...and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls. How are volcanoes formed? Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger. What are the different stages of volcanoes? Volcanoes are in three main categories: active, dormant, and extinct. An active volcano is one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one which has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption. Why do volcanoes erupt? The Earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These plates sometimes move. The friction causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near the edges of the plates. The theory that explains this process is called plate tectonics. What are the different types of volcanoes? There are four types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes and lava...
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...I thought it would be interesting to compare some different volcanoes. You'll have to do a little bit of research on these. There is some info in the textbook and pdfs, but you'll likely need to surf the net for some information. Email me if you are having any problems... so 3 volcanoes: 1) Réunion is an island in the Indian Ocean, to the east of Madagascar. 2) Yellowstone- Not everyone is familiar with Yellowstone, but it is a volcanic region known for geysers (jets of hot water/steam) in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho (USA). A gorgeous National Park to visit. 3) Olympus Mons on Mars. All of these volcanoes have similarities and differences. As with any analysis of volcanism, it generally comes down to crustal chemistry and the sources of the magma that erupts. Compare the volcanoes using these questions. Perhaps make up a table... a) How did these volcanoes form? Plate tectonics? Plume? How do we know? Reunion | •This was formed from a mantle hot spot. •3 calderas formed 250,000, 65000, and 5000 years ago by slumping of the volcano. | Yellowstone | It all started with a hot spot beneath Yellowstone. Approximately, 600 thousand years ago the hot spot released hot magma towards the surface and pushing the earth’s crust upwards thus creating a large chamber which was filled with magma. Cracks formed over time due to the large pressure inside the dome and a huge eruption expelled magma, emptying the top part of the chamber. Earth’s crust collapsed and formed a caldera...
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...usually generated by the eruption through a vent in a planet's surface of magma, molten rock welling up from the planet's interior. Volcanoes of various types are found on other planets and their moons as well as on earth. Roughly defined, a volcano consists of a magma chamber, pipes and vents. The magma chamber is where magma from deep within the planet pools, while pipes are channels that lead to surface vents, openings in the volcano's surface through which lava is ejected during an eruption. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust (called "non-hotspot intraplate volcanism"), such as in the African Rift Valley, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America and the European Rhine Graben with its Eifel volcanoes. Volcanoes can be caused by mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example at Hawaii, can occur far from plate boundaries. Hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the solar system, especially on rocky planets and moons. Cross-section through a stratovolcano (vertical...
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...processes that can affect the land and the people who live upon it. Sometimes these processes can greatly benefit the planet, while at other times they can destroy parts of the planet. Volcanoes, for example, are one of the processes that we cannot control that can greatly impact the environment. Volcanoes are natural manifestations of hot, fiery power which is centered deep within the Earth. These formations are essentially vents on the Earth’s surface where molten rock, debris and gases from the planet’s interior are emitted. When the magma and gas underneath the surface of the Earth start to build up in large amounts together, it pushes this energy up to the surface which then will result in an eruption of lava, ash and rocks into the air. When the combination of magma and gas is smaller, the explosion that it creates is much smaller. Instead of fiercely erupting from the ground, the lava, ash and rock more or less seeps out of the vent. After the material spewed during eruptions has collected and hardened around the vent over a period of time, it will form the mountain-like mounds that we so frequently associate with volcanoes. As for how long it takes for these mounds to form, depending on how strong and the duration of the eruptions, it can take only weeks or up to a few million years (Volcanoes). Typically, it can be dangerous living close to an active volcano. Most of the time, it will affect civilizations nearby negatively. When a volcano erupts it shoots out lava, which...
