...STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE Troposphere | Closest to the earth and most weather happens here. Temperature drops as you go higher. Wind speeds increase. Most unstable layer. End of the sphere is marked by the tropoPAUSE- an isothermal layer where temp remains constant. | Stratosphere | Steady increase in temperature. Marked by the STRATOPAUSE. Atmosphere is thinner here. | Mesosphere | Temperature decreases to -90. No water vapour or dust to absorb radiation. Very strong winds at 3000 km/hr. MESOPAUSE | Thermosphere | Increase in temperature from the absorption of UV radiation | Greatest amount of energy coming into the atmosphere is from insolation (short wave solar radiation). The amount of this energy from the sun is determined by: *Solar constant- varies slightly & affects longer term climate rather than short term *Distance from the sun- Earth’s orbit around sun can cause variation in distant *Altitude of the sun in the sky- equator receives more energy as rays are head on. At 60 degrees N or S its at an angle so there’s twice the area to heat up & more atmosphere to pass through *Length of the day & night Some radiation is absorbed by ozone, water vapour, co2, ice particles, and dust reduce the amount reaching Earth. & clouds also reflect radiation back! ALBEDO is the ratio between the amount of incoming and reflected radiation. (Usually at 4%) Short wave radiation is converted to heat and heats the surface of earth, while longer...
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...different cities or states, you can change your oil at home in just about the same time as a quickie- lube shop. Changing your own oil requires a few tools, and they are common tools so once you buy them they will generally last for years. Let us look at those tools now (pictures on separate page): * You’ll need an oil filter * You’ll also want the proper oil for your car – check the owner’s manual for the right weights and types * A funnel * A Oil Filter Wrench * A Basic socket set * Safety Glasses * Oil Catch Container * Car Jack * A safe, secure set of blocks or wheel ramps so you can get beneath your car. Once you have all the right tools ready, it’s time to begin. Step 1: Warm It Up You will want to warm up the car by running it for about ten minutes, then shutting it off this will make the sludge will move out of the engine easier. Step 2: Drain Oil After the car is raised for easier access, and the parking brake is set for your own safety, you can remove the old oil. Place the container under the oil drain plug and loosen its bolt with your wrench, and remove the plug. Be careful to your body out of the way of the hot oil. It should take no more than ten minutes to drain the old oil completely. Step 3: Screw the Oil Plug back in (Vital Step) It’s easier to forget this step than you think. Put the plug bolt back in the pan with your wrench. Step 4:Remove Filter Remove the old oil filter and replace it with...
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...CLOUDS AND WEATHER Clouds * A cloud is visible aggregate of small water droplets and/or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere and can exist in a different of shapes and sizes. The droplets are so small and light that they can float in the air. * Some clouds are accompanied by precipitation in the form of rain, snow, hail, sleet, and even freezing rain. BASIC FORMS OF CLOUDS Clouds are classified based on their appearance and height 1. Cirrus – characterized by high, white, thin and wispy fibers similar to a feathery appearance. 2. Cumulus – consists of globular individual cloud masses. It is similar to a cauliflower structure. 3. Stratus – best describes as sheets or layer covering much or all the sky. LEVELS OF CLOUDS 1. High Clouds – this above 6000 meters a) Cirrus -> thin and delicate and appear as book filaments sometimes called “mares tales.” b) Cirrocumulus-> consist of fluffy matters. c) Cirrostratus -> appear as flat layer. 2. Middle Clouds – have a prefix also part of their name ranging from 2000-6000 meters. a) Altocumulus-> composed of globular masses compared to cirrocumulus which are larger and denser. b) Altostratus-> produce a uniform white to grayish sheet covering the sky with the sum or moon visible as a bright spot. 3. Low Clouds – have a prefix alto part of their name ranging from 2000-6000 meters. a) Stratus-> are uniform fog like layer of clouds that commonly covers much of the sky. ...
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...On a warm summer day in Texas, a little tornado was playing in the yard. He was twisting and twirling about when his friend Tommy came over. Tommy said to the little tornado, “Hey Tim! Guess what!” Tim the little tornado exclaimed, “What is it Tommy?” A cheeky smile formed across Tommy’s face as he said, “My mother told me how tornadoes are made.” “Oh that is ridiculous”, Tim stated. “Everyone knows that a cloud hand delivers the baby tornado to the mommy tornado.” This made very Tommy angry. “Well go ask your mother! I know I am right! My mother never lies”, and with that Tommy left. Confused by what had just happened, Tim then proceed to continue twisting and twirling in the yard. Later that night at the dinner table Tim asked his mother, “Mom,...
