...The War of Independence Today, July 4th is seen as Independence Day, a day of feast and celebration. But in the 1700’s it was no definitely no celebration. The American Revolution was the revoke the thirteen colonies had made against Britain leading to the war. Although Britain had control over the colonies they took advantage of their power by passing new laws and enforcing tax on almost everything, the colonies were outraged and then revolted these were some of the many causes that lead to the war. The three main causes of the War of Independence were the Stamp Act, the Boston Massacre, and the Quebec Act because they made the colonists angry at Britain. To start off, one of the main causes of the War of Independence was the Quebec Act because it expanded Quebec’s borders and allowed the free practice of the Catholic faith making the colonist angry as a unity (Hickman). The thirteen colonies were furious at the fact that Britain was helping Quebec by giving them the Aboriginal land that was considered theirs (Browns). Not only did this make the colonists mad but they felt betrayed, many people believed the land should be theirs because they were there first and thought it was really unfair (Elementary). Not only this but, many colonists thought it was unfair that there was no elected assembly for Quebec and their French speaking language (Elementary). The colonist couldn’t believe that the French still lost against Britain but were given all these privileges. The French...
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...War of Independence or a Revolution? It should be understood that without understanding the causes, course, and consequences of the American Revolution, one cannot grasp the history of the United State. The American Revolution was the political commotion during the end of the eighteenth century. The thirteen North American colonies united to break free of the British Empire and become a new nation; The United State of America. A revolution can be defined as, the change in power or the constitution stirring in a relatively short period of time. Aristotle described revolution as complete change from one constitution to another (Sinclair 190). And this is precisely what happened two centuries ago in the United State. But the question needed to be answered is, was the American War of Independence really a war for independence or a revolution? The American War of Independence (1775–1783) was a climax in the political American Revolution rather than just a war for independence, ideologically influenced by the Enlightenment philosophers and writers of the Great Britain. Benjamin Rush remarked in 1787, "The American war is over, but this is far from being the case with the American Revolution. On the contrary, nothing but the first act of the great drama is closed." 2 This drama staged in the Pennsylvania State House in summer of 1776 remains the only most important chapter in the archives of American Revolution. Although, the political atmosphere in France...
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...Begum hazrat mahal The First War of Independence (1857-58) was the first general widespread uprising against the rule of the British East India Company. The Doctrine of Lapse, issue of cartridges greased with animal fat to Indian soldiers, introduction of British system of education and a number of social reforms had infuriated a very wide section of the Indian people, who rose in revolt at a number of places all over India. The East India Company was brought under the direct rule of the British Crown as a result of this uprising. Of the very large number of freedom fighters, who led the struggle, four are being commemorated through the present series, which is a part of the larger series on India's Struggle for Freedom. Wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Hazrat Mahal was also known as the Begum of Avadh. In addition to being gifted with irresistible physical charm, she had an inborn genius for organization and command. After her husband had been sent away in exile to Calcutta, she with the cooperation of a zealous band of supporters, like Sarafad-daulah, Maharaj Bal Krishna, Raja Jai Lal and above all Mammon Khan worked incessantly to revive the fortunes of Avadh. She seized control of Lucknow in association with the revolutionary forces and set up her son, Prince Birjis Qadr, as the King of Avadh. Hazrat Mahal worked in association with Nana Saheb but later escaped from Lucknow and joined the Maulvi of Faizabad in the...
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...The Latin American wars of independence were notably conducive to the decline of the Spanish Empire however, the decline can not be attributed singularly to the Latin American wars of Independence as there were other subsidiary factors involved. The Latin American wars of independence were a series of revolutions within South America causing Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Haiti and Columbia to become independent countries. These wars drained the Spanish Empire’s resources, enforcing its decline in the early 19th century. Prior to the wars of independence, poor economic conditions, the destruction of the Spanish Armada, as well as an imperialistic overstretch between territories, resulted in contributing to the downfall of the Spanish Empire. Colonial mismanagement in the Spanish Empire acted as a precluding catalyst in causing the Latin American wars of Independence, thus contributing to the fall of the Spanish Empire. The Latin American wars of Independence, whilst an influential factor in the decline of the Spanish Empire, were not the sole determinant in causing the downfall of the Spanish Empire. The Latin American wars of independence contributed to the fall of the Spanish Empire to a considerable extent, being the final element amongst other collective factors which ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Spanish Empire. During the 17th century, there were many indications of Spain’s erosion of power; the collapse of the empire...
