...The essential question that is trying to be answered is “Were the colonist justified in waging war and breaking away from Britain?” From the question, justified means they have a legitimate reason for. Through the reading of the seven documents, the question should get answered. In document one, Thomas Whately, an advisor to George Greenville, explains why the British were justified in levying taxes on the American colonist. He had a strong feeling that American colonists should be willing to pay higher taxes to parliament. According to the document, they have not fully recovered from the war which is his explanation. In document two, John Dickinson, a political leader who served in the Stamp Act Congress, wrote from the Letters From a farmer in Pennsylvania. Dickinson states in this document that parliament has the legal authority regulate the trade of Great Britain....
Words: 518 - Pages: 3
...of Cyber terrorism; however, its threat is as real as waging war but with weapons of automation. Terrorists have begun to exploit the availability of information with the malicious intent to sabotage; conversely, there are those who are not quite sure if information warfare - cyber terrorism is an actual threat. This research paper will briefly explore the history of cyber terrorism, the friend the internet has been to terrorist and how we can make the internet safer through vigilant tactics of prevention and deterrence. It will also expose the truth about cyber terrorism for the skeptic, reasons not to discount the threat, and why it is paramount their mind is changed. Information Warfare-Cyber Terrorism Did you know there were 18 cybercrime victims every second, 1058 every minute, approximately 64,000 per hour, and 1.5 million per day, that affected over 556 million people within the last year (Norton , 2012)? The internet has made it possible for terrorists to gather our public information and use it against us. As the internet matures so does the terrorist, finding ways to cripple and intimidate. The internet and terrorists have become a real hazard to the health of the cyber world. The government has implemented several organizations to help combat cyber terrorism but have not given it a clear concise definition. Skeptics believe the government is deceiving people about the validity of waging a cyber war. Terrorists have begun to exploit the availability of...
Words: 3494 - Pages: 14
...PRESIDENTIAL POWER/LEADERSHIP AND RULES OF WARFARE Student’s Name International Relations Date Presidential Power and Leadership US president has a lot of power, but constrained by many checks and balances imposed by the constitution. The president will have to be put into a bill which must be passed by Congress. One of the bills in the Congress debate timeline is Cyber security bill. In my opinion, the Congress should pass the President's Cyber security proposal. The bill protects American citizens in various ways. It proposes to centralize reporting of breach data nationally (Burns 2012). This is a win-win game between clients and investors. This is because the proposal compels entities to show information to consumers incase their personal information is accessed illegally. Thus, businesses are incentives to incorporate better cyber security. Also, it helps consumers to be vigilant on their identity theft. The proposal also puts cyber crime in the realm of other types of crimes and spell penalties to the culprits. This will help law enforcers in fighting organized cyber crime which is prevalent in the current computer world (Thomas 2013). Thus, the American people are protected from cyber fraudsters who siphon their huge possessions. The...
Words: 979 - Pages: 4
...warfare. This report examines the history of past RMAs, to see what can be learned from them regarding the challenge confronting the DoD today, when it has set out on a concerted effort to bring about a technology-driven transformation of the U.S. military to achieve the operational goals outlined in Joint Vision 2010. Among its many findings are three of particular note: * RMAs are rarely brought about by dominant players (such as the U.S. military is today). * For a dominant player to bring about an RMA requires a receptive organizational climate, fostering a continually refined vision of how war may change in the future and encouraging vigorous debate regarding the future of the organization; senior officers with traditional credentials willing to sponsor new ways of doing things and able to establish new promotion pathways for junior officers practicing a new way of war; mechanisms for experimentation, to discover, learn, test and demonstrate new ideas; and ways of responding positively to the results of successful experiments, in terms of doctrinal changes, acquisition programs, and force structure...