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...northern hemisphere direct the path of high pressure weather systems (anti-cyclones) and low pressure systems (depressions). Storm events in the UK are attributed to the presence of depressions. Depressions are areas of low pressure and are formed by warm tropical air coming into contact with colder air. As the warm air is of a lower density, it rises due to this collision. Thus, an area of low pressure is created as there is less air at the Earth’s surface. These air masses meet due to the influence of the Polar Front Jet Stream which as it travels in its meandering pattern across the UK (as opposed to being north/south of the UK), the cold air masses north of the PFJS and the warm air masses south meet. As the pressure becomes lower in accordance with more warm air rising, it causes the pressure gradient to steepen, consequently causing the winds to increase in strength and speed (they come from a south-westerly direction due to Coriolis). The rising air cools and eventually condenses, forming clouds which thicken and precipitate. As the depression advances, the cold front will eventually catch up with the warm front and form an occluded front. This is known as the decay of a depression and as the vast majority of the warm air has already been forced upwards, cool air begins to fill in the depression. At this point the weather conditions become more stable as cloud cover decreases, as well as the amount of precipitation and strength/speed of winds. Temperate storms occur when...
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...Study Guide: Final Exam Concentrate your studies in the following areas. Questions for the Final Exam will come principally from this material. Lutgens and Tarbuck Textbook: Earthquakes and Structures (Chapter 6) * Know the definition of an earthquake (pg. 190). * Know the difference between the focus and epicenter of an earthquake. Which is located at the source of the earthquake? Which is located on the surface of the earth directly above the source? * Understand the concept of elastic rebound. What is it? How are earthquakes produced via elastic rebound? * Know the three basic types of seismic waves * Body waves - P waves (push/pull-- motion parallel - travel through solids/liquids/gas) * Body waves - S waves ("shake" -- motion perpendicular - travel through solids -- slower velocity than P waves) * surface waves (complex motion -- causes greatest destruction -- * ). What is the particle motion in each type of wave (e.g., particles move parallel to the direction of travel in P waves)? Which type of wave travels the fastest? Which type of wave is the slowest? Which type of wave arrives first at a seismic station? Which type of wave is the last to arrive at a seismic station? Which type of wave causes the most damage? Know which mediums each type of wave will move through (e.g., S waves will only move through solids). * Know the difference between a magnitude scale and an intensity scale. - Intensity: measure of the degree of earthquake...
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...Homeostasis is defined as an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback control, so as to stabilize health and functioning regardless of the outside changing conditions. When we sweat, our body is naturally cooling itself. Many parts of your body are involved in homeostatic mechanics. The Kidneys regulate water and minerals, also called osmoregulation. After you eat a salty meal your body will naturally try to eliminate the unnecessary salt through urination. For this to happen water is needed. Drinking more water will help this happen. It also regulates salt concentration. Thermoregulation regulates the body’s temperature. Based on your environment, the skin will regulate the body temperate. Warm blooded animals keep their body temperatures at a consistent temperature regardless of their environment. There are different layers of skin, which have different functions. The epidermis is the outer most layer of skin. It is responsible for protecting the underlying tissues and organs. The middle layer is made of living cells. When they become dead they approach the surface. The inner most layer is where your skin pigment is and where melanin is absorbed. The dermis is where you find blood capillaries that nourish the skin cells. Sweat glands are also located in the dermis. Sweat glands secrets sweat to cool and regulate the body’s temperature. Hair reduces heat loss and assists in temperature regulation as well. The Erector muscle...
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...University of Phoenix Material Earth and Earth Materials I Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Complete the WileyPLUS® GeoDiscoveries Earth Drag and Drop from Chapter 1. Label and describe each letter in the space below. [pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Part...
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...Discuss the impacts of storm events in the British Isles and evaluate the responses to them (40 marks) The British Isles has a Cool Temperate Western Maritime Climate which is owing to its location at the edge of a continent, between two seas and subject to the influences of five major air masses; north-westerly, south-westerly, northerly, easterly and southerly. British climate is classified as temperate as it rarely features the extremes of heat or cold, rain, drought or wind that are common in other climates. Basic characteristics of this climate include temperature, precipitation, wind and air masses. The mean summer temperatures in the UK are lower than the average for its latitude which is due to the cooling influence from the Atlantic Ocean with its daily maximum being about 30 degrees. The average monthly values rarely exceed 16 degrees. In the winter, the average temperatures are above freezing (2-7 degrees) in coastal areas and relatively high winter values are owed to the warming influence of the sea. Oceans have an ameliorating effect on the temperature in the British Isles ad so it isn’t too hot or too cold. Also within the British Isles, precipitation occurs throughout the year yet varies in relief in upland areas, for example, western coast rainfall totals can exceed 2,500mm whereas a short distance further east in low land areas in the shadow of mountains, annual totals can be as little as 500mm. Most of the rainfall is brought by frontal systems moving from...
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...this at a constant level. Each process has a desirable peak environment which is called the norm, influences such as the external environment can cause deviation away from its norm level and the body will do this through negative feedback. Negative feedback in homeostasis describes the process by which bodily systems maintain their normal environment or states. Homeostasis describes the body’s overall regulation of its internal system. However when it changes for example body temperature negative feedback responses are triggered to then be able to bring the temperature back to its normal point. For example if the body becomes too hot sweating will occur to try and cool the body down, and if the body became too cold shivering would occur to warm the body back up . The typical state of a bodily system is called the set point; however negative feedback in homeostasis can’t keep systems exactly at the set point. Therefore negative feedback in homeostasis acts to keep body temperature within a normal range of values. However the value of a system that changes due to different circumstances is called a variable. Within negative feedback there are three different parts these are: the receptor, control centre and the effector. The receptors job is to detect changes in the value of the variable, then the information is passed along to the control centre which the monitors the changes and...
