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If we were to believe that animals do not have any equal rights, including an equal right to life as Warren argues then what duties do we have? Do we have duties to all living things and ecosystems? Do we have duties to only some? Warren's argument for her view begins with the premise that there are some situations in which the vital interests of humans and animals unavoidably conflict, such that it is almost impossible to avoid stepping on animals’ rights without sacrificing human life or health. For instance, rodents of several species habitually live in proximity to humans. In doing so, they consume and contaminate food, and sometimes spread lethal diseases, such as the Black Death of the Middle Ages. Rodents also have very high reproductive

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