...Policy Analysis II Lotina Kelley University of Phoenix CJA 464 Dec 3 2014 Theresa Cruz Policy Analysis II Police and corrections are two important components of the criminal justice system. They are involved in the public policy on a daily basis. Team “A” chose to research police and correction policies and describe how these policies affect the operations and decision-making process. According to Welsh and Harris, policies are described as “a rule or set of rules or guidelines for how to make a decision”; a program as “a set of services aimed at achieving specific goals and objectives within specified individuals, groups, organizations, or communities”; and a project as “a time-limited set of services provided to particular individuals, groups, organizations or communities, usually focused on a single need, problem or issue. (Harris & Welsh, 1999, p. 357).” Police and corrections policies will be summarized while analyzing their implications for the criminal justice system including the potential effectiveness and limitations. War on Drugs Policy The United States “War on Drugs” policy is thought to be one of the harshest policies around the world since implemented in the early 1980s (Winterbourne, 2012). Research suggest The war on drugs “creates problems for broken families, increased poverty, racial disparities, and wasted tax dollars, prison overcrowding and eroded civil liberties” (We are Drug Policy Alliance, 2014). Former President Richard Nixon and...
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...of universal drug liberalization as an emerging phenomenon RWaterhouse Globalization & The War on Drugs: Assessing alternatives to criminalization The purpose of this paper is to address universal drug liberalization as a feasible alternative to the current drug control regime specifically in North America and potentially applicable elsewhere. With an in depth analysis of the historical regulation, implementation of law, and resulting consequences we will be able to see how nations are effected by complex drug politics and why there has been a global paradigm shift in looking spiritedly at the ideal of decriminalization. I argue in favor of liberalization by bringing to attention the violence associated with the commodification of illegal drugs, what the re-directed costs of control could mean for domestic investment into proactive drug awareness education, and finally recognizing Portugal’s success and weaknesses in the adoption of a compete legalization agenda. Following will be a discussion of concluding thoughts centered on the efficacy and feasibility of universal liberalization in today’s globalized world. Historical Context Libertarianism has almost always had position in political discourse but has been majorly popularized through public attention within the era of globalization. (article) Control of drug consumption has always been a contemporary ingredient in the political reform of Canada and the America’s and as we see many wars come and go,...
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...War on drugs and prison overcrowding Analysis Kevin Jackson CJA/454 March 02, 2016 Professor: Charles Davis War on drugs and prison overcrowding Analysis In this essay, I will discuss the crowding effect the war on drugs has had on correctional organizations in the state of Virginia. I will also propose three workable solutions to the situation while substantiating my solutions with appropriate facts and figures. To understand and comprehend the natural of this essay I will define what this article means when we talk about the war on drugs. War on Drug – Is defined as a series of actions tending toward a prohibition of illegal drug trade. It is a campaign adopted by the U.S. Government along with the foreign military aid, and military intervention to both define and end the import, manufacture, sale, and use of illegal drugs (Definitions_Uslegal 2016). The war on drugs has been a virtual disappointment throughout the United States since it was adopted in 1971 by then President Ronald Reagan with his anti wife slogan "Just say No" campaign. Since the war on drugs have been introducing the only job that it has accomplished is the increase in our prison system. In the state of Virginia alone from 2002 to 2011 drug offense arrest rate increase from 346.1 to 455.0 which is an average of 31.5% increase (Bradford 2013). This incredible inclined can be contributed to a greater number of arrest for drug violations but what this is doing is costing Virginia taxpayer money...
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...War on drugs and prison overcrowding Analysis Kevin Jackson CJA/454 March 02, 2016 Professor: Charles Davis War on drugs and prison overcrowding Analysis In this essay, I will discuss the crowding effect the war on drugs has had on correctional organizations in the state of Virginia. I will also propose three workable solutions to the situation while substantiating my solutions with appropriate facts and figures. To understand and comprehend the natural of this essay I will define what this article means when we talk about the war on drugs. War on Drug – Is defined as a series of actions tending toward a prohibition of illegal drug trade. It is a campaign adopted by the U.S. Government along with the foreign military aid, and military intervention to both define and end the import, manufacture, sale, and use of illegal drugs (Definitions_Uslegal 2016). The war on drugs has been a virtual disappointment throughout the United States since it was adopted in 1971 by then President Ronald Reagan with his anti wife slogan "Just say No" campaign. Since the war on drugs have been introducing the only job that it has accomplished is the increase in our prison system. In the state of Virginia alone from 2002 to 2011 drug offense arrest rate increase from 346.1 to 455.0 which is an average of 31.5% increase (Bradford 2013). This incredible inclined can be contributed to a greater number of arrest for drug violations but what this is doing is costing Virginia taxpayer money...
