Comorbidity Linkage:

Many studies indicate that there is a relationship between obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia. These conditions are well documented risk factors to coronary artery disease. Insulin resistance and arterial hypertension has been shown to be more evident in patients with obesity. Obesity has been linked to an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which results in elevated plasma levels of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1, and decreased insulin-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Insulin resistant adults develop hypertension and obesity more often than the average adult. Evidence also shows that arterial hypertension is an effective predictor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance has been shown to be an essential pathogenic factor hypertension. UTI vs diabetes (Bacterial urinary tract infections in diabetes. 1997) Diabetes mellitus predisposes a patient to bacterial urinary tract infections due to long term effects on the genitourinary system. Bacteriuria and upper urinary tract infection complications are more common in diabetic women. Diabetic patients are more at risk for uncommon complicated UTI’s such as emphysematous pyelonephritis and emhysematous pyelitis. COPD vs CHF
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an essential risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease, even after controlling for smoking, and is also a risk factor for cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Patients with COPD are actually more likely to die of cardiovascular complications or cancer than respiratory failure. A Cardiovascular health study chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had a greater prevalence among heart failure patients than the general population. More specifically, COPD is more common in male HF patients compared with female HF patients and in urban