...the historical, genetic and cultural context of individuals helps the ego become a good problem solver as well. Secondly, he emphasised on Freud’s stages of development making strong social gestures towards it, however there was no clear statement of Erikson’s comments being made towards Freud’s work. Thirdly he extended our understanding of development by creating additional stages, making it the eight stages of psychosocial development placing prominence on stages from an individual’s infancy to old age. And lastly Erikson had discovered the influence of culture, society and history on the developing of personality and demonstrated this in psycho-historical studies of famous people. These four stages also strongly relates to how the broader and more social definition of the ego came about and how in some way Erikson had made it his own work by elaborating on Freud’s views of the ego. 2.1 An enhanced understanding of the...
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...The outbreak of the Cold war could be blamed on one of the three without a doubt. Ideologies differed heavily, and, Stalin, according to Truman, wanted to create a ‘sphere of influence’; ‘expanding Communism’. The traditional, or orthodox, view of the Cold War is that it started because of Soviet expansion into Eastern Europe after WWII. The orthodox view places blame for the Cold War firmly on the Soviets, and claims that the mutual buildup of arms, the espionage, and all the other stuff was just the West responding to the Soviets enlarging their area of influence and exercising influence on the governments behind the Iron Curtain. However, Stalin stated precisely that his desire was to create security for the Soviet Union, based on previous invasions from the West, especially from Germany, who crippled the country twice. It was merely a case of USA versus the Soviet Union, and Britain playing more of a supporting role for the US. The ideologies in conflict were Communism versus Capitalism/democracy, again between the two huge superpowers. Nonetheless, it could also be argued that personalities had been the prime cause. Before Truman became president and Attlee Prime Minister, Churchill and Roosevelt were in post. They were considerably easy with Stalin, and were willing to make ‘arrangements’ to meet his needs. And by many this was considered dangerous for Western countries as the threat of communism was potential. Thus, Truman became president and was much tougher in his approach...
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...How far do you agree with the view that the origins of the Cold War in 1945 and 1946 owed much to ideological differences and little to personalities and conflicting national interests? (TOTAL 40 MARKS) Use sources 7 and 8 to your own knowledge The origins of the Cold War in 1945 and 1946 were due to a number of factors, and whether it was mainly due to ideological differences or personalities and conflicting national interests is still a major debate. However, after analysis of Sources 7 and 8, I do not agree that the origins of the Cold War was mainly caused by ideological differences, but instead owed to the equal yet unfortunate combination of the three factors. The personal differences between the leaders are clearly reflected in Source 8, where Stalin was repeatedly described have “demons of suspicion” and “demons of insecurity”. This was a nod to his paranoid personality, which has definitely contributed on a major scale to the mistrust between the two leaders. This is evident in the way Stalin suspected “FDR was scheming behind his back” despite Roosevelt being “the only President whom Stalin accepted as a partner”, which emphasises the potential of greater suspicion and mistrust with Truman since he doesn’t see them as “equals”. This paranoia was emphasised by the “atomic bombardment of Japan” which doesn’t just conflict with the Russian national interest of expanding into Manchuria and entering the Japanese war, (which is a great issue on its own), but also causes...
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...superpowers were responsible for the origins of the Cold War; while sources 8 and also 9 differ and state that it could have been down to other factors, such as conflicting personalities of the leaders and general national interests. On the one hand source 7 supports the argument that it was political ideological differences that caused the Cold War, arguing that the USSR was seen as a “unique and unbending armed ideology threatening to expand” which resulted in an “ideological crusade” between the two superpowers. Source 9 provides support, stating one of USA’s capitalist strategies was “containment” of communism to ensure successful free markets could be established. It is easy to see how the conflicting ideologies between the two countries – USA supporting free market capitalism and a liberal democracy, while USSR had a controlled economy and a one party state. This evidence clearly shows that the two superpowers were essentially on the opposite sides of the spectrum to each other and were constantly trying to hinder one another, which would cause a rise in tension between them. However the interpretation that the political ideological disagreement is entirely responsible for the beginning of the Cold War can be considered too simplistic. As Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 did a lot to reinforce communist political views in Russia, however did not initiate any conflict between USA and USSR at the time. Overall it is difficult to say that political ideological differences were the largest...
