of acquiring Gillette: 6 Employees Layoff: 6 Divergence of P & G from its functioning Efforts: 6 Competitor Threats 6 Supporting of the Acquisition 7 Strong Brand Portfolio, opportunity for more innovation, faster sales growth and cost saving: 7 More Bargaining Power: 8 Boy Meets a Girl! 8 Over all Recommendations for P & G 9 Should Penetrate in the Indian Market 9 P&G should diversify 9 Conclusion 10 Recommendations over Organizational chart 11 Executive Summary With more than 100,000 employees and nearly 5 billion customers, Procter and Gamble (26 among 500 fortune companies is considered as number one US and Global manufacturer of household products, with $56.7 billion revenues by the end of 2005. Procter and Gamble was established back in 1837, a company holds immense financials with very strong and un-orthodox management structure. Company operated with more than 300 products in 160 countries. The main segment of Procter and Gamble includes the Beauty care which further includes personal and beauty products, the fabric and home care segment which mainly consisted of fabric care and laundry products, the health care segment which encompasses the oral care and prescription drugs and the baby family care segment which further includes...
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...LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management: Nursing Staff Ratio Yu Chen Grand Canyon University: NRS-451V Nursing Leadership and Management October 11, 2015 Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management: Nursing Staff Ratio Introduction Identifying and maintaining the appropriate number and mix of nursing staff is critical to the delivery of quality patient care (American Nurses Association, 2015). Staffing issue is very important simply because this ongoing concern affects the quality of health care service, the safety of both patients and nurses. Many research shows that adequate staff ratio has close relationship with patients’ safety and recovery time of period. In this paper, different nursing leadership and approaches are discussed. Skills and methods employed by leaders and managers to address staff issue are described. My preferred approach is also presented. The Importance of the Issue The benefits and importance to maintain s safe staffing ratio is never underestimated. • Relieve nurses from overload, fatigue and burnout so that they can focus on work to reduce medical and medication errors • Plenty of nurses can provide better service and attention to patients so that complications will be decreased • Mortality could be decreased due to more frequent monitoring of patients’ health condition and prompt response from on-duty nurses and doctors Different Nursing Leadership and Styles Nursing...
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...difference between trend analysis and comparative analysis Trend Analysis is a ratio analysis technique that examines the value of a ratio over time to see if it is improving or deteriorating. Example: "The analysis of financial information, trend analysis is the presentation of amounts as a percentage of a base year. Example: The trend of a company’s revenues, net income, and number of clients during the years 2001 through 2007, trend analysis will present 2001 as the base year and the 2001 amounts will be restated to be 100. The amounts for the years 2002 through 2007 will be presented as the percentages of the 2001 amounts. In other words, each year’s amounts will be divided by the 2001 amounts and the resulting percentage will be presented. For example, revenues for the years 2001 through 2007 might have been $31,691,000; $40,930,000; $50,704,00; $63,891,000; $79,341,000; $101,154,000; $120,200,000. These revenue amounts will be restated to be 100, 129, 160, 202, 250, 319, and 379. Let’s assume that the net income amounts divided by the 2001 amount ended up as 100, 147, 206, 253, 343, 467, and 423. The number of clients when divided by the base year amount are 100, 122, 149, 184, 229, 277, and 317. From this trend analysis we can see that revenues in 2007 were 379% of the 2001 revenues, net income in 2007 was 467% of the 2001 net income, and the number of clients in 2007 was 317% of the number in 2001. Using the restated amounts from trend analysis makes it much easier...
