Grammar Review

The Present Simple (현재형)

1. To talk about things and situations that are generally true (일반적인 사실과 관련된 사물 또는 상황을 말하고자 할 때) e.g) • Digital cameras cost a lot of money. They have very complex parts and they use a lot of battery power. • She is 27 years old and she has a small flat.

2. The general truth can be: (일반적인 사실을 표현할 때) • A repeated action(반복되는 행동표현): She takes the train to work, but I usually drive. • A permanent situation(영속적인 상황표현): She lives in a small flat in London.

3. The present simple can be used in informal stories: describing a film scene, telling a joke (일상적인 내용을 말할 때 – 영화장면을 묘사하거나 농담을 할 경우 등) e.g) • She walks into the room, and sees the bottle and two glasses on the table. • This man goes into a bar, and orders an orange juice and a packet of crisps.

The Present Continuous (현재진행형)

It is used to talk about 1. Actions that are going on around or at the time of speaking (행동을 하고 있는 상황 또는 현재의 당시 상황을 말할 때) e.g) Jane is having a bath at the moment.

2. Temporary situations. (일시적인 상태) e.g) compare (현재시제와 현재진행형의 비교) • He is working in Oxford just now. (but next year he will do something else) – 현재에는 옥스포드에서 일하고 있는 중이지만 내년이나 가까운 미래에는 다른곳에서 일할 예정임을 표현, 즉 현재의 당시 상황을 표현하였음. • He works for a company in Oxford. ( He works there all the time) – 언제나 옥스포드 회사에서 일하고 있다. 즉, 사실을 표현함.

3. Changing situations (상황이 변하는 경우) – get, become, more, worse, better를 사용하여 표현. e.g) • He is getting fat, isn’t he? • This city is becoming more and more dangerous.

4. Behaviour that happens more often than expected (어떤 행동이 기대한 것 보다 더 자주 일어날 때) – always, forever, constantly와 함께 표현함. e.g) • Why are you always shouting? • She is forever buying me presents.

5. Future plan (미래에 계획을 표현할 때 – 추후 수업 예정)

6. 현재진행형(Present Continuous)에서 사용하지 말아야 할 동사 : 감정이나 생각등을 묘사할 때는 아래의 동사를 사용하지 않음. Think, know, believe, agree, remember, forget, understand, like, love, hate, mind, prefer, want, see, hear, smell, taste. e.g) • I am knowing the answer. (X) • I know the answer. (O)
The Past Simple (과거형)

To talk about 1. Single past actions and events(과거의 행동 또는 사건들에 대해 표현) e.g) I went to a fashion shop and bought a necklace.

2. Repeated past actions and events(반복적인 과거의 행동과 사건들에 대해 표현) e.g) I always went shopping on Saturdays.

3. Past states - long-lasting situations or feelings(과거에 대해 서술할 때 –오랫동안 지속되는 상황과 느낌들에 대해서) e.g) My father knew the Prime Minister.

4. A time expression with past simple(과거형으로 시간을 표현할 때) e.g) I went to the supermarket last Thursday/ at lunchtime / in the evening.

5. The time is understood but not mentioned(언제인지는 표현하지 않았지만 그 시간을 이해하고 짐작할 때) e.g) Oh yes, we had a great time! (설명: we had a great time at the party last night)

6. The order of actions and events using past simple and linking words and phrases(연결사 또는 상투어를 이용하여 어떤 행동이나 사건들에 대해 과거형을 이용할 때) e.g) First of all, I went to a fashion shop and bought a necklace with a heart. That cost me $1.50. Then I went to the Body Shop and bought shower gel and bubble bath.

The Past Continuous (과거진행형)

To “set the scene” for a story : give an idea of the background situation (상황에 대한 내용을 설정하기 위해 사용- 상황의 배경에 대한 아이디어를 제공한다)
비교: The events of the story are described using the past simple. (과거형을 사용할경우에는 어떤 상황에 대한 묘사를 통해 내용을 전달함)
e.g) I was reading a book (background situation) and a man rushed in (events).
“was reading”은 상황에 대한 배경을 표현하였으며, “rushed”는 사건에 대한 묘사를 하였음.

또한, 위의 문장을 과거형(past simple)로만 표현할 경우, I read a book and a men rushed in.

Event 1 Event 2

Event1은 a men이 rushed in 하기 전에 read(과거형)이며, a men rushed in 은 Event 2 이다.

When we are interested in activities going on around a particular time, not their starting and finishing times (시작하거나 끝이 난 정확한 시점이 아닌 특정한 시점 사이에서 일어난 일 또는 행동에 대한 표현)
e.g) 비교(과거진행형 & 과거형)
과거진행형: This time last year I was working for two different companies, I was studying for a diploma and I was trying to buy a house. It was a pretty busy time.(particular time – “busy time”, not starting or finishing time)

과거형: I worked for three months, I did a diploma and I bought a house.- for three months는 정확한 시점 (starting or finishing time)을 나타냄.

과거진행형의 상황설정을 위해 “as, when, while”을 이용하여 표현한다.
e.g) As/ when/ while I was waiting for the train, the man next to me started chatting.

