...Tuskegee Syphilis Study Dr. Joseph Costa, D.H.Sc, PA-C Health Policy and Management MPH 525 Jessie McCarty April 2013 Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. Tuskegee Syphilis Study 2 2. Tuskegee Basics 3 3. What Went Wrong? 4 Informed Consent 4 Vulnerable Populations 4 Medical Profession Pursued 5 4. Personal Opinion 7 5. Basics of Research 8 Informed Consent 8 Individual Autonomy 9 Beneficence 9 6. Current Policies 11 Policies 11 Exceptions 11 7. Problems with Waving Consent 13 Flexibility 13 Vulnerable Populations 13 Ethical Dilemmas 14 8. Conclusion 16 Chapter 1 Tuskegee Syphilis Study Throughout the years, numerous research studies have taken place. In the United States, on a daily basis thousands of research studies are being conducted. Some of these studies will greatly influence science, while others will make little impact. Historically, some studies have been remembered not for the results, but for ethical dilemmas surrounding the study. The Tuskegee syphilis study is a prime example of a study which made many people aware of the ethical problems surrounding research. The Tuskegee syphilis study made the government begin to analyze how research was performed in the country, and the study opened many eyes to what changes needed to be made. Analyzing the Tuskegee syphilis study allows for one to understand what went wrong with the study and how this study lead to great changes in the world...
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...Epidemiology Paper The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevancy of the vulnerable population, and the disease for this group. The vulnerable population that has been chosen is mental illness, and the disease for this population is AIDS/HIV. There will be a definition and description of epidemiology in regards to HIV/AIDS, with the steps and method that was used. The Epidemiological Triangle will be define and identified, and the different types of epidemiology. The population chosen characteristics such as the influenced population’s vulnerability. This essay will also examine the values and potential cultural biases with cultural considerations that may impact health issues. There are legal and ethical consideration when working with the mentally ill. Describing the relationship of the disease to varies levels of prevention. Relevant population and the disease of this population The mentally ill the population and the disease is AIDS/HIV. Mental disorders are indiscriminate. They occur across the span and affect persons of all races, cultures genders and educational and socioeconomic group. One of the leading cause of disability is mental illness. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS have had an enormous political and social impact on society. Nearly 75% of new HIV infections occur in persons between 30-49 years may result in disrupted families and lost careers and economic productivity. (Stanhope, 2012, p317) HIV is transmitted through exposure...
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...Vulnerable Population and Self-Awareness Paper NUR/440 – Health Assessment and Promotion For Vulnerable Population 12 December 2011 Vulnerable Populations and Self Awareness Introduction This paper is a study of the vulnerable population of the elderly in the United States and will discuss the mindfulness of this author’s personal biases, attitudes, and conceived stereotypes regarding this population. The patient chosen as an example for this paper is Norma James from the University of Phoenix “neighborhood”. Mrs James is a widow who’s vulnerability relating to health care will be compared with information gathered through research and applied to the elderly population and those with chronic illness. The vulnerabilities faced by Norma will be a realistic representation of the challenges associated with this population. Elderly Patients with Chronic Illness Despite the efforts of healthcare providers and various organizations across the United States to reduce or eliminate disparities within vulnerable healthcare populations, significant disparities continue to cause limited access to healthcare. This limitation poses risk to populations such as elderly and those living in poverty. The health domains of vulnerable populations can be divided into 3 categories: physical, psychological, and social. Those with physical needs include the elderly, chronically ill and disabled, chronic medical conditions include respiratory diseases, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia...
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...Epidemiology and Vulnerable Populations Angela Wilson NUR / 408 November 4, 2013 Epidemiology and Vulnerable Populations Introduction Health is a state of optimum well-being, a human right and a social goal. The public health mission is to provide and assure conditions that promote health in the community. Public health, epidemiology and nursing practice share the same goal of disease prevention and control. By definition, epidemiology is the study of population in order to monitor the health of the population, understand the determinants of health and disease in the community, and investigate and evaluate interventions to prevent disease and maintain health. (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012). Epidemiology today is considered to be the core science of public health and is described as a constellation of disciplines with a common mission: optimal health for the whole community (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008). Epidemiology has reformed public health and continues to strive for disease prevention and health promotion in communities across the world. The population and disease...
