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Vietnam, Marketing International

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Le Vietnam – Marketing International

1. Repères Géographiques

2. Informations générales

3. Une évaluation du risque Politique : Pays politiquement stable

4.1. Stabilité du gouvernement et des institutions : Contrôle du processus de décision par le Comité central et le Bureau politique dont le renouvellement s’est déroulé sans perturbations en 2011, lors du XIème Congrès du Parti Communiste Vietnamien (PCV).
Une réforme constitutionnelle a été adoptée le 28 novembre 2013 et confirme le mouvement d’ouverture et de démocratisation du pays. Et le pays a même été élu au Conseil des Droits de l’Homme de l’ONU (Organisation des Nations Unies)

4.2. Conditions socio-économiques

En 20 ans, la pauvreté est passée de 60% à 20% de la population. Les indicateurs démographiques sont encourageants : baisse de la mortalité infantile et maternelle.
Mais des fragilités demeurent. En particulier le déséquilibre entre les zones urbaines et rurales. L’appauvrissement de ces dernières et l’afflux de population dans les villes qui les paupérisent. De plus l’exode rural lié au décollage économique dans les villes entraîne une dépendance croissante à l’importation.
Enfin au niveau de la formation et de l’éducation, le Gouvernement est engagé dans une politique visant à développer une main d’œuvre qualifiée plus importante.

4.3. Conflits internes Depuis 2011, une rivalité oppose le Premier Ministre, Nguyen Tan Dung, et le Président de la République Populaire du Vietnam, Truong Tan Sang.
Le Premier Ministre est impliqué dans des scandales financiers, pourtant c’est lui qui détient et conserve actuellement la préséance dans les prises de décisions de politiques centrales.
The Economist[1] décrit les rivalités qui agitent le Politburo mais donne faveur à l’horizon 2016 au même Premier Ministre cité précédemment.
En attendant la situation n’est pas source d’une grande instabilité, en tout cas pas dans le secteur financier. Il est cependant conseillé d’être prudent s’agissant de l’appropriation de terre. Le foncier est le support de toutes les rivalités, un titre d’utilisation adressé la veille peut-être retiré de manière arbitraire.

4.4. Les pressions ethniques : existantes sans être sources de conflits Le pays compte une ethnie majoritaire, les Kinh, et si officiellement aucun conflit n’a éclaté avec d’autres groupes ethniques, on peut dire qu’il y’a des tensions latentes. En effet selon plusieurs rapports, les 52 autres ethnies du pays (on exclue aussi les Hoa, ethnie d’origine chinoise dont le statut est particulier) demeurent dans de conditions de vie les plus pauvres et la catégorie de population la moins éduquée.
Mais les autorités prennent la question au sérieux et ont même tenu en 2010 le premier Congrès représentatif National des minorités ethniques.

4.5. Les conflits externes et pays voisins entraînant un risque potentiel Tensions récurrentes avec la Chine s’agissant de la souveraineté sur les îles Paracels, et Spartleys (avec les Philippines et l’Etat de Brunei également) dans la mer méridionale de Chine. Intérêts des Etats pour la zone économique exclusive des ces îles, dont le sous sol sous-marins serait riche en pétrole et en gaz. Egalement localisation stratégique où passe 1/3 du trafic maritime mondial.
Le Vietnam avec la Chine mène une politique de « Not first use of force ». Et il normalise ses relations avec tous les Etats voisins, Laos, Cambodge et Chine, et les Etats-Unis.

4.6. Le niveau de corruption : Très élevé Le Vietnam est classé 116ème/ 177 pays selon l’IPC, Indice de Perception de la Corruption de Transparency International. Il a perdu 7 places par rapport à 2012 (il était alors classé 123ème).
La corruption se concentre sur le foncier. Toutes les terres appartiennent à l’État, les particuliers et les entreprises achètent des certificats d’utilisations des terres. Ensuite ils vendent ou s’achètent mutuellement ces autorisations d’utilisation. Ces transactions sont sujettes à des pots de vins et des manipulations, en raison de l’organisation administrative.