The Present Perfect (현재완료)

Use the present perfect when we want to link the past with the present in some way. (여러상황에서 현재를 과거와 연결하여 표현하고자 할 경우에 사용)

비교: Past simple and Present Perfect (과거형과 현재완료의 사용비교)
|The past simple(과거형) |The present perfect simple(현재완료) |
|Talks about the past only(과거에 대해서만 표현할 경우) |Links the past with the present(현재를 과거와 연결할 경우) |
|I knew her when I was a child. |I have known her for ten years. |
|Concerned with a specific past time, either mentioned or |Does not generally refer to a specific past time(구체적인 과거의|
|understood(언급을 하였거나 이해하였던 구체적인 과거의 시점/시간 |시간/시점을 언급하지 않는 내용 표현) |
|에 관련된 내용을 표현할 때 ) |I have been to London |
|I went to London. | |
|Used with time expressions to talk about finished periods of |Used with time expressions to talk about periods of time that |
|time (상황이 끝난 시점과 관련하여 말할 때 시점/시간을 표현) |are not finished (상황이 끝나지 않은 시점과 관련하여 말할 때 시 |
|I saw Jeremy yesterday. |점/시간을 표현) |
| |Clare has been a teacher for five years. |

현재완료형은 과거와 현재를 연결시키는 표현이며, 아래의 여러 유형에 따라 구분할 수 있다.

1. 과거에 어떤 일이 시작되어 현재까지 여전히 진행되고 있는 것을 표현할 때 (something started/happened in the past & is still going on in the present) (Time expressions: for, since, always)

e.g) ■ Andrew has worked here for eight years / since 2001. ■ I have always liked animals. 2. 과거에 어떤 일이 일어나서 경험의 일부가 된 것을 표현할 때 (Something started / happened in the past, and it is now the part of experiences) (Time expressions: before-긍정형, ever-의문형, never-부정형)

e.g) • He has looked after rhinos before. • Have you ever thought of working in a zoo? • I have never thought of working in a zoo.

3. 과거에 어떤 일이 일어났지만 현재에 그 결과가 중요함을 표현할 때(Something happened / started in the Past, and it is very important in the Present) (Time expressions: recently, already, yet) e.g) • I have hurt my arm. • A rhino has escaped from the zoo • He has just returned from abroad. • I have already seen that film. • Have you finished yet?

4. 과거에 어떤 일이 시작 또는 일어났던 것에 대해 현재의 시점에서 연결되어 말할떄는 현재완료로 표현하지만 그 일과 관련하여 변화가 있는 경우를 표현 (묘사)할 때는 과거형을 사용 e.g) • Have you heard about Sally? She has lost her job. She found out two days ago.

5. 시제 변화(현재완료 과거형): 과거의 경험에 대해 사실을 표현할 때 e.g) • A: Have you ever been to Japan? • B: Yes, twice actually. I first went in 1996, and then I returned last year.

6. 변화에 대해서 묘사할때는 현재완료로 표현 (Something started to change in the Past and it changes in the Present) e.g) • Inflation has risen again in the past few months.

7. Time expressions (시간표현)이 있을 경우 V.S. 없을 경우- 현재완료로 표현하더라도 표현하는 의미가 서로 다름. 비교: • She has lived in Mexico City for six years. (시간표현: for six years. 그녀는 멕시코 시티에 6년동안 살고 있다. 즉, 현재도 계속해서 살고 있다는 표현) • She has lived in Mexico City. (시간표현없음: 그녀는 멕시코 씨티에 살았다 before, 그러나 지금은 살고 있지 않다라는 의미를 갖고 있음)

The Present Perfect Continuous (현재완료진행형)

*현재완료진행형이란: Describes activities happening in the period up to now. - It is only interested in activity or situation, and does not matter finished or not yet finished. - Activity (situation) is important, but not important the result

* When do we use for Present Perfect Continuous?

1. 얼마나 오랜기간 행동이나 상황이 진전 되었는지를 말할 때: 행동이나 상황이 과거에 시작되어 현재까지 계속 진행중이거나 바로 중단되었을 경우 (To say how long an activity or situation has been in progress) (Usually with for and since) e.g) ■ Catherine Wild has been receiving Christmas cards from the same family for the past 17 years. ■ She has been living in London since she bought the house. 2. 행동 자체에 초점을 둘 때: 행동에 대한 결과가 중요하지 않고, 그 행동이 현재까지 계속 진행중이거나 바로 중단되었을 경우 (To focus on an activity itself. The result is not important. It is either still going on or has just stopped) e.g) A: What have you been doing? B: I have been reading. (책읽는 것이 완료되지 않고 계속 진행중임) 3. 반복되는 행동을 말할 경우 (Describes repeated activity or situation) e.g) I have been having interviews all year but I still don’t have a job. 4. 현재완료진행형에서는 know, have, believe, like 등을 사용하지 않음. e.g) I have known her for 10 years. (O) I have been knowing her for 10 years. (X) 5. 현재완료진행형에서는 “before, already, always” 를 사용하지 않음.

* Exercises) Choosing the right tense.

아래의 대화를 보고 빈칸에 알맞은 동사 시제를 사용하여 채우세요. (과거형, 현재완료 & 현재완료진행형을 사용하세요)

A: I’m exhausted. I have been shopping (shop) all afternoon and I don’t seem to have found anything.
B: What 1______________(you/look) for?
A: Oh, 2_____________(try) to find Suzie a birthday present.
B: well, what does she like?
A: She loves clothes, so I have been to about ten clothes shops but I 3__________________(not/find) anything suitable yet. I 4_________________(go) to about five others yesterday too!
B: She 5_______________(read) a lot recently, hasn’t she? 6_________________(you /think) of book? I 7___________________(just/look) at some really good new novels at that bookshop in the shopping center.
A: Good idea- I’ll have a look. What about you? Have you had a good day?
B: Well, I 8________________(look) for weeks for a bag to match this jacket, and at last I 9_________________(find) one. Here it is!

-----------------------
Past
(happened
/started)

Present
(not yet finished)

Is still going on

Past
(started / happened) Present
(now)

Part of Experiences (경험의 일부) in the Present