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...Affordable Care Act was passed by Congress and then signed into law by the President on March 23; 2010. On June 28, 2012 the Supreme Court rendered a final decision to uphold the health care law”. The Affordable Healthcare Act affords new means to hold insurance companies responsible and offers strong selections for customers. For example as part of the recently upheld Affordable Care Act, all health insurers are required to spend a percentage of each premium dollar collected to pay claims and to provide clinical service and activities that improve health care quality. ("Healthcare.gov", 2012) The Medical Loss Ratio (MLR) is known as a percentage that healthcare insurers must meet or better known as the MLR requirement. Healthcare insurers are required by the Affordable Care Act to produce a reimbursement to its consumers. The Medical Loss Ratio financial measurement used in the Affordable Care Act to help ensure that health plans provide significant value to users. The following is an example of how insurers use the MLR According to "Healthcare.gov" (2012), “if an insurer uses 80 cents out of every premium dollar to pay its customers' medical claims and activities that improve the quality of care; the company has a medical loss ratio of 80%. A medical loss ratio of 80% indicates that the insurer is using the remaining 20 cents of each premium dollar to pay overhead expenses, such as marketing, profits, salaries, administrative costs, and agent commissions. The Affordable Care Act sets...
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...budget figure? 333 334 APPENDIX A Checklists Checklist A-2 Building a Budget 1. What is the proposed volume for the new budget period? 2. What is the appropriate inflow (revenues) and outflow (cost of services delivered) relationship? 3. What will the appropriate dollar cost be? (Note: this question requires a series of assumptions about the nature of the operation for the new budget period.) 3a. Forecast service-related workload. 3b. Forecast non–service-related workload. 3c. Forecast special project workload if applicable. 3d. Coordinate assumptions for proportionate share of interdepartmental projects. 4. Will additional resources be available? 5. Will this budget accomplish the appropriate managerial objectives for the organization? Checklist A-3 Balance Sheet Review 1. What is the date on the balance sheet? 2. Are there large discrepancies in balances between the prior year and the current year? 3. Did total assets increase over the prior year? 4. Did current assets increase, decrease, or stay about the same? 5. Did current liabilities increase, decrease, or stay about the same? 6. Did land, plant,...
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...Happy Hospital Today’s health care system, with its many different types of health care organizations, is extremely complex. The health care environment has many other goals—improving the health and well-being of the community, providing the highest quality health care services, and minimizing morbidity and mortality. Happy Hospital is no different. The issues of plausible steps and measures that they should take to utilize accounting information to make solid financial decisions to progress towards a sound financial hospital will be covered in this paper. How could Happy Hospital use budgets and performance reports in the decision making process? The use of performance reports would help Happy Hospital extensively. Performance measurement when linked to the budget and strategic planning process can assess accomplishments on an organization-wide basis (Tigue and Strachota, 1994). When used in the long-term planning and goal setting process and linked to the hospital’s mission, goals, and objectives, meaningful performance measurements can assist Happy Hospital’s managers and staff in identifying financial and program results, evaluating past resource decisions, and facilitating qualitative improvements in future decisions regarding resource allocation and service delivery. The use of budget reports would assist the hospital in tracking its cash flow, purchases, expenses and income streams. An analysis of a budget report provides information about how...
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...addition it is overly dependent on its financing division. GM facing economic threats at home and abroad and stiff competition from more differentiated and lower priced products, GM manager must decide how it will produce and market its vehicles in the future. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: This paper will explain GM’s most pressing challenges. Overcapacity is negatively impacted their financial results, brutal international competition is causing GM to react with target costing strategies, rising fuel prices directly impacts their cash flows and complicates capital budgeting strategies and tactics and their ongoing health care and pension costs continue to color their future earning potential. These challenges will be addressed by using performance assessment measures. The financial assessment measures include net income and their market share value, liabilities of health care and pension benefits, revenues, target costing and capital budgeting. Non-financial measures include customer satisfaction and branding effects on sales volume....
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...A Summer Training Report ON FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED & INDIAN TOBACCO COMPANY Submitted to GURUKUL KANGRI UNIVERSITY,HARIDWAR In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the two years full time post graduate degree in MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION(MBA) Supervised by: Dr. Bindu Arora Submitted by: Akansha Tyagi(MBA) Department of Management Studies Kanya Gurukul Mahavidyalaya, Dehradun 2nd Campus, Gurukul kangri University, Haridwar 2009-2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to thank Indian Tobacco Company Limited, Sidcul and its employees, who gave me their precious time to make me learn some important aspects of the Organization, its Structure, about its functioning. I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Arun Raghav(DGM - HR) for giving me an opportunity to work with them through this summer project. I am very pleased that, I got the opportunity to work under and thank Mr.Kapil(Manager in Finance & Accounts,Sidcul) for his invaluable guidance, constant encouragement & practical suggestions based on the experience to focus my efforts because of which this work has come to the presentable form. Gracious help from Dr. Surekha Rana, have contributed tremendously to the completion of this project work. I offer my sincere thanks to , Dr. Bindu Arora who guided me in the completion of the project. CONTENTS PREFACE…………………………………………………... OBJECTIVES OF STUDY…………………………………. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………. COMPANY PROFILE • The Indian FMCG sector…………………………...