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...Types of volcanoes Most people have never seen a real volcano but have learned about them through movies or books. So when most people think of a volcano, they usually conjure up the Hollywood version: a huge, menacing conical mountain that explodes and spews out masses of lava which falls on rampaging dinosaurs, screaming cave people, or fleeing mobs of betogaed Romans--depending on their favorite volcano disaster movie. While those types of volcanoes do indeed exist, they represent only one "species" in a veritable zoo of volcano shapes and sizes. Some types of volcanoes are easily recognizable and some are not. The "Hollywood" types are easily recognized. Many are located in populated areas and have well-known names: Vesuvius, Krakatoa, Fujiyama, and Mount St. Helens. These volcanoes are typically tens of miles across and ten thousand or more feet in height. As illustrated in the figure above, they have moderately steep sides and sometimes have small craters in their summits. Volcanologists call these "strato-" or composite volcanoes because they consist of layers of solid lava flows mixed with layers of sand- or gravel-like volcanic rock called cinders or volcanic ash. Image of a cinder cone volcano.Another easily recognized type of volcano (seen at right) is the "cinder cone." As you might expect from the name, these volcanoes consist almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders and almost no lava. They are small volcanoes, usually only about a mile across and up to about...
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...Classification of Volcanoes 1) Active volcanoes: erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), accounts of these eruptions were documented by man; erupted within the last 10,000 years based on analyses of datable materials. 2) Potentially active volcanoes: morphologically young-looking but with no historical records of eruption. 3) Inactive volcanoes: no record of eruptions; physical form is being changed by agents of weathering and erosion via formation of deep and long gullies. Distribution of volcanoes 1. Ring of Fire Surrounds Pacific Ocean. 2. Hot spots Hawaiian Islands mantle plumes 3. Spreading centers mid-ocean ridges (Iceland) rift valleys (Mt. Kilamanjaro, Africa) 4. Oil spill occurs in C. Philippines Xinhua | March 02, 2012 15:46 By Agencies | E-mail Print | 5. Oil spill occurred in the central Philippine province of Cebu covering a 20-meter area of its international seaport, the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) said on Friday. 6. PCG Spokesman Algier Ricafrente said that almost 50 liters of oil spill were seen off the Cebu International Port (CIP). 7. Upon verification by the Marine Environmental Protection Unit ( MEPU), MEPU-Cebu personnel conducted a clean-up operation by scooping the oil and applying sorbent materials on the affected area. 8. Inspection revealed that the oil spill was traced at the Mahiga Creek located between Cebu City and Mandaue City that flowed toward the CIP during high tide. ...
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...visibility, and two heart attacks from shoveling ash. An article about Mt. St. Helens says " For a limited time, some people living near the eruption suffered from post traumatic syndrome: depression, trouble sleep, irritability, and a sense of powerlessness.". Basically the impacts a volcano has in humans life are related to heatlh, and economical problems. Each time a volcano erupts lives can be in dangerous. 2. Kilauea Volcano It is a shield volcano located in the Hawaiian Islands, it is also the most active of the five volcanos that form the Hawaii island. The effect that it can have in humans lives is the same as the Mt.St.Helens, people are in dangerous because the volcano can erupt any time. One time the lava flows from the Kilauea volcanoes has destroyed a couple of towns and cut the highway on the east cost of the Big Island of Hawaii. The lava flowing into the sea is causing the island to grow, very slowly; also, the sulfurous fumes of the volcano are corrosive and toxic, and because of that hundreds of people were forced to evacuate. 3. Crater Lake It is a caldera lake in te western United States, located in the south-central Oregon. It is the maind feautur of Crater Lake National Park. Internationally famous for its deep blue color and water clarity. After some research I could conclude that this feature has no impact in humans lives , also humans can not affect Crater lake because...
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...Written Assignment #3 The Hood is Real Damian McElroy Word Count: 1525 Due: Nov 18, 2014 Introduction The High Cascade volcanoes are comprised with many volcanoes formed by basaltic eruptions many years ago. More specifically this research report will be designated to the Mt. Hood region seen in figure (1). Research from articles will be provided with references of their origins and give a clear description of the “Hood”, as well as any dangers it may present to populations near by if it were to become unstable. The research comprised within this report is specific and done so with the use of Google Earth images and articles designated to the specific Mt. Hood area; with this research, a hazard assessment and a reliable research station location will be clearly justified and outlined respectively. Description Mt. Hood is a stratovolcano located 45° 21'58.83"N, 121° 41' 43.51"W, has a diameter of 8.83km-10km (This will vary depending on where the diameter is measured from) and a maximum height of 3426m. The elevation profile can be seen in Figure (2), which distinctively justifies the reason for Mt. Hood being classified as a stratovolcano, due to the very steep slope and maximum height of the mountain. Mount Hood, Oregon's highest peak forms a prominent backdrop to the state's largest city, Portland (Smithsonian Institution, 2013). The glacially eroded volcano has been subject to four major eruptive periods during the past 15,000 years (Smithsonian Institution, 2013)...