Words: 3503 - Pages: 15
...Art of War Written 500 years B.C., The Art of War is a Chinese military treatise that was written by Sun Tzu during the Spring and Autumn period. The treatise is composed of 13 chapters, each of which is devoted to one aspect of the warfare. For hundreds of years, Sun Tzu’s classic treatise have been used and applied over and over again, not only in military operations, but in all aspects of the human life-to include economic, social and political relations. The Art of War is among the most ancient books published, yet its influence and success continue to amaze the world. The book has been translated and published in almost all languages of the world and its principles have been applied to all walks of life. Indeed, Sun Tzu registered a tremendous influence on both Eastern and Western military thinking, business tactics, and beyond. Even in his times, Sun Tzu had recognized the importance of positioning in strategy as affected by both the physical environment and the opinions of all players in that environment. Sun Tzu taught that tactics is more important that actions-planning must concentrate on tactics. He taught that the strategy is not to a plan course of action, but rather to establish quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions. Planning works in a controlled environment, but in a competitive environment, competing plans collide, creating unexpected situations. The following are five of the 13 principles of Sun Tzu in the Art of War: 1...
Words: 1023 - Pages: 5
...involvement in war on some occasions. The Just war theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought. The justification can be theoretical. The theoretical aspect is concerned with justifying war ethically. The role of ethics is used to examine whether war is justified and if so can the aspects be changed. The just war tradition also considers the thoughts of various philosophers through the ages and examine their philosophical visions of war’s ethical limits and whether their thoughts have contributed to the justification of war. The just war theory was firstly developed by Saint Augustine of Hippo. Looking back at the Bible he realised that although older generations sided with the more peaceful aspects of the Bible (New Testament) the aspects which included violence (Old Testament) could not be ignored. In Mathew 5 it Jesus said “blessed are the peacemakers” however he did not oppose those who crucified him. This links to how war can be justified because Jesus Gods only son did not punish those who purposely killed him without reason. So to punish those with to an extent have a valid reason could be seen as hypocritical. Augustine believed that justified wars were commanded by God in the bible and split his theory into two parts they are; jus ad bellum-just reasons for going to war, and jus in bello-just practice in war. This was then further developed by Aquinas. Jus ad bellum contains seven key points. If these points are met then war can be justified...
Words: 1501 - Pages: 7
...Peoples views are divided on the Syrian conflict between those who view it as a revolution, and those who view it as a civil war. Revolution inevitably holds characteristics of civil conflict, there is a aspect of civil conflict that must not be looked at in all revolutions. There is a horrible truth about the Syrian problem which is overwhelming, that there are Syrians fighting and killing other Syrians in Syria. The civil conflict taking place in Syria is not a purely sectarian one. The western media exaggerates the extent to which the conflict can be so described. An arrogant Orientalist set of views refuses to understand the Syrians have a much different life. It revolves around death and pain. Sectarian war is the inevitable the destiny of Syrians. Not every conflict is about discrimination or for religious reason. The Spanish Civil War was a conflict between the supporters of the Republic and the fascist followers of Franco. The situation in Syria is closer to the previous example than sectarian civil war. One of the biggest reason behind civil conflict in Syria is the uprising of Syrians against a new feudal class that had enslaved them in syria. For rxample, the majority of Muslim Sunni rebels are moved by a will towards social justice and revenge against these feudalists, rather than exclusively by a sense of Sunni discrimination. In Syria, Syrians are fighting for different political reasons. Certainly some parties have religion focused political reasons...
Words: 1687 - Pages: 7
...a half thousand years. Sun Tzu was a general in the Kingdom of Wu in China around 490BC. His text was translated from Chinese to French in 1782 and it has been suggested that it was the key to Napoleon's success. To this day, military strategists around the world have used Sun Tzu’s philosophies to win wars and have made Sun Tzu on the Art of War a staple of their military education. Sun Tzu’s theories on war are timeless to both military and civilian strategists. His theories are as relevant today as they were in 500 B.C. Sun Tzu’s work covers all levels and spectrum of war. It provides fairly simple but applicable guidance from tactical aspects for the commander in the battlefield for waging war to strategic deliberations in the council chambers as to whether or not to wage war.( Cook,99) The principles that lie buried in the text of The Art of War have been used successfully in countless battles throughout time. Speed was an essential facet in the victories of Genghis Khan and his Mongolian horde. Controlling their enemies by the skillful use of alliances allowed the Romans to expand and maintain their empire. Secrecy and deception were used in major World War II battles, both by the Japanese in their attack on Pearl Harbor and by the Allies to mislead the Germans about the exact location of their invasion of France. The use of intelligence was critical to American success in the Cuban missile crisis. The Viet Cong lived by the rule of avoiding strength and attacking...