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...A Brief Analysis: The Historic Drug Store William Murphy Lakewood College Abstract This paper explores the article, “The Historic Drugstore,” published by the William A. Soderland, Sr. Pharmacy Museum, sponsored by Soderlund Village Drug that examines the evolution of the American drug store with particular emphasis on the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The pharmacy museum is located at Soderlund Village Drug in downtown St. Peter, Minnesota and provides a unique perspective about the history of the drug store. A Brief Analysis: The Historic Drug Store The drug store, as we know it today, is quite uniquely an American concept. According to Soderlund Village Drug (2004), beyond offering traditional pharmaceutical goods, drug stores were a driving force for community action, social gastronomies and related human interactions. Explained in great detail by Joseph Fink (2012), during the early 1800's a group of concerned Philadelphia based apothecaries met to discuss the declining trade environment and ways to enhance scientific standards to protect public safety and welfare, as well as to provide improved competency levels of training for apprentices and students within the industry. The result of this meeting was the establishment of the first college to train pharmacists in the United States known as the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and a prescient foretelling of changes to come. There are two main contenders in the first drugstore in America game. The first claim is...
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...“The House I Live In” is to emphasize reasons why the war on drugs will never end despite the attention that is drawn towards it for political agenda. Ultimately, the war on drugs in the United States is less concerned with the elimination of drugs in order to protect people from its detrimental effects and is used as a tool in order to get politicians elected. Unfortunately, the consequences of these actions hurt people more than it helps. These political actions manly impact poor drug addicts, who are likely to become incarcerated for drug use. An additional reason for the ongoing war on drugs without any apparent improvement is the fact that law enforcement agencies receive greater amounts of compensation for these drug related arrests. These efforts are also linked to business in the country as well; the more criminals that are caught for drug related crimes, the more business that companies that produce police weapons and tools will make. Since these companies hold power, they will send lobbyists to local politicians to ensure that law enforcement policies remain static. The trailer calls the drug war a “holocaust in slow motion”. This is a valid analysis because when thousands of the nation’s poor are sent to jail for drug use, families are ripped apart and become unable to support themselves. It is therefore essential to reconsider the war on drugs in the United States and consider the benefits that legalizing drugs would allow. Many states have already legalized marijuana...
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...Anti-Drug legislation Analysis Joe Lamb CJA/354 May 21, 2012 Lora Terrill Anti-Drug legislation Analysis The topic of paper will focus on the numerous anti-drug policies created by federal and state legislation. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between the various states will be compared with federal policy. An analysis will further be provided regarding the legalization or decriminalization of the drug marijuana and the possible impact legalizing drugs like marijuana could have on the federal, state, and local law enforcement, corrections, and society. In 1875, San Francisco was the first state to enact a ban that prohibited individuals from smoking opium. Unfortunately, the Act targeted mainly Chinese immigrants but was a leading factor to the creation of future antidrug laws. In 1914 the Harrison Act came into effect which required all medical professionals dealing in morphine, opium, and other substances to register with the federal government and pay an annual tax of one dollar. Any individual not registered and who were caught trafficking drugs could be punished with a fine of not more than two thousand dollars and serve up to five years in prison. Before the Heroin Maintenance Act was put into effect in 1920, individuals addicted to drugs could be treated at a clinic with medially prescribed Heroin. Studies conducted over time proved that the use of heroin to treat substance abuse was only causing further damage by prolonging one's addiction and delaying...