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...Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Rebecca J Buck NUR 408 July 29, 2013 Felita Patterson Epidemiology, Tuberculosis, and the Homeless Population Among many misconceptions, tuberculosis is not a disease of the past. Tuberculosis remains a public health issue. It is estimated that one-third of the total world population is infected by tuberculosis (TB). The American lung association (2013) states, in 2011 alone there were nearly 9,000,000 new diagnosed cases of tuberculosis around the world and an estimated 1.4 million deaths because of this disease. In the United States, TB is not as common (but still a problem). In 2011, only 10,500 people reported having TB (Trends in Tuberculosis Morbidity and Mortality). Research shows that there are many preceding factors that predispose a person and increase the risk of contracting TB. Epidemiologists have studied and determined that many of these preceding factors are evident in vulnerable populations around the world, particularly the homeless population. The science Daily (2013) reports that “one in five homeless people with tuberculosis die within a year of their diagnosis” (Death Rate from Tuberculosis in Homeless Alarmingly High). In addition to the high death rate for TB among homeless people, public health officials also recognize a growing threat of drug resistant strains within these vulnerable populations. Theses drug resistant strains of tuberculosis require longer, more consistent treatments...
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...people die from complications of too much food, some die from having too little (Lee & Berthelot, 2010). Although malnutrition is often thought of as a killer in the developing world, it's also a problem for the elderly in the United States. In this paper, I will discuss multiple concepts related to malnutrition among the elderly, and how this topic relates to epidemiology. First, I will define and describe malnutrition among the elderly. Second, I will explore the steps and methods of epidemiology related to my chosen topic of malnutrition among the elderly. Third, I will converse about the epidemiological triangle, and the type of epidemiology used for my chosen topic. Fourth, I will discuss how the characteristics of the elderly population influence vulnerability. Fifth, I will define how cultural considerations may impact health status, and any ethical or legal considerations. Last, I will explain the relationship of the malnutrition to various levels of prevention. Researchers from Louisiana State University examined data from 3,141 counties and older adult malnutrition mortality using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. According to CDC data, between 2,000 and 3,000 older adults die from malnutrition each year (Lee & Berthelot, 2010). Trevor Rowe once said, “Unless the United States renews its commitment to deal with the consequences of the food crisis, including the prevailing level of malnutrition in children and the elderly, the country will continue...
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...Vulnerable Populations in Current Events Paper NUR/440 Version 4 Health Assessment and Promotion for Vulnerable Population University of Phoenix Vulnerable Populations in Current Events Paper Vulnerability is an important component that nurses need to be familiar with when they’re working with different types of clients from different cultures, values and beliefs. Our jobs as nurses are to be able to identify and enhance the strengths of the patients and community and to help them to choose the right intervention in order to keep a healthy life. Nurses must address issues of vulnerability, because those populations are the most likely to become sick all the time due to the different stressors in their life. Vulnerability can be minor or severe, and as nurses we need to identify and address those different stressors that can cause temporary or permanent damage to our patients. In this paper the author will talk about the article “Gang youth as a vulnerable population for nursing intervention,” which defines a vulnerable population, what barriers may prevent these groups from obtaining needed services, and what the author experiences with vulnerable groups in the author’s own life. This article refers to our youth gang members from different poor communities, especially Chicago and Los Angeles, where we see a big number of youth involved in gangs. Usually, before these youths join the gang, are already exposed to this type of environment, and most of them come from...
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...As our gerontologic population is aging, there are many concerns to address. One concern is that older adults are more vulnerable. In this discussion, I will provide two credible articles to reveal the susceptibility that older adults are at risk for. I will also identify key concepts and risks. Furthermore, I will explain how to eliminate or minimize some of these risks. In the older adult population, vulnerability is seeping out from many angles. One major of concern is the area of financial exploitation. Moreover, thefts and scams are rising at a rapid rate. Financial abuse consists of six main domains to include thefts and scams, coercion tied to financial affairs, mismanagement of property or belongings, abuse of trust, a sense...
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...economic factors are of low importance. In the following, the paper will be critically assessed within these sections. First, the theory, the propositions as well as the empirical strategy are introduced and compared to discussions in class. Second, the results of the paper are outlined. Third, the empirical strategy as well as the results will be analyzed and compared to prior research and theory. Finally, a short conclusion and outlook will be given. 2. Theory, Propositions and Empirical Strategy The theoretical two-period model of Besley & Burgess (2002) is based on several assumptions. There are vulnerable and non-vulnerable citizens. Part of the vulnerable citizens are needy, meaning that they suffer after a shock in a certain period and that public action would improve their situation. Moreover, there are altruistic, selfish, and opportunistic incumbents. For the purpose of the study, opportunistic incumbents are most interesting...