4.7. Conditions de sécurité dans le pays : Criminalité et terrorisme Le niveau de la criminalité de droit commun est faible. Avec l’exode rural s’est développé une petite délinquance (vols à l’étalage et à la tir) et il y’a une multiplication des escroqueries en particulier à l’encontre des touristes (cibles faciles).
S’agissant du terrorisme, le pays ne connaît pas manifestations terroristes particulières (excluant le terrorisme à l’encontre de l’Etat communiste). Pourtant le Général Trân Dai Quang, a assuré que le Vietnam était conscient des enjeux en matière de blanchiment d’argent et de sécurité nationale et du monde. Dans son intervention « Renforcer la coopération internationale dans la lutte contre le blanchiment d’argent et le financement du terrorisme », il a insisté sur les efforts du gouvernement pour l’édification d’outils juridiques et d’appareils de répression en ce sens.

4. Une évaluation du risque économique et financier

Le Vietnam est un pays communiste qui décide dès 1986 de mener une politique de renouveau (« doi moi ») afin de passer progressivement à une économie de marché. Après une dizaine d’année difficile la situation économique du pays se stabilise, avec des taux de croissance qui atteignent en 2010 à 6,5%.
Actuellement, après la dévaluation majeure du dông en 2008 (23%), aujourd’hui le taux de change s’est stabilisé à 5,73%.
Les enjeux économiques liées au retour de crise sont nombreux : le risque de non paiement de la part des PME très fortement touchées, l’endettement des banques publiques, la fragilité persistante des sociétés d’Etats, et enfin la forte dépendance aux Investissements directs à l’étrangers (IDE) et donc à la conjoncture mondiale (encore instable).
Le coût de la main d’œuvre est intéressant, jeune et bien formée, même si des lacunes subsistent.
Du point de vue administratif, les lourdeurs bureaucratiques demeurent le principal obstacle aux investissements étrangers au Vietnam et aux affaires.

5. Une évaluation des risques géographiques et environnementaux

6.8. Risques sismique et géologique *
Les risques naturels au Vietnam sont essentiellement liés aux typhons qui surviennent occasionnellement entre mai et janvier. Ils provoquent des inondations importantes et dévastatrices notamment dans le delta du Mékong et le bassin du fleuve rouge. A cet endroit les glissements de terrains peuvent couper les routes et les voies ferrées.

6.9. Risque sanitaire et épidémique

Les maladies transmissibles restent importantes, surtout de nouvelles apparaissent régulièrement : SRAS en 2003, Grippe aviaire à Virus H5N1 en 2004).
Le paludisme est un problème de santé publique ; de même pour la tuberculose. L’encéphalite japonaise qui se transmet par des piqûres d’insectes et également préoccupante.
Les infections et virus courants sont les suivants : Diarrhée, Syndrome pieds-mains-bouche, risque de rage, circulation de nombreux entérovirus, leptospirose, hépatite E, et chikungunya.

6. Une évaluation du hard power du pays

7.10. Pouvoir militaire réel

Bernard B. Fall a parlé d’Etat garnison car l’Armée au Vietnam a été une force de structuration importante.
Aujourd’hui l’armée est une force de constitution classique. Le pays a augmenté ses dépenses militaires de 35% en 2012 pour répondre à la montée de la puissance militaire chinoise. Mais avec 2 ?4% de son PIB, les dépenses militaires du Vietnam sont loin derrières celles de l’Oman (11%).

7.11. Poids du pays dans les institutions internationales

Place de plus en plus importante dans les institutions régionales et internationales :
-Association des Nations d’Asie du Sud Est, ASEAN, 1995
-Dialogue Asie-Europe (Asia-Europe Meeting), ASEM 1995
-Réintègre la Francophonie, 1997
-Organisation Economique de Coopération Asie-Pacifique, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC, 1998
-Organisation Mondiale du Commerce, 2007
-Membre Temporaire du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies, 2008-2009
-Participation en cours à la négociation du partenariat Trans-Pacifique, TPP

Véritable dynamisme dans la création de partenariats économiques et politiques.

7.12. Technologie et innovation

Le pays a des atouts dans le domaine des Sciences, technologies et innovation (STI).
Existence de centres de recherche et de développement dans les STI, également un Ministère des sciences et technologies.
Développement croissant de la formation dans les domaines des technologies, des laboratoires de recherche et le développement parallèle de trois parcs High Tech.
Mais il y’a encore beaucoup à faire dans ce domaine.