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...about how personality develops. Different schools of thought in psychology influence many of these theories. Psychologists seek to describe personality characteristics and to explain how personality develops. As psychologists seek to define personality, a theory of personality is developed. This research paper examines six major tenants that are fundamental to the development of a personality theory. First, research is provided to explore the tenants of nature versus nurture, the unconscious, and view of self. These tenants build the basis under a broad area of foundations of personality. Second, research is provided to examine the tenants of development, motivation, and maturation. As these tenants are studied, a view on the progression of personality is developed. A third aspect of this research is an investigation into Biblical principles of developing a personality theory. To explore the six major tenants of a personality theory, this research paper analyzes scholarly journal articles and scholarly books published from 2007 to 2014. The findings of this research are valuable in developing a theory of personality that includes important Biblical integration. A Theory of Personality How is a theory of personality developed? Psychologists have long studied the development of human personality. The debate of “What influences the things people do and do not do?" has been ongoing since the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud. Personality theorists...
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...Personality Overview You’re Name University of Phoenix PSY/405 Professor February 11, 2012 Personality Overview Theorists have discovered human behavior for many years. In dissimilarity these trait theories describe personality as it exist, “psychoanalytic theories of one’s personality helps to explain the differences among individuals by means of examining how these unconscious forces interchange with his or her thoughts, actions, and feelings. Psychoanalytic theory was discovered by our father of psychology Sigmund Freud” (Feist & Feist, 2009, para. 3). Many of Freud’s theories have placed in the field of medicine, religion, and anthropology. The theory of personality was discovered from Freud, and this has been one of the most persuasive and at, the same time, controversial, in the field of science. Melanie Klein gave some great contributions to the field and Klein’s relation theory, and Alder’s psychology theory. Both of these contributed his and her thoughts to the elaboration, exploitation, and elaboration to psychology. Alfred Alder Individual Psychology Alfred Alder (1870-1937) was in Freud’s inner circle and the first to leave. Individual psychology was Alder’s idea. “Instead of seeing behavior by unconscious forces, believed it is purposeful and goal-directed” (Bottome, 1939, p. 4). The ability to choose and create was Alder’s belief. He also believed that he or she has goals in life that provide a good source of his or her own motivations, especially...
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...Makes up the Basics of Personality Theory? Linda Wray Liberty University Abstract Since the 1960’s personality theories has emerged as a major field of specialization. There have been many studies completed outlined by literature on a variety of theories of personality. The importance of individual differences and distinctiveness of the individual are the most frequently studied of personality theories. Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two comprehensive areas: One understands individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other understands how the various parts of a person come together as a whole. Some scientists think that your personality is based on genetic predispositions or nature. Other scientists think the way you act stems from life experience, the way you were taught, and the environment in which you grew up or nurture. Personality can best be described as personal qualities of an individual. There are no two people have the same personality, however, all the different personalities in the world can be characterized into four main theories. The four psychologists that thought up the four theories are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Abraham Maslow. Each man based his theory on a different part of a person’s personality development. The study of personality traits is beneficial...
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...Personality Analysis: Dispositional and Learning Theories Analysis of personalities helps to give a better understanding for human behaviors and the process in which people learn. Theorists have worked for years discovering new theoretical approaches. Gordon Allport studied the personalities of individuals because that approach gave more definition to individuality and emphasized the uniqueness of the individual (Feist & Feist, 2009). Describing an individual with general traits only classifies people as a group. However, Allport believed to accurately know a person is by knowing the person as an individual. Individuality makes people different, no one person is the same; because people have different personalities the abilities to learn will be different too. Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory observes the manners in which people learn. Observational learning allows people to learn without performing actions or tasks (Feist & Feist, 2009). Basically people do learn from direct experiences but also learn from observing various tasks and actions by others. Most important the factors that give the answers to questions can be found through these forms of research and development. Dispositional Theories and Personalities Allport began his research of individual psychology by introducing his morphogenic science. Morphogenic science is the study of an individual, gathering information, and important data about the individual. Allport’s approach to personality theory...
