...In the article “Mob attacks on women in Egypt protests go unpunished, report says”, Emily Alpert addresses the recent increase in sexual assaults in Tahrir Square in Egypt. In light of these violent acts, women gathered in Tahrir Square to persuade President Mohamed Morsi to take greater measures to ensure that the men involved in these crimes are punished. During the protest however, dozens of women were attacked and raped by a mob of men. In a seemingly systematic method that mirrors previous attacks, the men surrounded individual females and proceeded to rip off their clothes and violate the women with their fingers or in some cases, weapons. Because these events happened in public, many now fear that without some sort of punishment, these events will only become more frequent. Women who are victims of these attacks are often too afraid to report it, and if they do, the men responsible are not punished. Like these crimes, many others have gone unpunished, like the “virginity tests” done by military officials. While some believe that these attacks are the efforts of the government to keep women out of the public, it has only succeeded in strengthening women and their fight for justice. This article relates to women and their bodies because it shows the battles still being fought against violence aimed at women and unequal treatment. In Egypt, gender-based violence, like public sexual harassment and rape, has become an epidemic. Sexual harassment in Tahrir Square is not a new...
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...Islamist Militant attacks Egypt n February, 11 2014 Islamist militant formally known as Jihadist attacks Egypt Islamist militant massive attack in Egypt was done by detonating car bombs, gunning down the Senior Interior Ministry official in broad daylight, security headquarters, and shooting down military helicopter with air missile. Caro, a security headquarter in Egypt was one of the four places that was fatally car bombed. Some officials in Caro believe that more Egyptians are going to join the jihad of terrorism. The governments’ backed-military is the main target for the Jihadist. The “Jihad” is a spiritual or political goal struggle by Muslim for holy morals. So Jihadist is Muslim who is involved in Jihad..Since the early 1990’s Egypt history of violence with Muslim Brotherhood has increased. President Mohamed Morsi is the blame for majored of jihadist attacks in Egypt. Morsi angry leadership set off a new crusade of terrorism for the new government. Mohamed was allies with Muslim Brotherhood which cause Islamists to gain power through democratic. However this made it easier for Jihadist to cross into Egypt. Later after Mohamed dismissals from presidency, as a result affect cause civil wars with different countries and getting rival terrorist groups to come together to take down Egypt’s government. First, Jihadist started killing high ranking officials by killing themselves as suicide bombers. Meanwhile Egyptian military fight back against terrorism with extreme...
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...Ricardo Andres Zepeda Gattas Mr.Mattice Feb 10, 2015 Egypt soccer match goes ahead despite clashes that killed at least 19 fans By Faith Karimi, CNN Updated 4:06 PM ET, Mon February 9, 2015 Story highlights * It is the deadliest soccer-related violence in Egypt since a stampede three years ago * Soccer fans and Egypt's Interior Ministry differ on what started the violence (CNN)Despite clashes that killed at least 19 fans before kickoff, a soccer match in Egypt continued to the very end, state media reported. The nation's Health Ministry said 19 people died in the riots at a match in Cairo on Sunday. The violence occurred shortly before the match, but the game between Zamalek and ENPPI teams continued, Al-Ahram newspaper said. It ended with a 1-1 draw. Soccer fans posted social media images of what they said were bodies from the riots, some still wearing jerseys with their teams' names. Screaming relatives and friends gathered at the morgue in central Cairo, where they waited for the bodies. Fans from rival clubs went to console the grieving as a show of solidarity. Pointing fingers Shortly after the incident, soccer fans traded accusations with the Interior Ministry, which blamed the violence on riots from ticketless fans who tried to push their way in. Violent clashes before Egyptian soccer match 5 photos EXPAND GALLERY "They climbed the fence. The security forces tried to disperse them, the fans fled to the main road and blocked traffic and stopped...