Words: 702 - Pages: 3
...Bin Laden did strongly believe in waging "economic terrorism" and was very successful at it. His high threat status cost the United States a lot of money. The day of 9/11 was very tragic that it startled the United States and lead to the decline of the economy. Due to the attack, policies were created along with a whole new department of Homeland Security that cost us trillions of dollars yet, it did end there. People began saying it was the U.S. fault that they brought it upon themselves by overreacting to Bin Laden as such a high threat. Critics say Bin Laden was not the entire reason for all that money spent, but the way we reacted towards it. The Iraq war was a major cause of America's economic decline. Waging the war cost nearly 3 trillion dollars; this was all money the United States did not have, which is why the deficits highly increased. In part this is true because Bin Laden was not looking to kill people, but kill our economy. This is can be proven from the many reports found that say Bin Laden never had any weapons of mass destruction. The only thing Bin Laden was going after was our economy. According to him, this was a better plan than simple attacks. Once again, this idea is reinforced in his ways of comparing Russia to the United States economically. In conclusion, Bin Laden was quite successful in ruining our economy. He knew that United States being the superpower it is, would have reacted the way it did, causing such a huge...
Words: 270 - Pages: 2
...I & I L Capstone: War and Culture Abstract Statement Although culture is a key topic in the purview of theoretical discussions, the concept of war and culture is a new notion that has not been engaged by many analysts. Indeed Adrian Lewis underscores the importance of war and culture in "The American Culture of War in the Age of Artificial Limited War" when he posits that culture decisively influences the way nation-states conduct war (Lewis 226). This work aims to shift focus from the traditional focus on culture as a method of analysis and instead examine various commentary on the military and its application as a form of cultural activity. America's Self-Imposed Cultural Attitude Towards War There have been widespread calls to consider the normative cultural interpretations of war. Most notably, the works of Adrian Lewis as demonstrated in his treatise The American Culture of War, are a classic pointer of the dynamic and contested nature that culture assumes in the interpretation of war. Lewis poignantly articulates the need to apply such cultural interpretations in a deterministic fashion (Lewis 225). In writing The American Culture of War, Lewis depicts war as a systematic orchestrated phenomenon, which in essence is a prolongation of culture through other techniques (Lewis 227). To prove this argument Lewis presents two cardinal subjects. First he provides an explicit analysis of the transformations that America has undergone since...
Words: 2206 - Pages: 9
...justly a moral criminal for fighting in a war that is either illegal or unjust? This question is at the centre of a new debate that pits a widely held and legally embedded principle of war, that soldiers have equal rights and responsibilities regardless of whether they are on the ‘side of the just’ or not, against a set of unusual new arguments (Rodin and Shue, 2008). Most Americans see the attacks of 9/11 as an unprecedented act of terrorism. Issues related to the response to these attacks have convinced many observers that the current international law regime is an outmoded relic. In particular, they say, the tradition of a just war, which provides the moral basis for most aspects of international law concerning war, stands in need of major revision. The just war is a largely Christian philosophy that attempts to reconcile three things: • taking human life is seriously wrong • states have a duty to defend their citizens, and defend justice • protecting innocent human life and defending important moral values sometimes requires willingness to use force and violence The theory specifies conditions for judging if it is just to go to war, and conditions for how the war should be fought. Although it was extensively developed by Christian theologians, it can be used by people of every faith and none (Rodin and Shue, 2008). A utilitarian approach is “the greatest good for the greatest number.” This can be applied to the theory of “just war.” For utilitarian the end justifies...
