...The Values and Goals of Roman Nobility The culture shared by the aristocracy of Rome in the second century BC was underpinned by a definitive set of values, providing an ideological and methodical archetype by which an individual stringently abided throughout the course of their life. Adherence to this regimented ethos brought glory to oneself, one’s ancestors (past and future) and ultimately to Rome. The nobility within Roman society at the time focussed primarily on the greater collective good of Rome, through an individual and ancestral emphasis on militaristic and political pursuits. It is understandable then, that their value system was structured on the basis of achieving excellence within the scope of these spheres. Quintus Metellus, in his eulogy to his father Lucius Metellus the pontiff, provides excellent insight stating that Lucius “had achieved the ten greatest and highest objects in the pursuit of which men pass their lives; for he had made it his aim to be a first class warrior, a supreme orator and very brave commander, to have the direction of operations of the highest importance, to enjoy the greatest honour, to be supremely wise, to be deemed the most eminent member of the senate, to obtain great wealth in an honourable way, to leave many children, and to achieve supreme distinction in the state.” Being noble came with the expectation of continuing, solidifying and improving upon the heritage forged by one’s ancestors. Children of nobility were groomed from...
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...THE VALUES AND GOALS OF THE ROMANS NOBILITY A noble may be loosely translated as someone who is well known in the society for good deeds. In most cases, such people are known for their contribution to the society and having lived a life befitting their status they or their family acquired, and are either patricians or plebeians. The Roman nobility were also people who were not only well known but expected to have achieved great achievements in their lifetime such as a consulship. The nobility in Rome was a system that was tightly controlled so that not everybody would easily qualify. The Roman nobility had some goals and values which guided most of the life. These values were meant to guide their lives and if well executed made them worthy of tier family tree. For example, the nobility were expected to have wisdom and knowledge. On an epitaph from sarcophagus, Lucius Cornelius Scipio observes that the stone is held by great virtues and great wisdom a clear indication of bow high knowledge was regarded. And this knowledge and great wisdom could possibly have been applied by the judges during court proceedings. The position of dispensing justice lay at the heart of Roman culture as seen in an epitaph at Scipio Hispanus who was a, ‘member of the Board of Ten for Judging Law-suits.’ The Romans had elaborate funeral ceremonies for the nobles with many people attending. Such ceremonies laid out in the open what they had achieved and challenged the public to emulate their achievement...
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...ESSAY “IDEOLOGY OF NOVITAS” OF CATO THE ELDER AND GAIUS MARIUS The ancient Romans valued military and political achievement above all else, their customs, traditions and reference of ancestors revolved around it. All men strife to be worthy of their country and family in military and political accomplishment, the power of these achievement not only illuminated the individual, but reflected glory upon descendants. The Romans were govern by the ruling patrician class of nobles, who occupied much of the senate. In exceptional circumstances, there were men of outstanding reputation, military and political achievement who were elected by the people to join the ruling class, this men were known as ‘novus homo’ or new men. This men were the first in their family to rise to high office, through their own effort, therefore ennobled their family forever. Patronage with successful and powerful families and alliances through marriage is essential for this new men. The Romans were in the habits of describing new men, they look up to them. Cato the elder and Gaius Marius were an ambitious ‘novus homo’. Both were born into plebeian’s family with no distinction. They rose to high office through their obvious talents such as strength of characters, discipline, an effective orator, possess great endurance, fearlessness, frugal, hard worker, opponent of the senate in the interest of the common people, formidable general and eagerness to prove themselves worthy. Both were loved by the common...
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...their relationship with men as wives, mothers, and daughters. For this reason, it is interesting to explore how and why certain women were able to live separately from men in convents and create works of artistic value that survive today. During the Pre-Romanesque (500-1000 AD) and Romanesque (1000-1200) period of the middle ages, most of the art was created in monasteries for religious purposes. This art was primarily in the form of illuminated or illustrated manuscripts. Illuminated manuscripts were hand-written books of religious texts, like a bible, or works by saints or religious leaders. Some illustrated manuscripts were also copies of Roman or Greek works of philosophy. These manuscripts were ornate and beautiful volumes that were expensive and time consuming to produce. It could take months or years to produce an illuminated manuscript. The manuscript included ornamental borders, capital letters and illustrations some in gold and silver leaf. The illustrations themselves used a very rich and vivid palette of colors like rich blues and deep reds. At a minimum, an illuminated manuscript only had ornamental capital letters, but many included heavily decorated borders along with miniature paintings which depict scenes from the book; some members of the nobility even had their portraits inserted into such miniatures. The bindings of the books were sometimes inlaid with jewels (Chadwick 52). Initially, illustrated...
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...aristocratic. The film takes a gritty tone within its aesthetics and this becomes apparent in the main cast of characters. While they are predominately male and are not particularly wealthy or powerful in their perspective society. Many of the members of Arthur's Knights of the Round Table are motivated by their fantasies of wealth, potential land owing, and women that may come their way once their battle has concluded. They are still considered to be chivalrous despite the fact that none of them are of any particularly noble blood. King Arthur and Sir Lancelot are most glaring examples of this democratic association to chivalry as Lancelot is an outsider who was taken into the Roman military in this film when his homelands were taken over by the Roman Empire and Arthur is half Briton while still serving in the Roman military. This is more reflective of the liberal application of chivalry that is commonly associated with...