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...INNER PLANETS DATA | MERCURY | VENUS | EARTH | MARS | 1. DIAMETER | 3,032m (4,879km) | 7,521m (12,104km) | 7,926m (12,756km) | 7,926m (12,756km) | 2. AVERAGE DISTANCE FROM THE SUN | 57.9 million kms/36 million miles | 108.2 million kms/67.2 million miles | 150 million km (93 million miles) | 228 million km (142 million miles) | 3. ROTATION PERIOD | 59 Earth Days | 0.615 Earth Years (243 days) | 23.93 Hours | 24.63 Hours | 4. ORBITAL PERIOD | 88 Earth days | 225 Earth days | 365 days | 687 Earth days | 5. SURFACE TEMPERATURE | -183 °C to 427 °C (-297 °F to 800 °F) | 880 degrees Fahrenheit, 471 degrees Celsius (730 K) | -127°F to 136°F (-88°C to 58°C; 185 K to 311 K) | -130 °C (-202 °F) | 6. NUMBER OF MOONS/THEIR NAMES | ZERO | ZERO | One moon (Earth’s moon) | Two moons(Diemos and Phobos) | 7. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE/GASES | Atmosphere, or exosphere, is composed mostly of oxygen (O2), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H2), helium (He), and potassium (K). | Atmosphere is made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), with clouds of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) droplets. | 78 % nitrogen, 21% oxygen, | Atmosphere made up mostly of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2) and argon (Ar) | 8. NATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE | Very thin; Since the atmosphere is so slight, the sky would appear pitch black (except for the sun, stars, and other planets, when visible), even during the day. Also has no greenhouse effect. | Thick and toxic atmosphere, hot...
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...mythology. Volcanoes are like giant safety valves that release the pressure that builds up inside the Earth. The Hawaii islands were formed by 5 volcanoes. Classified by the extent of their activity volcanoes are of four types. An ‘active’ volcano is one that erupts regularly. There are about 500 known active volcanoes on Earth, not counting those that lie beneath the sea. A ‘dormant’ volcano is one that has not erupted for many years, although there is still some activity deep inside it. An ‘extinct’ volcano is one which has ceased to be active. A volcanic eruption occurs when hot rocks and lava burst from a volcano; and geysers and springs are actually just volcanoes that throw boiling water high in the air. They are caused by volcanic heat warming trapped ground water. The liquid rocks inside a volcano are called magma and when it flows out it is called as lava. Fresh lava has temperatures from 700 degrees C to 1200′C and glows red-hot to white hot as it flows. The most dangerous volcanic eruption recorded is the eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington. The tallest volcano in the world is the Ojos del Salado, a volcano in Chile. The world’s largest volcano is the Muano Loa in Hawaii. Volcanoes are generally concentrated on the edge of continents, along the island chain, or beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges. A major part of the world’s active volcanoes above sea level encircle the Pacific Ocean forming the “Ring of Fire.” Volcanoes can have serious...
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...Curiosity Stream-Life on Fire: "Icelandic Volcanoes, Who is Next?" Iceland was formed by volcanoes and shaped by earthquakes, creating a geological illustration for scientists to study. This young and still-forming land is home to 30 or more active volcanoes, four of which are labeled "dangerous." These volcanoes lie on a rift of the mid-Atlantic Ridge that divides Iceland in half. The tectonic plates that are drifting apart divergently are allowing hot magma to rise to the surface, transpiring the eruptions of these volcanoes which, in turn, has created the fertile yet trepidatious landscape that we all know as Iceland. The four volatile volcanoes that Icelanders fear are Askja, Grimsvotn, Hekla, and Katla. These specific volcanoes are studied...