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...PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT (Project Planning / Project Formulation / Project Implementation / Preparation of Project Proposal) Compiled by S.Rengasamy, Madurai Institute of Social Sciences One Of the most important administrative developments in the developed as well as in developing countries has been the initiation and growth of a large number of new programs projects in every field like Since the 1950s the development agenda has been agriculture, irrigation, industry, community characterized by projects and programs aimed at improving the quality of life of beneficiary communities, development and social welfare etc.. The principle be it in physical or qualitative terms. Despite significant aims and objectives of all these programs have been inputs of human and financial resources, many fell short to bring about overall changes in the existing socio- of expectations. Projects failed to meet the priority economic structure in the country providing thereby needs of communities; stated outputs were not achieved dignified way of life to a citizen as a unit and socio- or, if achieved, not sustained; target groups did not benefit in the manner intended; project costs escalated economic up liftment of the society. So most of the administrators are directly concerned with the program / project administration than other activities. The capability of administrative system to formulate and implement, relevant and in able programs effectively constitutes a crucial element in...
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... East Lansing, MI 48824. Tippie College of Business, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240 ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract This paper examines how nonprofit organizations respond to incentives to manage their publicly available financial information. Prior research identifies two operating ratios donors commonly use to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of nonprofits (i.e., the program service ratio, defined as the fraction of total expenses committed to advancing the charitable mission of the organization, and the fundraising ratio, defined as the ratio of fundraising expenses to donations revenue). Nonprofit managers have an incentive to over-report the expenses classified as program services and under-report the expenses classified as administrative and fundraising in order to improve these ratios. We examine whether nonprofits respond to these incentives, and we find evidence consistent with opportunistic cost shifting to improve the program service and fundraising ratios. Additional analysis finds that smaller nonprofits that are more reliant on donations revenue manipulate their operating ratios to a greater extent. JEL classification: M4; L3 Key words: Nonprofit organizations, earnings management, disclosure, hospitals. ______________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author. Tel.: (319) 335-0841; fax (319) ; email: robert_yetman@uiowa.edu 1 We thank...
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...Overview_______________________________________ | 3 | | | Financial Ratio Analysis____________________________________ | 4 | 1. Liquidity Ratios________________________________________ | 5 | 1.1 Current Ratio_______________________________________ | 5 | 1.2 Quick Ratio_________________________________________ | 6 | 1.3 Working Capital_____________________________________ | 7 | | | 2. Profitability Ratios______________________________________ | 8 | 2.1 Gross Profit Ratio____________________________________ | 8 | 2.2 Net Profit Ratio______________________________________ | 9 | 2.3 Return on Total Assets________________________________ | 10 | 2.4 Return on Capital Employed___________________________ | 11 | 2.5 Return on Equity_____________________________________ | 12 | | | 3. Activity Ratios_________________________________________ | 13 | 3.1 Debtor's Collection Period_____________________________ | 13 | 3.2 Creditor's Collection Period ___________________________ | 14 | 3.3 Stock Turnover Period________________________________ | 15 | | | 4. Solvency Ratios________________________________________ | 16 | 4.1 Gearing Ratio_______________________________________ | 16 | 4.2 Interest Cover Ratio__________________________________ | 17 | 5. Market Analysis 5.1 Earnings Per Share Ratio(EPS)_________________________ | 1818 | 5.2 Price Per Earnings Ratio(P/E)__________________________ | 19 | |...
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