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...Psychology University of Phoenix Dispositional, Biological, and Evolutionary Psychology Personality theory has come a long way since its beginning in psychology. Many theorists have based their work on theorists before them, but made changes that indicate that the characteristics of the individual affects the ideas behind their work (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). Comparing dispositional, biological, and evolutionary theories indicates the similarities and differences between the theories; as well as their strengths and weaknesses. The use of these theories has led to research and tests, such as the big five test, that help indicate personality characteristics of individuals (Feist, et al. 2013). Comparison Dispositional personality theory identifies types and traits of characteristics to help determine personality (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2010). It then attributes behavior to these characteristics (Westmont.edu, 2002). Many previous theorists had looked at subconscious thoughts as motivation for human personality and behavior. Dispositional theory does not dismiss the sub-conscious, but focuses on the individual and conscious thought as the center of personality (Westmont.edu, 2002). It centers on humans having free will to determine their future (Fesit et al, 2013). Biological psychology theories are based on what many others theorists denied, that is, that personality and behavior are affected by biology (Feist, Fesit, & Roberts, 2013). Biological aspects...
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...Personality Paper Angela Hubbard PSY/405 April 24, 2013 PATRICIA STEM Personality Paper In the search for understanding behavior, the quest takes one to the subject of personality. This world is full of different personalities; some extrovert, some introvert, and some complex. Within this paper personality will not only be defined but will also be examined with theoretical approaches and will also analyze factors that might have an influence on an individual’s own personality development. In defining personality one must understand that many in psychology cannot agree on a solitary definition. This is because there are many frames of references and influences. The practitioner’s frame of reference and influences extend largely from their geographical areas in which each person has lived. The practitioner's experiences are as diverse as sands of a beach. However, the one definition extracted comes from Feist & Feist (2009), where the author states that personality is a pattern of permanent and unique traits and characteristics. The author states that within personality, there are two elements, traits, and characteristics that can truly define ones personality. This is important because traits that are provided show individual differences that conduct regularity of behavior over time and steadiness of behavior across circumstances. Traits are unique, or common to some group; however, each pattern is solitary to the person. Characteristics are singular aspects of a...
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...The term personality has roots in the Latin word persona which refers to a mask which was worn in theater productions during ancient Greek dramas (Feist & Feist, 2009). The root of this word is not a sufficient definition as it is clear there is more to ones personality than the persona they project for others to see. Psychologists and psychiatrists who study personality have not, to date, encountered a definition that they can agree upon. The reason for this is due to the number of variables which make up a personality and influence behavior. Because of this, no two theorists have taken the same view on the definition, as their own personalities and bias’ cause them to view it differently. Theorists do share the way they obtain data; therefore, they are able to apply an objective way of analyzing data to such a subjective topic. This paper will examine theoretical approaches in studying personality, as well as factors that may influence an individual’s personality development. Theoretical Approaches in Studying Personality A theoretical approach on personality means that researchers use the scientific method to collect and analyze data. They use this process to answer questions that are formed by certain behaviors or that other theories have generated (Feist & Feist, 2009). The question is referred to as a hypothesis. The hypothesis must be tested in a way that can be accurately documented, as well as repeated by others. Once data is collected it must be analyzed and...