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...There are 5 major volcanoes in Hawaii. In addition, the volcanoes produces very rich soil, in which people who live there farm with. Volcanoes are also very beautiful so they tend to attract many people. Additionally, the volcanoes makes the atmosphere & climate change when it erupts. Volcanoes are very attractive, plus the ash from the volcanoes produce good soil and that is caused by the atmosphere/ climate. Volcanic Ash Most people don’t think that ash is a good thing, but it is. Ash can help people in many ways. According to, The Telegraph, “It can also allow your soil to hold water for longer encouraging both of which are great plant growth.” Which is equally important for the farmers because then the farmers don’t have to water the soil as much. According to Jon Davidson,”In general volcanic ash is good because it is full of all kinds of elements and nutrients that regenerate the soil.” Which can also make it easier for the farmer because it’s getting all the nutrients the soil needs to be healthy and grow faster. In conclusion, ash is a really...
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...Alvin Secord The format of my presentation is structured as presented on the assignment sheet starting from Background information on the community of Weed, California U.S.A followed by the emergency that accumulated within the community and the actions taken by the Emergency Mangers, personnel and problems they faced and overcame. I will then go into my explanation of how I would deal with the emergency as the towns Emergency Manager from there I will digress into what steps should occur to effectively deal with the emergency. Background information on the community (Weed, California) The town of Weed located at the base of Mount Shasta in the Cascade Mountains of California U.S.A just south of the Oregon border with a small population of 2,967 it lays as an attraction for tourist looking to explore the Cascade Mountains or the towns Italian Carnevale. Although the town is located at the base of a mountain it still has unincorporated subdivisions just outside of the town that hold the same P.O box numbers and Zip codes. With the combine populations of these small Subdivisions the total populations of the area is 6,318. The city is well known for its productions of lumbering and manufacturing facilities as well as its ethnic diversity. What is the emergency? On September 15th, 2014 a 375 acre wildfire was pushed by 64km wind that lead to the destruction of 100 homes in Weed with the result of an evacuation order to 1,500 residents (video in presentation) Actions...
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...Narcondam Island Narcondam or Narcondum is a small volcanic island located in the Andaman Sea. Its central peak rises some 710 m above mean sea level, and is formed of andesite. It is considered to be part of the Andaman Islands, the main body of which lie approximately 114 km to the west. The island is part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The island is small, covering an area of approximately 6.8 square kilometres.[1] It was classified as a dormant volcano by the Geological Survey of India. Barren Island (Andaman Islands) Barren Island (coordinates: 12°16′N 93°51′E) is located in the Andaman Sea, one of the most easterly of the Andaman Islands. It is the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia. Along with the rest of the Andamans, it is a part of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies about 135 km (84 mi) northeast of the territory's capital, Port Blair. The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one which started in September 2010 and continued through January 2011. The Black Tusk The Black Tusk is a stratovolcano and a pinnacle of volcanic rock in Garibaldi Provincial Park of British Columbia, Canada. At 2,319 m (7,608 ft) above sea level,[3] the upper spire is visible from a great distance in all directions. It is particularly noticeable from the Sea-to-Sky Highway just south of Whistler, British Columbia. Distinctive...
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...The disaster of 79 A.D Volcanoes are a deadly natural disaster that can bury cities in just minutes. The word volcano comes from the island of Vulcano that is in the Mediterranean Sea. Also, there are about one thousand five-hundred active volcanoes in the world right now. Volcanoes are mountains or hills that have a crater that lava can flow through. There are different types of volcanoes in the world. In fact, here are three main types of volcanoes which include shield, cinder cones, and composite cones. Volcanoes are very dangerous, because when they happen there is no way to stop them. They also have been known to have big eruptions about every two thousand years. Some islands have been created...
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