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...War of 1812 was American’s Second War for Independence, this fight was between Great Britain and the United States. The Conflict began in 1812 and ended early in 1815. The war was caused by British impressment of sailors, the British seizure of neutral American trading ships, stopping American ship and forced them to work on British ships. James Madison was president during this war, he was the one who protect American ship and stop the British from capturing United State sailors. The British limited with the American trade because they thought this war can be harmful with France. Britain was inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans. British wanted to set up an Indian state in the Midwest in order to maintain their influence on its Native American allies in the region. This allowed the United States to seizure the northwest posts, Florida and Canada. In the United States House of Representatives, a group of young men known as the "War Hawks", led by Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. The War Hawks argued for war in congress War Hawks wanted British to instigating Native Americans on the frontier to attack American settlements, so they wanted the British out of...
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... Was the American War for Independence inevitable? As is well known, the American War for Independence was a first modern revolution as well as a precedent that people fought for their liberty. In my opinion, I feel the American War was inevitable because they have the unavoidable contradiction between Britain about the distance and tax; as the ideology, enlightenment also gave American a strong support. Distance was a spark to set the fire of American Independence Revolution. Due to the 3000 miles far distance, Great Britain cannot control its American colonies efficiently. Additionally, the most of colonists felt dissatisfied with the Parliament. Tax was second major factor which led America into the independence war. In Britain's perspective, the existence of colonies only meant benefit. The Britain used America to their raw material bases. They bought cheapest goods from colonies and sold the unsalable goods to them to earn more money. In order to pay back the high debt, British Parliament imposed several taxes to the colonies, such as Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act and Townshend Act which outraged the American because Britain taxed colonies without any representation in the Parliament. In other words, colonists were not only be taken money and also their own rights. All of them were controlled by Britain. In that situation, It was normally cause a war. Furthermore, the enlightenment from several ideologists gave American Independence War a strong support. Common...
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...The debate about political violence and nonviolence is a major theme in the discussion about the struggle for independence in Northern Ireland. This conflict is dramatized in the two films in context in the form of the Ireland Republic army (IRA) where two main characters are portrayed as a protagonist and an antagonist to bring out the theme in the films. The Wind that Shakes the Barley is a film featured in the nineteenth century, by Ken Loach. Basing its storyline between the years 1920 and 1922, the film is founded on historical events. The film also employs a fictional cast of characters drawn from experiences of real-life participants. The rebellion involved between the Irish people and the British remains a painful event in the books of history, but that has not prevented it from undergoing intense public discussions. The film involves two characters who join an Irish army to fight for independence. The main themes that are drawn from the film mainly revolve around events related to independence. The film is set in a rural setting. The next film is Michael Collins, by Neil Jordan. This film is more accurate in the way it examines its information compared to the Wind that Shakes the Barley (McLoone 226). It is a historical biopic. The film may in fact base its storyline on an accurate follow up of events, but it contains some historical alterations. Many found the film as a rich representative of the Irish way of life while others found it more of a Hollywood production...
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...Why did the Pro-Treaty side win the Civil War? The Irish Civil War caused many divisions within Irish Society. The Civil War resulted from divisions within the nationalist movement as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Sinn Fein split into pro and anti-Treaty factions. The Civil War ended in May 1923 and while there was no surrender by the anti-Treaty forces, the pro-Treaty side were clearly victorious in the war. In this essay I will look at the reasons why the Pro-Treaty side won the war. In an effort to retain the initiative in the aftermath of the Dail vote in favour of the Treaty, the anti-Treaty IRA occupied the Four Courts and other buildings in Dublin. This was a tactical error by the Irregulars as these buildings were difficult to defend and the Regulars knew exactly where their opponents were. As a result when fighting broke out up to 200 Irregular troops were killed or captured in Dublin. This significantly weakened the anti-Treaty side and contributed to their defeat. The anti-Treaty forces lacked a coherent strategy. They were against the Treaty but different people within the anti-Treaty side were opposing the Treaty for different reasons. DeValera opposed the Treaty because of his opposition to the Oath of Allegiance to the British King. More hard-line republicans opposed the Treaty because of partition. This lack of a coherent strategy contributed to a weakening of the anti-Treaty side and the victory of the Regulars. In contrast the pro-Treaty side had a...
