... ABSTRACT: * WHAT IS A VOLCANO? * HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED? * DIFFERENT STAGES OF VOLCANOES * VOLCANOES ERUPT * PLATE TECTONICS * DIFFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANOES * LAVA TEXTURE * PYROCLASTIC * LAHAR * PUMICE * RING OF FIRE * WHAT IS TSUNAMI? * VOLCANO SAFETY TIPS * PLAN FOR A VOLCANO * DURING A VOLCANO * AFTER A VOLCANO * VOLCANOES DESTROYS VOLCANOES CREATE * REFERENCES VOLCANOES WHAT IS A VOLCANO? A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls. The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology. HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED? Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will...
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...Volcano Video Part 1/2 Two geologists have been testing there hypothesis of volcanoes trying to predict when they will erupt. Cheutt has been using A/B types to forecast an eruption of volcanoes while Stan Williams uses gas to monitor sulfur dioxide from volcanoes to predict when they it will also erupt. Both geologists’ methods worked. In a situation, like a volcanic eruption, people shouldn’t sit around questioning about whether they should evacuate or not. People should hit the road because there is no time for answers when so many lives are in danger. If LA was in need of an evacuation, I feel that the government should send armies out to evacuate LA within 24 hrs. Minorities should make sure to take along plenty of waters, blankets, and other important necessities needed. However, I do not believe it is possible for everyone to evacuate because LA is not that small and there are complicated people out there who would stay. I believe volcanologists made irresponsible decision going into Galeras ignoring signs of an eruption putting there lives in danger. If I had to apply scientific method in action, my observation will be saving lives. The hypothesis will be A/B type or gases to predict volcanoes. The experiment will be Cheutt using seismographs to put to test while Stan Williams gets close to volcanoes to monitor sulfur dioxide. Even though both methods worked, Cheutt’s hypothesis was more accurate for forecasting when volcanoes will erupt because the seismograph...
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...volcano A volcano is a place on the earths surface for any other planets or moons surface) where molten rock and gases erupt through the earths crust.Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure-some have rocks in the earths crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a crater at the summit.Magma is molten rock within the earths crust.When magma erupts through the earths surface it is called lava. Lava can be thick and slow-moving or thin and fast-moving. Rock also comes from volcanoes in other forms, including ash (finely powdered rock that looks like dark smoke coming from the volcano) and cinders (bits of fragmented lava). Inside a volcano The magma chamber is a collection of magma inside the earth, below the volcano. The main vent is the main outlet for the magma to escape. secondary vents are smaller outlets through which magma escapes. The crater is created after an eruption blows the top off the volcano. An eruption occurs when pressure in the magma chamber forces magma up the main vent, towards the crater at the top of the volcano. some magma will also be forced out of the secondary vent at the side of the volcano. Different types of volcano Volcanoes can be described in terms of activity and can be: Still active and erupt frequently. Dormant (temporarily inactive but not fully extinct). Extinct (never likely to erupt again). Volcanoes can also be described by their shape or type. ...
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...Impacts on the environment | Impacts on the people | Between 4 - 5 million cubic metres of lava was unloaded in the form of pyroclastic flows. This means that thousands of houses were buried all over the island by ash and rocks. Because the houses are buried people are outside with no shelter meaning they have to rebuild the houses, however there are no services so people have no jobs so are making no money. This meansthey are unable to build many homes to shelter people. | When the volcano shows signs of eruption people are required to leave to area for safety reasons. This means that anyone living near the are not guaranteed a stable life or stable farming. Because ofthis they were reluctant to farm meaning that thepeople of Montserrat had less food meaning theprices grew a large amount and in future possiblyhave to import food costing even more. | 10 villages(including Windy Hill, Brambles, Bethel,and Harris) were damaged or destroyed by deposits from the eruption e.g. pyroclastic flows,fine grained surge deposits, blocks and ash flowdeposits. This means that all vegetation has died leaving no food so people have to import food. | The helicopter could only reach places on the east side of the island where the wind was strong. To the west side where there was lots of ash in the air. The Montserrat Defence Force and the Montserrat Police Force went in vehicles to try and find any survivorsbut it took two or three days for all the survivors to be rescued from the area. This...
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...1. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in the surface or crust of the Earth or a planetary mass object, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. 2. How is volcano formed? Volcanoes form when hot material from below rises and leaks into the crust. This hot material, called magma, comes either from a melt of subducted crustal material, and which is light and buoyant after melting, or it may come from deeper in the interior of a planet and is light and buoyant because it is very hot. 3. What are the kinds of volcano according to shapes and activity? A. Kinds of volcano according to shapes: a. Shield volcanoes - broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent. They generally do not explode catastrophically. b. Lava domes - are built by slow eruptions of highly viscous lavas. c. Cryptodomes - are formed when viscous lava forces its way up and causes a bulge. d. Volcanic cones or cinder cones - result from eruptions of mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics (both resemble cinders, hence the name of this volcano type) that build up around the vent. B. Kinds of volcano according to activity e. Active Volcanoes - volcanoes that in general have been active for a certain period of time. f. Dormant Volcanoes - dormant volcanoes are assumed to be inactive for...