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...Combating the Modern Day Drug Problem Deleasa Bell CRJ.362.01.2138 Drugs & Drug Abuse Arthur Acosta May 26, 2015 Is there a drug problem in our society? You bet there is. Are we winning the so call “War on Drugs”? No we are not winning the so called “War on Drugs”. Should something be done to combat the drug problem that exists in our society? You bet something should definitely be done. In addition to outlining the drug problem in society, this proposal will contrast supply side and demand side as it is related to our society’s drug problem and how we can win the “War on Drugs. The illegal use of drugs and the nonmedical use of prescription medications are increasing, and this is largely driven by an increased rate of marijuana use, a survey shows. The survey on drug use was released by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which included about 67,500 people in the U.S. aged 12 and up?Continue reading below... * More young adults aged 18 to 25 are using illicit drugs, up from 19.6% in 2008 to 21.5% in 2010. * Rates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs, hallucinogens, and inhalants are around the same as in 2009. There were some signs of hope in this survey: * The number of current methamphetamine users decreased by roughly half from 2006 to 2010. * Cocaine use also declined, from...
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...United States Drug Policy on Mexico and Colombia Drugs are not new to this Earth. Mankind has grown and consumed drugs for millennia. Marijuana, or more appropriately Cannabis, is indigenous to Central and South Asia, and has been consumed widely since 3000 B.C.E. (ElSohly 8). In more recent times (1938), Albert Hoffman synthesized Lysergic acid diethylamide, more commonly known as LSD, while searching for treatments for psychiatric diseases (Hoffman). Initially, many drugs were used in religious/spiritual functions. In several instances, the strong fibers of the Cannabis plant were used for building, much like jute, and the narcotic aspects of the plants were not even explored (ElSohly 8). However, today, drugs are frequently used recreationally, and as a result are highly profitable commodities. It is common knowledge that across the world, the vast majority of drugs are illegal or are restricted in some way. Almost nightly, proponents for the legalization of drugs, decriminalization of certain drugs, and the continued ban on drugs debate their positions through the media. This debate is a hot button issue that is almost entirely centered upon the views and policies of the world’s largest drug consumer, the United States of America (CIA Factbook). Governments and the media very often focus on drug consumption trends and drug flow into the United States, while largely ignoring Latin American perspectives and impacts on Latin America. Though drug production and drug use are major...
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...America's War on Drugs: Policy and Problems In this paper I will evaluate America's War on Drugs. More specifically, I will outline our nation's general drug history and look critically at how Congress has influenced our current ineffective drug policy. Through this analysis I hope to show that drug prohibition policies in the United States, for the most part, have failed. Additionally, I will highlight and evaluate the influences acting on individual legislators' decisions to continue support for these ineffective policies as a more general demonstration of Congress' role in the formation of our nation's drug policy strategy. Finally, I will conclude this analysis by outlining the changes I feel necessary for future progress to be made. Primary among these changes are a general promotion of drug education and the elimination of our current system's many de-legitimating hypocrisies. However, before the specific outcomes of Congressional influence and policy impact can be evaluated it becomes important to first review the general history and current situation of drugs today. Our present drug laws were first enacted at the beginning of the century. At the time, recreational use of narcotics was not a major social issue. The first regulatory legislation was for the purpose of standardizing the manufacturing and purity of pharmaceutical products. Shortly after, the first criminal laws were enacted which addressed opium products and cocaine. Although some states had prohibited...
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...“Planning Process through Safety Analysis and Accident Prevention to reduce losses in the course of Asset Protection” Whenever we are relating to the issue of Safety Analysis and Accident Prevention in Trinidad and Tobago, we must communicate with OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health in Trinidad and Tobago has been administered since 1948 thru the Factories Ordinance 1948 and was amended in 1952. In 1973, Trinidad and Tobago examined a number of drafts to be amended and reviewed the health and safety law. In 2004, the Occupational Safety and Health Act was assented to, and on February 17, 2006 OSHA came into effect, it covers all aspects of work undertaken in an industrial establishment; however, it excludes coverage to residential premises, it also retracted numerously outdated legislation for instance the employment of women but, more in particularly the Factories Ordinance. Asset protection can be defined as the concept of strategies to be used for guarding one's wealth. It is a type of planning intended to protect one's assets, (www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asset-protection). In the 18th century employers didn’t realize the value of providing safe environments for their employers until World War 1&2, where the connection between quality and safety was discovered. Labour shortages resulted from the war, due to the number of people leaving to go fight for their country as some would say ‘performing their patriotic duty.’ As a result, employers could not afford to lose...