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...What were the consequences of the role of Collins on Anglo-Irish relations 1916-1922? Michael Collins played a key role within the IRA in the Irish war of independence as well as an elected member of Sinn Fein. Many people believe Collins was the best man available for the task in hand of leading Ireland in the quest for independence, ‘One day he'll be a great man. He'll do great work for Ireland’ was a quote from Michael Collins’ father on his deathbed. Collins was first active during the Easter rising of 1916 fighting alongside Patrick Pearse as part of the Irish Republican Brotherhood occupying the General Post Office for several days before surrendering. The rising was a military failure but left a legacy and sense of national pride which Collins was willing to utilise. ‘The greatest result of the rising is the complete and revival of Irish nationality. WE have been...now we have awakened to the knowledge that we really are a separate nation. ‘ That quote is an extract from Moira Reagan’s story in the New York Times, September 1916. I believe the source to be reliable as the story was published in a trustworthy newspaper at the time and the women who told the story lived in the period and understood the mood and patriotism of the Irish population. The majority of the leaders of the rising were executed, many members of the rising joined the nationalist party Sinn Fein and Collins quickly rose through the ranks of the organisation thanks to his intellect and self-confidence...
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...and Arms Procurement for the IRA. Both Valera and Collins are powerful men, and the main conflict of the movie, is the conflict between Valera and Collins. The conflict evolves around, Valera’s perception of Collins. He sees Collins as a threat, to his seat of power, and as Collins power in the film continues to grow, De Valera’s hostility toward Collins do so. In 1916 when Collins where defeated in the Easter rising, he realized that the Irish had to fight another way, if they were to defeat the British. So he starts innovating the fighting style of the armed forces, he isn’t going to play by their “rules” as he says in a conversation with Harry after he is released from prison. Collins changes his way of fighting for the Irish independence, in two ways. He starts the IRA with around a dozen men, that he teaches to fight with tactics similar to the ones used by modern urban guerrilla militias. "you engage the enemy on...
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...Michael Collins: Terrorist or Patriot? By Carlos E. Ayub Excelsior College CJ350 Kevin Henry Michael Collins: Terrorist or Patriot? Michael Collins was a revolutionary Irishman, a patriot and a dissident, a man whose actions are considered by some to be bravely heroic and others as unsettlingly terrorist. Collins orchestrated much of the political and militaristic provocation that led to the violent escalation of the Anglo-Irish war for independence, and eventually was one of the principal supporters and signers of the treaty that lead to the establishment of the Irish Free State and de-escalation of violence in the region. The widespread characterization of Collins as terrorist is principally derived of his actions and association with the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) which later became the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Sinn Fein. Collins significant political and demonstrative participation in the battle for Irish independence began with the former group when he participated as a volunteer during the Easter Uprising, an action planned to foster support for the Irish cause. These actions comprised the first portion of Collins’ life as a dissident and insurgent. It would be his subsequent involvement in Sinn Fein that would characterize him as a terrorist. Collins participated financially and by procuring weapons to help the organization’s efforts at rebellion. Though these actions alone are not enough to characterize...