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...is an ancient Egyptian artifact dating from the 31st century BC. The palette depicts the unification of upper and lower Egypt by Narmer, the first pharaoh of Egypt. On one side Narmer can be seen wearing the white crown of upper Egypt, wielding a mace in one hand and striking a captured prisoner with the other. Beneath Narmer, are what seem to be a pair of dead bodies and a hieroglyphic sign that most likely indicates the name of a defeated town. The other side of the palette depicts Namer wearing the Red crown of lower Egypt with the decapitated bodies of enemy troops sprawled out to the side.This portrays Namers victory over his enemies and his unification of the two crowns under a single man. Beneath the king are two large serpopard’s, a mythical hybrid between a lioness and a serpent. Both upper and lower Egypt worshiped these creatures and the intertwining of their necks is an additional representation of Egyptian unity under Narmer. At the very bottom of the palette a bovine image is seen knocking down the walls of a city, further commemorating Namers military victory. This ancient artifact displays the critical role of a ruthless warrior in the forming of one of the greatest civilizations in all of human history. Although human beings should always strive to avoid violence, the use of force is essential to to building complex civilization. Violence is crucial to the development of a civilization because it is not only an effective means to attain power but is also an...
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...meaning, “rule of the people”. According to Mamali Oak, despite the few disadvantages, such as : authorities working with a short term focus, as the government is subject to change after every election time; and citizens can vote under the influence of majority, democracy has more advantages that place it above other forms of governance. A few among them are: 1. Democracy can provide for changes in government without violence. In a democracy, power can be transferred from one party to another by means of elections. 2. The people gain a sense of participation in the process of choosing their government. 3. Democracy prevents monopoly of the ruling authority. 4. It encourages the rule of law and even distribution of wealth. 5. Democracy brings a feeling of obligation towards the citizens. Elections are emerging as a new source of tension, disruption and violence. Election-related conflict is a recent phenomenon on the continent and its underlying cases have still not been fully researched. However recent election crises indicate that electoral violence is: 1. A product of protracted political mismanagement...
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...Before I start my argumentation I will give a brief summary of the six day war. The six day war was in 1967. It started with Egypt blocking the port of Eilat, a very important trading route for Israel, and mobilising the army in the Sinai desert. They did this after receiving a false report from the Soviet Union. Israel launched a pre-emptive assault on June 5th against Egypt, destroying their air force almost completely. Both the Syrian and Jordanian air forces encountered the same fate. Around June 8th Israel had overcome Egypt and Jordan forces, taking the Sinai desert and the west bank and east Jerusalem as new territory. Egypt and Jordan were defeated. The next two days Israel conquered the Golan Heights from Syria. On June 10th, Saturday...
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...How Geography Effected Ancient Cultures Mesopotamia and Egypt in the ancient world were in modern day Iraq, and Egypt is still there today. Culture in theses societies, was loosely based on their natural surroundings. While geography in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt differed in stability and protection, they were similar in farming opportunities, with comparable sources of water giving them both the chance to excel in agriculture. The river flooding in Mesopotamia and Egypt differed in predictability; while rivers in Mesopotamia were sporadic in flood patterns, the Nile in Egypt was very predictable in its flooding. This caused the two civilizations to have opposing ideas of the power of their gods. In ancient Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers were incredibly unpredictable, and when they flooded they caused frenzies in surrounding areas. This unpredictability was reflected in their religion, as they felt the flooding of the rivers was a punishment for something they did. In thinking they could never please the gods, the people of Mesopotamia believed one only had the underworld to look forward to after death. They viewed nature as something out to get them. This belief led to more selfishness in people, and as a result, people were generally less trusting. However, in Egypt, the Nile River and its yearly predictable flooding led to the creation of calendars to plan agriculture around flooding; therefore, the flooding would help, not hurt them. The predictability...
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...Since 1940, there have been many violations of human rights. A lot of them have to deal with Article 5. Article 5 states that “No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights). This has been violated repeatedly, including twelve instances that I have read about. These twelve instances are big events that have caused millions of people to suffer. People of North Korea, the southern parts of Africa, Egypt, and even in the United States. You would think that these violations would have at least stopped by the mid-1900s, but they keep happening even through the present day. Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been violated through sexual...