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...Russell Ellis Simerly III AP European History Chapter 17—The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth Century Thought Chapter Overview: The Enlightenment is a movement of people and ideas that fostered the expansion of literate sectors of European society and that economic improvement and political reform were both possible and desirable. Contemporary western political and economic thought is a product of Enlightenment thinking; therefore, some historians believe the process of Enlightenment continues today. Inspired by the scientific revolution and prepared to challenge traditional intellectual and theological authority, Enlightenment writers believed that human beings can comprehend the operation of physical nature and mold it to achieve material and moral improvement, economic growth, and administrative reform. Enlightenment intellectuals advocated agricultural improvement, commercial society, expanding consumption, and the application of innovative rational methods to traditional social and economic practices. The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society. Politically, the Enlightenment had a direct impact on some rulers--in eastern and central Europe—whose policies came to be known as enlightened absolutism. Section One: Formative Influences of the Enlightenment Section Overview Chief factors that fostered the ideas of the Enlightenment The Newtonian worldview the political stability and...
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...Prastagus and The Icini Boudicca’s rebellion began with the British Icini tribe roughly 20 years after the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD . The Icinian king Prastagus was able to secure his tribe’s status as a client kingdom of Rome. This subservient relationship with Rome was typical for leaders near Roman territory borders, with Rome promising mutual support in exchange for obedience . Rome received a relatively reliable buffer for its periphery by creating a form of vassal state out of previously loosely connected groups of people . Renegotiated at the death of each client king, the status of the region was never truly secure for the natives because Rome tended to forsake its promises when the support of the client kings was no longer necessary . Prastagus likely chose to ally with Rome as a defense against aggressive neighbors, not realizing the long-term negative consequences such a decision would have on his kingdom . Prastagus left his...
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...Jan Zizka was born in 1370 and is known as the commander of the Bohemian military as well as the spearhead leader behind the forces that led against Hussite forces during the anti-crusades of Roman Emperor Sigismund. Before Jan Zizka became a commander and conquer, though, he served under many other lords. For example, in 1410 he fought with the winning Polish in the battle of Tannerburg, having defeated the Teutonic Knights there. It wasn’t until the Hussite Wars, however, that Zizka’s military and tactical genius blossomed. The Hussites themselves were led by Jan Hus (from where the name Hussites comes) and were a perpetual powerhouse in Bohemia and Moravia—even after his death. Sadly, in 1415 he was burned at the stake for teaching doctrine contrary to catholic beliefs of the time, particularly their teaching of self-indulgence. This very event sparked a chain of religious wars to follow decades later. One of which is known as the Hussite War. This war started in 1419 and caused a split in the general Hussite movement into smaller...
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...others. Shareholders are able to pass on their shares to others, such as family members, without any effects to the continued existence of the company. In modern corporate law, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with incorporation and limited liability. Limited liability means that the shareholders are only liable for the company's debts to the value of the money they invested in the company. Also, joint stock companies can issue stock and can allow for secondary market trading; however, stockholders are liable for company debts. And as a consequence joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies. Francis Xavier Saint Francis Xavier was the greatest Roman Catholic missionary of modern times who was instrumental in the establishment of Christianity in many parts of Asia. Francis Xavier was the first Jesuit missionary. Born in Spain as the son of nobility, he was sent to study theology. He devoted much of his life to missions in Asia, after being requested by King John III of Portugal to travel to Portuguese India, where the king believed that Christian values were eroding among the Portuguese. He baptized some 30,000 people. The areas he evangelized in India remain Catholic to this day. He was also the co-founder of Society of Jesus. Work Cited: 1. "Joint Stock...
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...What Were the Characteristics of the Renaissance? In very simple terms, the Italian Renaissance re-established Western art according to the principles of classical Greek art, especially Greek sculpture and painting, which provided much of the basis for the Grand Tour, and which remained unchallenged until Pablo Picasso and Cubism. From the early 14th century, in their search for a new set of artistic values and a response to the courtly International Gothic style, Italian artists and thinkers became inspired by the ideas and forms of ancient Greece and Rome. This was perfectly in tune with their desire to create a universal, even noble, form of art which could express the new and more confident mood of the times. Renaissance Philosophy of Humanism Above all, Renaissance art was driven by the new notion of "Humanism," a philosophy which had been the foundation for many of the achievements (eg. democracy) of pagan ancient Greece. Humanism downplayed religious and secular dogma and instead attached the greatest importance to the dignity and worth of the individual. Effect of Humanism on Art In the visual arts, humanism stood for (1) the emergence of the individual figure, in place of stereotyped, or symbolic figures. (2) Greater realism and consequent attention to detail, as reflected in the development of linear perspective and the increasing realism of human faces and bodies; this new approach helps to explain why classical sculpture was so revered, and why Byzantine art...