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...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (May 19, 1881 – November 10, 1938) was an army officer, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in the Ottoman city of Salonika in the spring of 1881.He graduated from the War Academy on January 11, 1905.Mustafa Kemal established himself as an intelligent and extremely capable military commander while serving as a division commander at the Battle of Gallipoli. He later fought with distinction on the eastern Anatolian and Palestinian fronts, making a name for himself during World War I. Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish national movement in what would become the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Entente powers. His successful military campaigns led to the liberation of the country and to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. The purpose of this paper is to examine to extent to which Mustafa Kemal was an effective military leader. Leadership behavior; The study of the actions, or behaviors, that define a leader is known as behavioral leadership. First developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964, this theoretical approach to understanding leaders creates categories of styles, which are aligned with the actions the leader may take, or the methods they use to reach their goals. In the following paragraphs, I will give a example of Mustafa Kemal’s leadership behavior. Mustafa...
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...Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (May 19, 1881 – November 10, 1938) was an army officer, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in the Ottoman city of Salonika in the spring of 1881.He graduated from the War Academy on January 11, 1905.Mustafa Kemal established himself as an intelligent and extremely capable military commander while serving as a division commander at the Battle of Gallipoli. He later fought with distinction on the eastern Anatolian and Palestinian fronts, making a name for himself during World War I. Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish national movement in what would become the Turkish War of Independence. Having established a provisional government in Ankara, he defeated the forces sent by the Entente powers. His successful military campaigns led to the liberation of the country and to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. The purpose of this paper is to examine to extent to which Mustafa Kemal was an effective military leader. Leadership behavior; The study of the actions, or behaviors, that define a leader is known as behavioral leadership. First developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1964, this theoretical approach to understanding leaders creates categories of styles, which are aligned with the actions the leader may take, or the methods they use to reach their goals. In the following paragraphs, I will give a example of Mustafa Kemal’s leadership behavior. Mustafa...
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...Robert I, the Bruce Born on July 11, 1274, at Turnberry Castle in Ayrshire Scotland, Robert Bruce also known as Robert the Bruce is known as Scotland’s greatest hero. Yet, the movie Brave Heart would have you think William Wallace takes that title, making Bruce out to be nothing more than a self-serving opportunist. History however, shows us that Robert Bruce was the patient and cunning leader that Scotland needed to face the King of England Edward I, and later his son Edward II, to win Scottish independence from England. Family Background Robert’s father was known as Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale, descendent of David I with a distant connection to Scottish royalty. His mother was Marjory Countess of Carrick a lady of Gaelic decent. Robert the Bruce was married to Isabella of Mar in 1295 and later Elizabeth de Burgh in 1302. He fathered five legitimate children and several bastard children between the two marriages. Early life of Robert the Bruce The struggle for control of Scotland began in 1286 when Alexander III died leaving his infant grandchild Margaret to rule. In 1292, John Balliol was selected by some Scottish auditors to be King of Scotland. This caused a dispute on who should rule and King Edward I of England was asked to settle the dispute. John Balliol was Robert the Bruce’s rival to the throne. In 1292, at the age of 18, Robert the Bruce and his father pledged loyalty to Edward I at Berwick upon Tweed. Robert the Bruce’s lands and titles in...
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...as a possible medium to portray history. Even if a film were an accurate depiction of past events, it would not be recognized by any historian to be legitimate. However, nowadays almost all major journals publish reviews, analysis, and essays on film and is recognized as valid. Mel Gibson’s 1999 film Braveheart is a clear example of why historians never accepted film. Although it won 5 Oscars, the film has been classified as one of the worst medieval movies (by historical accuracy). From the introductory opening scenes, to the end credits, the film fails miserably to represent the life and times of William Wallace and makes up stories to better fit a Hollywood audience. In this essay, I will examine the historical facts of the 13th century war between Scotland and England, and the way it was portrayed in Braveheart. Directed and starred by Mel Gibson, Braveheart was seen as a huge success. The film was about a man named William Wallace. Wallace was a commoner and landowner in 13th century Scotland. He led the Scottish rebellion against the English to get back the freedom and sovereignty Scotland deserved. He was knighted and titled “Guardian” of Scotland after a victory in the battle of Sterling Bridge. After losing the Battle of Falkirk, Wallace’s rebellion plummeted and he was later captured and executed for high treason by King Edward I. These are the very few facts the film actually illustrated correctly. The rest of the film was either fantasy, skewed facts, or simply made...
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