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...respiratory systems responses to acute exercise (P1 & P2) Explain the response of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems responses to acute exercise (M1) There are a number of ways which the musculoskeletal system responds to acute exercise. These include: Musculoskeletal: • Increased blood supply- When we exercise there is an increased demand from the body for oxygen. More oxygen is required in order for our muscles to function; they require more oxygen as a result of the muscles having to work harder when we exercise. To allow an increased heart rate which brings more blood around the body warming up must occur on the behalf of the person. When the muscles work there is also a high demand for other nutrients such as fats and carbohydrates, these are used to make the adenosine triphosphate which is used for energy. The blood vessels in...
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...Poikioltherm: An animals whose body temp varies with the surrounding temperature -Homeotherm: An organism such as a bird or mammal, having a body temp that is constant and largely independent of the temperature surrounding. -Ectotherm- heat acquired from external environment -Endotherm- heat generated by metabolism Poikilotherm & ectotherm: Fish, amphibians, reptiles. Poikilotherm & endotherm: Mammals and birds, insects Homeotherm & ectotherm: tropical reptiles Homeotherm & endotherm: Mostly birds and mammals 3. Describe the 4 mechanisms through which animals exchange heat with their environments. -Radiation: Release of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. -Convection: Transfer of heat by movement. Warm blood from core moves to extremities. -Conduction: Direct transfer to thermal motion between molecules of objects in contact with each other. -Evaporation: Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas. 4. For each of the...
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...their performance. The first principles are warm up and cool down. The purpose of any warm up and cool down is to reduce the risk of injury and soreness. For this to be applicable, a warm up must be sustained for no less than 10min and for elite athletes, at least 30min. Included in this warm up must be stretching to loosen up the muscles. There are no physiological adaptations that directly relate to warm up and cool down because this principle is not for improving those adaptations; it’s for enhancing performance and preventing injury. With providing such preventions, in then in turn improves performance because it hasn’t stopped the athlete from participating due to soreness or injury. From this, the lack of relationship between warm up, cool down and the physiological adaptations doesn’t have any impact on improved performance, especially compared with the principle of progressive overload. Progressive overload is a principle that implies that gains in fitness occur only when the training load is greater than normal and is progressively increased as improvements in fitness occur. As the body becomes familiar with a particular level of training stress, it adapts to it and further training at this level fails to sufficiently stress the system. As theses adaptations occur, the improvements in fitness are clear and thus the improvement in performance is heightened. These adaptations are stroke volume, cardiac output, resting heart rate, oxygen uptake, lung capacity, haemoglobin...
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...Cardiovascular fitness shows how the heart and lungs supply oxygen-rich blood to the working muscle tissues and the ability of the muscles to use oxygen to produce energy for movement. The ability to deliver oxygen to the muscles is affected by many physiological parameters, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and maximal oxygen consumption. Cardiovascular conditioning utilizes and transports the necessary oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. In order for the body to deliver adequate oxygenated blood and nutrients to the muscles, the body has to be well conditioned. By the body being well conditioned it improves the muscles capacity to use extra oxygen. Cardiovascular training is the most important style of training both for general health and for overall athletic performance. Cardiovascular Benefits of Conditioning The circulatory system is one of the major systems which is effected by cardiovascular conditioning. Your circulatory system consists of your heart, blood vessels and blood, and is responsible for transporting life-giving oxygen throughout your body. When you exercise, your body's need for oxygen increases; the harder you work out, the more oxygen your body demands. To ensure that sufficient oxygen is available for your muscles during activity, your body makes short- and long-term changes. The heart becomes strong and is able to use energy more efficiently with proper exercise. Blood pressure becomes lower as the heart muscle does not have to work overtime...
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...The Effects of Exercise on Health The Benefits of a Regular Exercise Program Abstract This paper will provide information pertaining to exercise and the benefits of regular exercise on health and wellness. The information provided will describe the health benefits and identify the physiological responses that occur from participating in a regular exercise program. The importance of warm up and cool downs before and after exercise, flexibility, and resistance training will be the focus for this paper. Each topic will be explained to provide a basic knowledge of each topic. This paper will also analyze the health consequences of a sedentary lifestyle. Health Benefits Regular exercise provides many physical and mental health benefits. Exercise decreases coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer. It also lowers blood pressure, increases coronary heart disease biomarkers, enhance insulin sensitivity, and weight management. Exercise in older adults preserves bone mass and lowers the risk for falls. Prevention of and improving mild to moderate depressive disorders and anxiety are some mental health benefits from exercising. Engaging in a physically active lifestyle enhances feelings of “energy”, well-being, quality of life, and cognitive decline and dementia (American College of Sports Medicine, 2011). Physiological Responses Exercise intensity is an important determinant of the physiological responses to exercise training. The...
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