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...Richard Goldthwaite examines in excerpts from his 1993 publication Wealth and the Demand for art in Italy, 1300-1600, the evolution and literary study of consumer habits of Renaissance Italians between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Goldthwaite argues that by examining Renaissance palaces and their decorations, furnishings, etc. and the spending habits of nobles, artisans, etc. These factors contributed to a new emerging consumer society. Goldthwaite explains how Renaissance consumption encompassed a variety of aspects that reflected sociocultural changes within feudal and political systems, religious views, and interior and exterior architecture; contributing to new ideas about wealth and nobility. Goldthwaite starts by examining...
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...Coco-Cola Vintage Ad Elizabeth Hamilton Professor Smith Devry University March 28, 2014 Coco-Cola Vintage Ad Throughout its history Coco-Cola has always managed to use advertising as a powerful tool to create that special atmosphere in the minds of consumers that differentiates Coco-Cola from just some generic cola. In the past it was also extremely effective in advertising its product gaining a lot of market share and getting to the top of the market in terms of sales. The essay analyzes a vintage advertisement according to the rhetorical appeals of logos, ethos, and pathos and notes that Coco-Cola effectively uses appeals to authority, logic and emotions to make Coke a lifestyle, not just a drink. The vintage ad analyzed in the essay is a print ad that features the title Coco-Cola and the following text “Is a delightful palatable healthful beverage. It relives fatigue and is indispensable for business and professional men, students, wheelmen, athletes. It relieves mental and physical exhaustion. Is the favorite drink for ladies when thirsty, weary, despondent… Sold in bottles and at soda fountains for 5 cents. Newest refreshing drink in the world”. Clearly, the ad has many claims that nowadays would be consider illegal, inappropriate and simply false, yet back in the days, it was an example of what marketing was about : selling it at all cost even if it meant lying to the consumers. Although, to be fair, many other things, like heroine, morphine, cocaine and LSD were...
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...Greece/Rome 1. Nelson Mandela- The black president of South Africa who used the Springboks rugby team to help people unite after the end of an apartheid between blacks and whites 2. Boers- Farmers who descend from Southern Africa 3. Oligarchy- a government in which power is in the hands of a few people-especially one in which rule is based upon wealth 4. Aristocracy- A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class of nobility 5. Democracy- A government in which decisions are based upon either directly from the people or through representatives 6. Monarchy- A government in which one person, or monarch, is in power 7. Republic- A form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by citizens who have the right to vote 8. 12 Tables- Basis for Roman Law written on tablets and established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law 9. Consul-One of the two powerful officials is elected each year to command the army and direct a government 10. Tribunes- An official elected by the plebeians to protect their right, themselves were patricians 11. Social Contract theory- The agreement by which people define and limit their own individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government 12. Justinian- Responsible for the Byzantine Empire, the emperor, who also moved the capital to Byzantine 13. Hagia Sophia- the greatest Christian building in the Byzantine empire The Middle...
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...of England (C) Catholicism after the Council of Trent (D) Lutheranism in the early sixteenth century (E) the Society of Jesus (Jesuit order) 2. The term "humanism," when applied to Renaissance Italy, refers primarily to the: (A) renewed interest in the scientific method at many Italian universities (B) capitalist values advanced by leading Italian merchant bankers (C) anti-religious movement among leading Italian intellectuals (D) scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome (E) non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature 3. Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy? (A) Salvation by faith alone (B) Saints as intermediaries between the individual Christian and God (C) The sacrament of penance (D) The priesthood defined as distinct from the laity (E) The equality of men and women 4. During the Thirty Years' War, France pursued a policy of: (A) supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers (B) allowing French Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics (C) supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs (D) remaining neutral (E) opposing England in order to recapture Normandy 5. Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century? (A) Popular democracy (B) Rule by an absolute...
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...The middle ages is a period that most certainly cannot be addressed as a period that no events occurred and all was so called "dark". Many Tragic events did happen, but during this period many events happened that weren't so dark. Such things as the rise of new Universities, the division of Christianity and the Renaissance. Let's begin to think of the middle ages as the birth of Western Civilization, instead of the images we have in our heads due to movies and high school history. During the High Middle Ages(1000CE-1300), ideas were changing, society became more interested in art, sports, education, and literature. Occupations and preoccupations differed from the feudal nobility and labouring peasants(McKay,Hill, Buckler,Crowston,Wiesner-Hanks, & Perry, 2012, p.298). Cities were now crowed and polluted and caused improvement in legal status. The sumptuary laws were laws that social groups needed to wear certain items clothing to distinguish from one another. The high social group wore velvet , silk, pearls while peasants wore dark clothing made of linen and wood blending(McKay,2012., p.300). So the interaction between the wealthy and peasants was common. Games and sports were a popular form of entertainment that united society. With that, Primary schooling was most of the time in monasteries, convents and cathedrals. By the 12th century the demand for trained officials increased, trade and feudalism were the cause of this development(History of Western Civilization...
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