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...not correlated with crime rate changes. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HSP/is_1_3/ai_66678533/) Criminal activities among Americans are on a constant rise compared to other parts of the world, leading to overcrowding in prisons. The contributing factor to this notion could be strict punishments for minor crimes, some pertaining to racial profiling. According to Hernandez (March-April 2009), African Americans represent nearly half of the prison population. The “war on drugs” has made a significant impact on the prison population, particularly within the African American communities. The war on drugs is aimed at reducing the supply and demand for drugs within the United States. The program focuses on stricter punishments for those who deal drugs and for those who use them. According to research conducted by Shaw (2000), African-Americans account for about 14 percent of the nation's drug users, yet they make up 35 percent of those arrested for drug possession, 55 percent of those convicted for drug possession, and 74 percent of those sentenced to serve time. To prevent overcrowding in prison, non violent...
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...Kathryn Shelby Wells Professor Barry Berger Drugs, Society, and Behavior December 12, 2013 Is there an addictive personality? Is there such thing as an addictive personality, and if so, why are some people more prone to becoming “addicts” while others are not? This question was something that interested me when I saw that the topic was available to talk about. Being an addict or becoming an addict to something, for instance, drugs can consume someone’s life. This subject is very puzzling in the medical world. Being an addict means that a person is “reliant on a substance or behavior that the individual has little power to resist (NIDA).” If a person has an already predisposed personality to becoming addicted to something, then that addiction can consume the person’s actions and every thought. An addictive personality is referred to as a particular set of personality traits that can make an individual predisposed to addictions. Two types of addictions are substance-abuse addictions and behavioral-based addictions. In substance abuse addictions, dopamine is released in the brain due to the usage of the drug. This causes a range of sensations to happen, producing a euphoric event, making the addict to feel this sensation again, leading to drug abuse. It creates a compulsive need for the drug and craving the drug badly that when the drug isn’t administered could lead to withdrawals. On the other hand, the behavioral addictions are similar to the substance abuse addictions...
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...which would increase terror and corruption in two countries. Many Colombians and Americans would say no. Even though killing Pablo Escobar did not reduce the output of cocaine being imported into the U.S. and around the world. Many Colombians felt as if his death ended the narco-terror which paralyzed Colombia for almost fifteen years, but some Colombians believe that his good justified the means of his brutality. In the early 1970’s the United States started a campaign called the War on Drugs, President Richard Nixon declared “drug abuse enemy number one’ in 1971. Why did Richard Nixon take a hard line look at drugs with the Vietnam War taken place? Was it because, he looked at drugs as symbols of rebellion, political strife, and or social upheaval? Who knows what President Nixon’s reasoning for this new policy? After this policy was established earlier in the decade; there was a drug renaissance about a certain white powder, which would change the course of the United States forever. This drug renaissance came along with the perception that it was cool to use after seeing many celebrities such as Steven Tyler from the Rock band Aerosmith, who said he “spent 20 million dollars on cocaine in the 70’s and 80’s. (Tyler 50)” This...
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...individuals, but these institutions' level of accomplishment is askew. The financial burden attached to the building, maintaining, and staffing of prisons constantly plagues the penal system. During the late 1960s, New York built prisons at a price of $2 million each. Since then, prices have risen dramatically. In 1990, each prisoner required $15,496 to support (“Bureau of Justice Statistics”). A prison containing 2,000 inmates amounts to over $31 million to operate on an annual basis. The United States spends an estimated $60 billion each year on corrections (Prisons in the United States). The operation price is synonymous with the level of security, ranging from the supermax, containing serial killers, to the minimum security, containing drug offenders. Violence is not confined to outside prison walls. In 2005 alone, federal and state prisons reported 885 incidents of sexual violence. Of the aforementioned incidents, 38% were between an inmate and a staff member (“Bureau of Justice Statistics”). The constant fear of attack can lead a prisoner to experience serious mental problems. Inmates can suffer from indigestion, constipation, and headaches as some of the psycho-physiological effects. The constant psychological stress can impair the individual physically. These people can suffer...
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