Words: 1614 - Pages: 7
...History of Sun Zi Art of War The Art of War or “Sun Wu’s Military Science” is a Chinese military treatise written by Sun Tzu during the spring and autumn period in the 6th century BC. The book is composed of 13 chapters, with the first chapter "laying plans" as the principal line. It consists of laying plans, waging war, strategic attack, disposition of the army, forces, weakness and strengths, military manoeuvres, variations and adaptability, movement and deployment of troops, terrain, the nine battlegrounds, attacking with fire, and lastly, intelligence and espionage. Sun Zi Art of War is one of the oldest and successful books on military strategy. It presents a philosophy of war in managing conflicts ad winning battles. Its strategies and philosophical thoughts stated have been widely practiced and used in all fields such as military affairs, politics and economics especially in the business nowadays. The Art of War was translated into the French language in the year of 1772 by French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. It was then translated into English by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in the year of 1905. It has influenced military leaders such as Napoleon Bonarpate, Mao Zedong, Vo Nguyen Giap and General Douglas MacArthur.(The Art of War - Chinese Ancient Military Treatise, n.d.) During the Sengoku era in Japan, a Samurai named Takeda Shingen is said to have become nearly invincible in battle without relying on guns.(as cited in Shawn Conners, Lionel Giles...
Words: 258 - Pages: 2
...Timothy Orr 3 March 2015 Attack and Die Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage This was a intriguing book, the authors offer a different version of the severe loss of life suffered by the Confederacy States of American during the Civil War. The authors pull social and cultural elements together with military history to create their central thesis: the Southern military leadership failed to recognize new tactics and technological advances and willingly threw away men’s lives due to their Celtic heritage. If the South had adopted a more defensive posture, it very well could have weathered the storm of assaults by the Union, but the leadership of Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee prevented this because they desired to wage an aggressive war. The book is broken down into different sections, the book begins by comparing Union and Southern losses in battles which major assaults took place and field works. The numbers are very telling, as Southern forces time and again take heavy losses by waging an aggressive war. Union commanders more easily recognized the change in warfare due to technology and more readily adapted; which leads into the part of the book, which discusses at length the reasons for the belief in aggressive tactics. The Mexican war had a profound effect on the thinking of the soldiers who fought in it, and these lessons were remembered and reinforced in the period leading up to the Civil War. The final chapters of the book discuss the cultural...
Words: 1845 - Pages: 8
...Vietnamese (Document 3). The principle of the war was for Vietnam to decide between two types governments; Democracy or Communism. In the duration of the war, seventeen of the twenty years was fought by averse Americans. Yet, due to the insistence of the Executive Branch and the policy of Containment, the United States was conscripted into the war. This greatly impacted American foreign policy, and furthermore, the American society.United States involvement in the Vietnam War was based mostly on government insistence. United States President, Harry Truman, in his address to Congress about his Doctrine, claimed that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed...
Words: 546 - Pages: 3
...Jus ad bellum[edit] Main article: Jus ad bellum Just cause The reason for going to war needs to be just and cannot therefore be solely for recapturing things taken or punishing people who have done wrong; innocent life must be in imminent danger and intervention must be to protect life. A contemporary view of just cause was expressed in 1993 when the US Catholic Conference said: "Force may be used only to correct a grave, public evil, i.e., aggression or massive violation of the basic human rights of whole populations." Comparative justice While there may be rights and wrongs on all sides of a conflict, to overcome the presumption against the use of force, the injustice suffered by one party must significantly outweigh that suffered by the other. Some theorists such as Brian Orend omit this term, seeing it as fertile ground for exploitation by bellicose regimes. Competent authority Only duly constituted public authorities may wage war. "A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions of justice. Dictatorships (e.g. Hitler's Regime) or deceptive military actions (e.g. the 1968 US bombing of Cambodia) are typically considered as violations of this criterion. The importance of this condition is key. Plainly, we cannot have a genuine process of judging a just war within a system that represses the process of genuine justice. A just war must be initiated by a political authority within a political system that allows distinctions...
Words: 720 - Pages: 3