7. Une évaluation du soft power

8.13. Reconnaissance médiatique et culturelle

Historiquement connu comme le pays ayant mis en échec les Etats-Unis et la France.
Patrimoine culturel riche mais méconnu sauf des vietnamiens : classement du culte des rois Hung au patrimoine mondial de l’humanité de l’UNESCO.
Apport touristique important, mais son influence culturelle se limite à sa diaspora.

8.14. Vecteurs d’influences (cinéma, médias)

Media et cinéma peu connus.
Rôle majeur de la diaspora vietnamienne, aussi appelée Vietnamien d’Outre Mer, Viêt Kiêu.
La Banque mondiale classe le Vietnam parmi les 10 premiers pays en termes de réception de fonds venus de la diaspora avec environ 11 milliards de dollars US, avec un taux de croissance de 6,5%.
La diaspora est également très active à l’étranger pour maintenir les liens entre vietnamiens de l’étranger avec le pays, et pour faire connaître le pays.

8.15. ONG

Les organisations présentes au Vietnam sont nombreuses : l’Association pour le développement médical au Vietnam, l’Association aide au Vietnam ou encore des associations plus générales comme l’ACASEA (Amitié et Coopération Avec le Sud Est Asiatique). L’ONU en matière de Droits de l’Homme mène une action particulièrement importante.

ANALYSE SWOT

Conclusion :

Le Vietnam est un pays en pleine transition politique et économique. Avec un régime d’Etat à parti unique, le Vietnam est un des rares pays dit communiste. Pourtant depuis 1991, le pays est engagé dans une véritable dynamique d’ouverture économique, en témoigne un taux de croissance annuel moyen de 5% et le développement de l’activité économique dans le domaine textile ou aéronautique.
Du point de vue politique, le pays est par ailleurs relativement stable, même si certaines tensions internes demeurent (conflit entre le Président et le premier Ministre). Et les tensions externes avec la Chine, sur les îles Spartley et Paracels, sont gérées avec beaucoup de prudence et de diplomatie par le pays.
Cependant le pays doit faire face à de nombreux défis ; la réduction des inégalités géographique entre les zones urbaines et rurales, également entre l’ethnie dominante et les autres ethnies. La situation sanitaire reste également préoccupante, et le Gouvernement doit activement développer ses politiques éducatives.
De plus à la suite de la crise de 2008, le Gouvernement a fortement dévalué la monnaie, et ce n’est que depuis 2013 que les taux reviennent à la normale.
La corruption en matière foncière reste importante et peut devenir une complication en cas d’investissement.
Enfin la dernière donnée, non des moindres, réside dans les appels récurrents de l’ONU en faveur des libertés.
Pour conclure, le pays est cours de restructuration politique, économique et sociale. Il s’agit de laisser les reliques du communisme anachronique et absorber les bienfaits d’un marché ouvert.
Les obstacles sont nombreux ; il faut garder en tête en cas d’investissement l’Etat, les échelons locaux et un cadre juridique et réglementaire particulièrement mouvant.

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...Lecturer: Mr. Adrian Wee Student: Nguyen Thai Hang-s3258162 Course: International Business-BUSM3311 12/17/2012 Lecturer: Mr. Adrian Wee Student: Nguyen Thai Hang-s3258162 Course: International Business-BUSM3311 12/17/2012 Vinamit Joint Stock Company A strategy of internationalization into Germany Vinamit Joint Stock Company A strategy of internationalization into Germany RMIT International University Vietnam BP181 Bachelor of Commerce Program ASSIGNMENT COVER PAGE Your submission will not be accepted unless all fields below are completed Course Code: | BUSM3311 | Course Name: | International Business | Location where you study: | SGS Campus | Title of Assignment: | BUSM3311_s3258162_G4_Final assignment | File(s) submitted | 1 | Student name: | Nguyen Thai Hang | Student e-mail address: | S3258162@rmit.edu.vn | Learning Facilitator in charge: | Mr. Adrian Wee | Assignment due date: | December 17th, 2012 | Date of submission: | December 17th , 2012 | Number of pages including this one: | 23 | Word Count: | 2506 | Table of Contents Executive summary 3 Introduction 4 Company overview 4 Products 5 Country overview (PESTLE analysis) 5 Politics 5 Economy 6 Social 7 Legal...

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