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...Personality is defined as the visible aspect of one's character as it impresses other, a person as an embodiment of a collection of qualities the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual. Personality is the organized pattern of behavioral characteristics of the individual and the quality of being a person. Also it’s the essential character of a person and distinctive qualities of a person, especially those distinguishing personal characteristics that make one socially appealing. Personality tells another person who the next person is person is. It’s the pattern of collective character, behavioral, temperamental, emotional, and mental traits of a person. www.thefreedictionary.com You can see people personality come out by how they act. When people see me they see I’m very honest, dependable, and loving. There are so many things that describe my personality. My personality defines me, it tells other people who I ‘am and how I carry myself as a person. My attitude towards kids brings out my good personality because I’m a fun person and we have a good time playing games and laughing. Also, kids bring the joy and the best out of me it keeps you young and healthy. It’s a joy when you are the reason kids are running around happy. Other factors that defines my personality is I have a good heart I like helping others and being there for people that need me. I like to see everybody happy; sitting around and having a good time. Sometimes...
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...Theories of Personality Aaron Poitra PSY/405 May 6, 2013 Edward Lopez PhD Theories of Personality Theories of personality generate a list of assumptions to coincide conflicting points of view. Early scientist had difficulty coming to an agreement on the source and motivation of personality. Personality theories were vulnerable to unique personalities of the scientists that created them. To evaluate some of the similarities and differences between the theories, a good start begins with Adler and Sullivan. Alfred Adler was the founder of individual psychology and its six tenets that describes the source for personality. Harry Sullivan founded interpersonal theory that gives significant importance to a social context “Without other people, humans would have no personality” (Feist & Feist, 2009, p.213). The two theories contain similarities and differences between them in regards to basic or underlying assumptions, deterministic views versus free will, and awareness of the self. Basic or Underlying Assumptions The basic or underlying assumptions of individual and interpersonal theories, share a social interest and social context respectively, as a source for personality development. Social interest by Adler explains individual connections to people around them. Society connects people together for safety, survival, and procreation. Individuals depend on each other as much as a child would depend on their parents. Likewise, Sullivan’s interpersonal theory...
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...aspx?EI=12&SN=-12&TF=12&JP=25) How Do You Want to Leverage The Type? ENTJ Type Description (/personality/entj) ENTJs have a natural tendency to marshall and direct. This may be expressed with the charm and finesse of a world leader or with... (/personality/entj) (/personality/entj) Read full description » (/personality/entj) ENTJ Career Choices (/personality/career-choices? EI=12&SN=-12&TF=12&JP=25) (/personality/career-choices? EI=12&SN=-12&TF=12&JP=25) Discover most favourable careers from personality type standpoint (/personality/career-choices? EI=12&SN=-12&TF=12&JP=25) Click to view » (/personality/careerchoices?EI=12&SN=-12&TF=12&JP=25) ENTJ Communication Skills (/personality/entj-communication-style) (/personality/entjcommunication- Understand and be understood: the way we come across in communication (/personality/entj-communication-style) Click to view » (/personality/entj-communication-style) style) Famous ENTJs (/personality/famous-entjs) Which famous personalities do you share your personality type with? (/personality/famous-entjs) (/personality/famousentjs) Click to view » (/personality/famous-entjs) ADVERTISEMENT Personality Type Explained (/personality/type) Jung's and Briggs Myers theory of personality types (/personality/type) Read » (/personality/type) (/personality/type) Premium Report (/personality/premium-report) Get a personalized Career...
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...Introduction to Personality Paper Debra L. Thompson PSYCH 405 May 21, 2012 DR. Barry Brooks PhD Introduction In the search for understanding behavior, the quest takes one to the subject of personality. This world is full of individual with different personality; some extrovert, some introvert, and some complex. This paper will define personality, examine theoretical approaches in studying personality, and analyze factors that may influence an individual’s personality development. Define personality In defining personality one must understand that many in psychology cannot agree on a solitary definition. These are many frames of reference and influences. The practitioner’s frame of reference and influences extend largely from their geographical areas in which each person has lived. The practitioner's experiences are as diverse as sands of a beach. However, the one definition extracted comes from Feist & Feist (2009), in which the author's state personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics. The authors go on to say within personality, there are two elements, traits, and characteristics. Traits provide for individual differences in conduct regularity of behavior over time and steadiness of behavior across circumstances. Traits are unique, or common to some group; however, each pattern is solitary to the person. Characteristics are singular aspects of a person who embodies such virtues as, temperament...
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