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...Volcano tour destination The volcano site we will be visiting today is one of the most famous recent eruptions in North America. This volcano was on the watch list a couple of times in the last 3 years. We will be visiting Mount St. Helens located on the Pacific Northwest of the United States. This volcano is Skamania County, Washington. I recently had the opportunity to fly into the Seattle airport and witnessed this great volcano in all its grandeur. It’s located about 100 miles south of Seattle and just 53 miles north of Oregon. This Volcano is currently in an active status, meaning that it could erupt at any time. This volcano has a lava dome that is warm and steaming. There was concern recently that Mount St. Helens was due for another eruption. Television and news teams recently reporting that the lava dome is continuing to increase in size. It was about 3 years ago that the volcano started to awaken with some seismic activity. It would be interesting to witness Mount St. Helens erupt but of course we would like to do this from afar. Mount St. Helens is most famous for the large eruption in 1980. It was a Sunday morning, at 8:32 on May 18th that it last erupted. This was one of the most deadly and economically impactful eruptions in the United States history. The eruption lasted almost 6 weeks with continuous ash and steam being launched into the air. I don’t believe it was a surprise concerning this eruption. Many weeks ahead of the eruption the volcano...
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...1.0 Abstract: This report investigates the largest active volcano in the world, the Yellowstone volcano. Volcanic landforms in general are initially described. Then it focuses on how this volcano has formed a caldera, and on the characteristic cauldron-like structure and its composition of basaltic and rhyolitic magma. Each individual landform, such as the Yellowstone Caldera volcano, is formed by specific processes and present distinct interactions with their surrounding environment. This as well as the rarity of it as a landform will be discussed in this report. 2.0 Table of contents: Title page: ………………………………………………………………...p1 1.0 Abstract: ......................................................................................p2 2.0 Table of contents: ………………………………….……………..…p2 3.0 Introduction: …………………………………………….………..…..p3 4.0 Structure and composition of Yellowstone volcano: ………….…p3-p4 5.0 Yellowstone volcano processes: ……………………………….….p4-p5 6.0 Yellowstone volcano interactions: …………………………….…...p5-p6 7.0 Rate of recurrence of caldera volcanoes as a landform: ……….p6 8.0 Conclusion: …………………………………………………………..p6 9.0 References: …………………………………………………………..p7 3.0 Introduction: The purpose of this report is to research and present reliable and detailed information on the Yellowstone caldera volcano. Through the examination of a range of published journal articles and internet sites on the topic of volcanic landforms...
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...Guidebook for Aerial Volcano Formation of Aerial Volcano What is a volcano? What is a volcano? A volcano is a mountain that extends downwards to a pool of molten rock called magma below the Earth’s surface. When the pressure inside the Earth builds up, a volcanic eruption occurs. Magma shoots up through the opening and flows down the sides. Volcanoes can also spew volcanic ash when it erupts. What is pyroclastic flow? Aerial Volcano is an active stratovolcano that erupts pyroclastic flow. Pyroclastic flows are high-density currents of hot gases and volcanic fragments that move away from the volcano at a high speed. Pyroclastic flows can rush down the side of the volcano as fast as 100km/hour or more and reach temperatures as high as 1075°C. Pyroclastic flow is arguably the deadliest volcanic hazard. It is impossible to outrun. Those who get caught in it will be unable to breathe, and most likely burn to death. How was Aerial Volcano formed? Aerial...
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...Causes What are the causes of the hazard? Volcanoes are formed when Magma rises from the upper mantle towards the Earth's surface. This process can be assisted by seismic activity or a variety of thermal driven phenomenon. As early as November 1984, increased levels in seismic activity were observed by geologist near Nevado Del Ruiz. Due to this increased activity, geologist became more observant of events, even if minor. In November 1985, the volcano began releasing gasses that were rich in sulfur dioxides and elementary sulfurs. The excessive amounts of gasses released from the volcano caused the pressure to build within which lead to the explosive eruption at 3:06pm, November 13th. How and why did this specific hazard occur? Due to the...
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...Indonesia May 29, 2006 By: Yulini Arediningsih Abstract This paper overview the occurrence of Sidoarjo mud flow, known as Lusi Mud Volcano, the world fastest growing mud volcano, triggered by gas drilling exploration. Since May 29, 2006, Lusi mud volcano in Porong sub-district, East Java, Indonesia has been spurting voluminous hot mud and gas, with uncertain knowledge when it will cease. The progressing eruption has been causing major impact on human life, social, economic and environment in this highly populated region. Breached regulations including Indonesian regulations, constitutions, and APPEGGA rules of conduct are outlined. There are five critical concerns related to ethical and professional conduct arising from the occurrence of Lusi mud volcano. The concerns include negligence to best practise procedures, particularly drilling in high pressure zone; conflict of interest between public, government and private sector; violence to human right, public safety; and crisis management related to mitigating the impacts on environment, social, economic especially in compensation process to the victims. 1. Introduction Sidoarjo/Lapindo Mud flow, is geologically identified as a mud volcano (Sawolo, et al 2009). It is generally known as Lusi, a short name of Lumpur Sidoarjo. Lumpur means mud in Indonesian language. Lusi mud volcano is located in Porong sub district, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. It is located about 30 km south of Surabaya, capital...