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...Political Islam is playing a major rule now in the current political scene; so it is important to analyze how it rose in Egypt and how it has been shaped over the years. The political Islam is mainly a set of ideologies that holds the belief that Islam can be a political ideology as much as it is a religion. Although Islamic thinkers have always emphasized the enforcement of the Islamic law (Sharia) as the main reference of the state’s political and social ideologies, they never agreed on the exact means and degree of enforcing it. This difference of course dates back to the early times of Islam when different interpretations lead to a schism in the guided Caliphate called the Great Fitna which results we have to bear with until today. As the Islamic Thinker Mohamed Abdu suggested the Holy text is “alive” in the sense that its interpretations differ greatly depending on the background of the interpreter, these different interpretations lead to the forging of different schools of thought and Madhabs. And as political Islam is directly derived from Islamic teachings and has been affected by the differences in interpretations, Political Islam has never been united under one banner. The Ex Egyptians presidents Gamal Abd El Nasser and Anwar El Sadat had their different ways in dealing with the Islamists and of course helped in shaping political Islam in Egypt. Before Gamal Abd El Nasser, Egypt’s second president, Islamist groups were largely concerned with seeking independence from...
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...Homosexuals and current Scenario of Egypt: The Egyptian Government dealt homosexuals in cruel way for stopping the rising popularity of Religious activist groups such as Ikhwan-al-Muslimeen. Government of Egypt has used courts for holding and torture of Gay men (Has). This policy of Government got wide support from the public and for this reason allowed the Rule to shore up its Islamic Qualifications (Menyawi, September 1, 2006). The situation of Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen is also considered that homosexuality is the violation of Islamic law. For this reason Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen supported the Government attacks on Gay men. Such Emergency courts which were previously used for the prosecution of the religious fundamentalists now these courts are using for detain and tortured of the gay men. That is why the destination of Religious fundamentalists and gay men are inseparably linked. It seems not plausible that the Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen make a strategically coalition with Gay Men. Ikhwan-al-Musleemeen should understand that the government is manipulating their Homophobia and Government also prosecuted Fundamentalists. In the United States a narrative is used i.e. “coming out from the closet” for the LGBT but deploying this narrative in Egypt is an entirely different social and cultural environment from the United States would have significantly diverse and adverse consequences (MENYAWI). So by coming out with a homosexual identity, it is likely to construct a new group in the society which...
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...the Middle East is more than gender or race (1). Religious racism can be found more in country like Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Lebanon (1).However some other form of racism likes ethnic can be found in many Middle Eastern countries. Religious racism has started to occur in most of the Middle Eastern country, since the invasion of Muslims people to country like Egypt and Lebanon in the seventh century. When Muslims invaded these country all the people who lived at these country were Christian, so Muslims started to collect taxes from Christian and treat them like slaves. Muslim enforced Christian to change their religious to Islam if they didn’t pay these taxes or don’t like Muslims is treatment and rule. Now day, Christian in the Middle East doesn’t pay tax to Muslim but they get less job opportunity, face a lot of difficulty if they want built churches or make some renewal to a church. For example, in Egypt, Christian need to get permission from the president of the country to built churches and after getting this permission they face a lot of trouble from the city is government. On the other hand Muslim built their praying house Mosques without facing any problem; these Mosques is build by the government and all future expenses gets funded it by the government. Also the constitution of Egypt stated that, Egypt is an Islamic country that is ruled by the Islamic tradition and law, which made Muslims in this country...
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...and tragedy of the colonized. She truly explains why the practice of circumcision is considered a spiritual celebration by the culture representatives, stating that “each sex is…ritually completed, made whole and pure…Yet the circumcised female body is more; it is a metonym and an icon for embattled local society, an oasis of reproductive continuity guarded by its own scar tissue…and the defensive efforts of local men” .(Boddy 2007:90) Thus, this interpretation gives an insight into the reasons and cultural context of the appreciation of FGM practice. Though the cultural value for the Sudanese people, the response of British men and women always remained predictable. The emerged organization nicknamed “The Wolves” as the organizations in Egypt believed that it is possible to end the practice of FGM in Northern Sudan by providing the education, hygiene and law. Yet, as the ineffectiveness of these measures shows, no law can end the cultural practices, because culture comes from people’s hearts and beliefs. In contrast to previously mentioned literature, Janice Boddy’s book not merely provides the facts and superficial argumentation, but delivers the value and a deeper perspective of female...