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...worldwide is nearing a billion people but this number could triple by 2050 if not addressed. It is important to consider how we can prevent the creation of new slum populations as well as addressing the conditions that already exist. This report aims to investigate the push and pull factors that facilitate slum formation as well as worsen the problem where there are existing slum populations. The driving factors will be examined in relation to case studies relating to urbanization as well as conflicts and climate events that force displacement. By looking at these examples it will be assessed the manner in which these situations contribute the issue of slums across the world. Furthermore, the observations will be used to suggest what may be done to prevent or minimize the effect that they have in creating and worsening slum conditions. Slums tend to form when there is a demand for housing or infrastructure that is not sufficiently being addressed by whatever authorities or government controls an area. The problem of slum formation is complex; addressing land policies, housing prices, provision of adequate infrastructure and public services. The problem is especially exacerbated by large displacement or migration that can have a number of catalysts. Acioli states that the issue of reducing the growing slum population is a two-pronged challenge. The first is a ‘…focus on slum upgrading, infrastructure, improvement and regularization of informal settlements, coupled with measures...
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...CONCEPT ANALYSIS Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults: Concept Analysis Abstract Aim. This study is to analyse the concept of safeguarding the vulnerable adults and the role of registered nurse. Background. Registered nurse has major responsibilities in caring and safeguarding the vulnerable adult population. Reduction of health inequalities among vulnerable adults are top international healthcare priorities. Vulnerable adults are among most vulnerable of the populations, many people associate vulnerability with old age only, resulting in negative stereotypical views. Understanding the concepts of vulnerability as relates to adults population, examines how and why adults could be vulnerable will help nurse to educates the vulnerable adults about the rights and choices available to them, enabling nurse to safeguarding the vulnerable adults and empower the vulnerable adults to participate fully in the society. Data Sources. Data source include the Nursing Standard, The PubMed, Health & Social Care information Centre (hscic), Department of Health, Action on Elder Abuse, Offices of National Statistics (ONS), electronic databases were used to search for research papers, articles published between 2000-2013. The searching keywords used are ‘Vulnerable’, ‘Abuse’, ‘vulnerability’, ‘safeguarding’. Seventeen papers from variety of disciplines, including nursing, public health, social-care and medicine were reviewed. Method. The concept analysis was done using Rodgers’ evolutionary...
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...Decision Making Study Decision Making Study Providing medical care to patients at the County Clinic can be challenging from a financial perspective. This vulnerable population contains challenges in treating patients with difficult multi-factorial disease entities, patients with transportation and other access difficulties, and patients who are uninsured or underinsured. The majority of patients at the County Clinic are covered by Medicare and Medicaid. Recently, the departmental budget for the County Clinic was cut by 15%. In order to continue to provide services for this vulnerable group, the managers at County Clinic will need to evaluate how to best address the needs of the community by eliminating or introducing services that will best address the significant health care needs required by this population. Making a decision regarding a health policy initiative in the face of budget constraints requires that management takes a reasoned approach to decision making. In order to make these decisions, managers need to find the best evidence available, assess the available evidence, and determine which evidence is relevant to the decision making process. Thomas Rundall, Ph. D at the University of California at Berkeley developed a toolbox to aid decision makers in this area. His document is called the Informed Decisions Toolbox. This toolbox contains six steps that will be addressed by County Clinic in developing an action plan for the budget constraints...
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...In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas. Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. Poverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the country’s people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the country’s poor people (64.8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas. Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The country’s turbulent history — a troubled transition from centralized planning under a Marxist government to a market economy, together with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil conflict during the 1990s — have all left their marks. The vital national rail line and adjacent rural...
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...seasonal flu which strikes 5% to 15% of the world’s population with approximately 3 to 5 million severe cases of illness which leads to 250000 to 500000 deaths annually (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). In addition, hospital acquired influenza has a 16% mortality rate which increases to 60% in high-risk population groups (Cortes-Penfield, 2014). Specifically in Canada, the average rate of influenza infection is 10% to 20% of the population...
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...September 10, 2012 Diane Campbell, DNP - PHN, FNP - BC Epidemiology Paper Public health nursing allows nurses to encounter various vulnerable populations on a daily basis. In particular, the elderly make up a large portion of the population, and their vulnerability to the environment and other physical factors is a very important aspect of public health nursing. Epidemiology allows the public health nurse to study and assess vulnerable populations, including the elderly, and create interventions that maximize the health potential of all members of the public. This paper will explore the role of epidemiology and also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle and levels of prevention that is related with influenza in the elderly community. Definition and Description of Epidemiology Originally, epidemiology was a term that was used to describe the spread of infectious disease. Over the course of time, that definition has expanded considerably in order to accommodate the complexity of ever-changing populations, their environments, and increasing occurrences of disease. Epidemiology is a branch of public health that studies of the frequency, distribution, and determinants of disease in human populations. It studies the patterns of diseases in human populations and how to control health problems associated with disease. The epidemiologist performs research on epidemics and diseases and can determine how...
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