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...Volcano Disaster Assistance Program: Pros and Cons The Volcano Disaster Assistance Program was formed in 1986 in response to the devastating volcanic mudflow caused by an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia. The mudflow destroyed the city in 1985, killing more than 25,000 people. Unfortunately, the tragedy was preventable. Better education of the local population and clear communication would have allowed warnings to be received, understood, and acted upon prior to the disaster. Volcanologist is the expert that works monitoring the activity of the volcanoes to prevent any disaster. The volcanologist’s work has direct importance to the lives of people who live near to the volcanoes but also it is a high-risk job for their own lives. There is no room for any mistake. As a result the volcanologist’s job requires an educational preparation and training to develop the functions. In addition, there are another pros and cons of working as a volcano expert and it is my purpose to develop some of them along this essay....
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...During one week in April 2010, distribution of packages and cargoes by air were grounded throughout Europe, as the eruption of a maj or series of volcanoes sent toxic and metallic particles into the air in the form of gas clou ds. Most airlines operating in the affected area, anxious to comply with safety rulin gs, suspended all flights during this time. The major ‘express’ logistics and distribution companies – such as TNT, FedEx and DHL – were profoundly affected. Most packages fo r TNT, for example, are sent to a distribution hub in Leige, in Belgium. This hub became log- jammed and undelivered packages accumulated. In a study of the impact on the island of Malta (conducte d by an MSM MBA student from intake 26 as research for an MBA thesis), it was d iscovered that an entrepreneurial approach – by using sea-based deliveries also incorporating land- based trucking services – enabled TNT to steal a march on its competitors. Although taking two or three days to make deliveries that might n ormally take one day, TNT were able to keep their packages moving, when their com petitors’ packages were holed-up in Leige. Otherwise packages were hand-carried on commercial airlines – anything to solve customer problems. Customers won f rom the competition were so impressed by the responsiveness and flexibility of TNT in Malta that they were subsequently...
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...The name "volcano" has its origin from the name of Vulcan a god of fire in roman mythology. What is a volcano? A volcano is a mountain (landform) that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When the pressure builds up, eruptions begin. Gases and rocks shoot up through the volcano centre and spill over with lava. Eruptions can cause blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls. How are volcanoes formed? Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger. What are the different stages of volcanoes? Volcanoes are in three main categories: active, dormant, and extinct. An active volcano is one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one which has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption. Why do volcanoes erupt? The Earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These plates sometimes move. The friction causes earthquakes...
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...the Philippines. The capital city of Manila is 55 miles or 87 kilometers away from this volcano, as of this, people that are living there are often showered with ashes whenever the volcano erupts. Mount Pinatubo effects more than 6 million people than are living in close concurrence of it. https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCP7y8InW9sgCFWLYpgodOjID4g&url=http%3A%2F%2Fkoolvolcano.weebly.com%2Fdisaster-facts.html&psig=AFQjCNFlHCQPDD7twbwfWRz9J31PXA6tNQ&ust=1446723186547898 https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCNfL2bra9sgCFQSIpgod3HUIbg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazard%2Fstratoguide%2Fpinfact.html&psig=AFQjCNHZOuvQq6UDH2LuuPpOALzbeJRr2g&ust=1446724373952180...
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...erupted 39 times; its last eruption was in 1984. According to USGS estimates, the volcano has erupted an average of once every 6 years over the past 3000. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory celebrated the 30th anniversary of Mauna Loa's last eruption (in 1984) on March 25, 2014, underscoring that it has been a relatively quite 3 decades at the world's largest active volcano. Mauna Loa is one of Earth's most active volcanoes. Since 1843 it has erupted 33 times producing lavas that have covered over 800 km2 In late Aug 2015, HVO raised the tilt level at Mauna Loa because of long-term increased seismicity rates and inflation of the summit (as measured by cross-caldera difference). This doesn't mean an eruption is imminent, but signs are consistent with magma entering the shallow part of the magmatic system at the volcano. Mauna Loa is a "shield volcano", which means it is a gently sloping mountain produced from a large number of generally very fluid lava flows. The volcano has been erupting for at least 100,000 years prom a primary volcanic centre that is presently manifested by Moku'aweoweo crater at the mountain's summit. It has produced both a'a and pahoehoe flows, and lesser amounts of pyroclastic deposits. The volcano is constructed of a rock type known as tholeiitic basalt http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/volcanoes/changingEruptionStyles.html http://www.livescience.com/29824-why-eyjafjallajoekull-volcano-erupted.html Eyjafjallajökull last erupted between 1821–1823. There were also...
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