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...Looking at Egypt from a purely objectified and absolute point of view, it is clear and easy to identify that Egypt's current economy is very very weak. Tourism was a main source of Egypt's economy. The political instability that has been occurring over the last 5 years has taken it's toll on the economy. Due to the violence occurring, Egypt's profits from tourism have lowered greatly. In 2011, tourism took a sharp hit due to the economic uprisings. Just as it began to recover in July and August, more violence occurred leading hotel occupancies to hit an all-time low. This is not to say that Egypt's economy was ever in a good position. Before any of the uprising's occurred, Egypt's economy only grew about 7% which barely allowed them to sustain the youth that entered into the job market. Furthermore, due to lack of resources and the lack of revenue from tourism, the Egyptian government cannot direct their resources towards investments. Inflation is currently at 9.3% which is up 6.5% from last year. A high inflation rate can devalue money as well as affect trade as producers and consumers constantly need to reevaluate the price of a good. Egypt's unemployment rate has continued to rise and currently stands at a staggering 13.3%. Gross domestic product or GDP is generally used in order to indicate the current state of health of a country's economy. GDP is often calculated by adding up all the incomes of citizens which also is known as “the income approach”. In 2012, Egypt GDP was...
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...Book Review: The Invisible Arab: The Promise and Peril of the Arab Revolution Written By: Marwan Bishara Lilia Gomez INTL 5000 (Fall Semester) The book that I am reviewing is titled The Invisible Arab: The Promise and Peril of the Arab Revolution. It is written by a well-known political analyst named Marwan Bishara. Mr. Bishara works for the Al Jeezera (the primary news channel for the Arab world) as a Senior Political Analyst. The book is in the perspective of an Arab and not by someone within the Western media/culture. He writes about the Arab revolutions and the history behind it. Mr. Bishara debunks several thoughts of how the Arab revolutions started and how the media (both Arabic and Western) have played a major role within these causes. Mr. Bishara’ book is self-described as an essay in which he reflects on the history of the revolutions up until present and how social media and the Arab youth population played a part. He credits the youth of being able to over throw decade old customs, governments, and regimes. In addition, he describes the rise of many positive organizations that formed because of the revolutions such as women’s groups, sports teams, and a higher employment rate. Although he praises the rise of these types of organizations, Mr. Bishara faults the lack of organization and commitment to principles as the basis of...
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...Egypt’s Uncertain Transition Towards Democracy What is Egypt’s relationship with democracy? A question that has become increasingly controversial ever since the “Arab Spring”. This paper is going to be addressing Egypt’s relationship with democracy as it assesses its transition into it over the years. For a considerable length of time Egypt has been in a crisis. Not only has their economy taken a turn for the worst but there is also a strong sense of aloofness between the government and Egyptian subjects. Executive power has been passed from the hands of President Honsi Mubarak, to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, then won by present president Mohamed Morsi, up until he was removed from office, and now is the second transitional period that is pro the rise of Abd El Fattah El Sisi as Egypt’s new to-be elected president. The questions raised here are, was democracy ever achieved at any point in these different time periods and what is in store for the future? The 2011 pro-democracy demonstrations across the Middle East and North Africa are akin to a wildfire. Their speed and effectiveness in removing ironclad autocrats has been bracing. But they have also been indiscriminate and largely unpredictable. The changes sweeping through the region haven’t led to uniform outcomes. Some of these dictators’ houses will be completely destroyed, burnt to ashes, while just across the street some will be untouched. Some dictators will fall – like Mubarak, their autocratic rule and...
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