Free Essay

Water Drainage Techniques

In: Science

Submitted By dankegesa
Words 1695
Pages 7
Water drainage techniques, materials, processes and maintenance (Name of Student)

(Name of Institution)

Water drainage techniques, materials, processes and maintenance
Under ordinary conditions rain water seeps into the ground and forms underground water.
Most of the water that falls as rain soaks into the ground or gets carried away by rivers. But in urban areas, the built environment alters the natural drainage of water, with hard surfaces increasing both the rate and amount of rainwater that turns into run-off. And it has to go somewhere. Traditional piped ‘drains’ have a limited capacity to cope with the high levels of surface water generated by extreme rainfall events. And, when the capacity of one or more parts of the drainage system is exceeded, the worst happens.
For example, in the floods of June 2007, extreme rainfall in the Midlands and the north of England led to large-scale urban flooding, with over 55,000 properties affected: two thirds of these were from surface water run-off overloading drainage systems.
In addition to flood risk, large amounts of surface water run-off can cause water quality problems. As water runs over hard urban surfaces, it picks up pollutants that are washed into water courses. For example, run-off from roads contains heavy metals and hydrocarbons which can seriously impact on water quality.
A well planned drainage infrastructure helps to manage water run-off by preventing domestic properties and other spaces such as paved public areas, car-parks, driveways and roads acting as conduits for run-off water. And it is more sustainable to manage storm water in a way that allows it to permeate naturally through the ground where it falls rather than being directed into already overloaded drains and public sewers.

Conventional drainage techniques

The conventional engineering-based techniques most commonly used to drain excess water from land are: surface drainage, horizontal subsurface drainage and vertical subsurface drainage.

Surface drainage is described by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers as ‘the removal of excess water from the soil surface in time to prevent damage to crops and to keep water from ponding on the surface’ (ASAE 1979). The term surface drainage applies to situations where overland flow is the major component of the excess-water movement to major drains or natural streams. The technique normally involves the excavation of open trenches/drains. It could also include the construction of broad-based ridges or beds, as grassed waterways, with the water being discharged through the depressions between ridges. Surface drainage is most commonly applied on heavier soils where infiltration is slow and excess rainfall cannot percolate freely through the soil profile to the water table. The technique has also been applied in more permeable soils to de-water areas having a shallow groundwater table; under those conditions it should be considered as part of the category below. It is the most important drainage technique in the humid and subhumid zones.

Horizontal subsurface drainage involves the removal of water from below the surface. The field drains can either be open ditches, or more commonly a network of pipes installed horizontally below the ground surface. These pipes used to be manu-factured of clay tiles, with the water entering the pipes through the leaky joints (thus the term tile drains). In 1968 flexible corrugated plastic drainage pipe was introduced and this product is now widely used around the world. In spite of the different material used, the term tile drains is still in common use.

Mole drains are unlined circular channels installed at depth in the soil profile; they function similarly to tile drains. The technique can be applied in heavy soils as an alternative to surface drainage. In these soils the very close drain spacing needed to achieve water table control would make tile drainage excessively expensive. Mole drains are most commonly used for the control of perched water tables. The technique is described by Nicholson (1942) for the United Kingdom and by Hudson et al. (1962) and Bowler (1980) for conditions in New Zealand. Ritzema (1994; pp. 913-927) presents a good overview of the principles and applications.

Horizontal subsurface drainage has been found to be an effective technique. It controls the rise of groundwater tables and enables productive agriculture. Drawbacks are that it is relatively expensive to install, operate and maintain. Also the disposal of drainage water that can contain high concentrations of pollutants (nutrients and/or toxic elements such as boron) can create problems.

Vertical subsurface drainage involves the removal of groundwater through pumped boreholes or tubewells, either in single or multiple-well configurations. The common problem with this technique is that deeper, often more saline water can be mobilized which can cause disposal problems. Also, as the water is commonly used for irrigation rather than disposal, salt is recycled through the soil profile and inevitably groundwater salinities will increase over time.

Low-yielding, large diameter open wells, or skimming wells, explore lenses of fresh water overlying deeper, more saline groundwater. The system has been applied in the Indo-Dutch Operational Research Project on Hydrological Studies. The final report of the project (Agarwal and Roest, 1996) presents information on the concept and lists a number of research papers.

All the above-mentioned conventional drainage techniques require disposal of drainage effluent, management of which has become an important issue around the world. Where the drainage effluent is of a reasonable quality, it is commonly re-used, if necessary after blending with good-quality surface supplies. However, after extended periods of irrigation (in some cases more than 100 years), soil salinities in areas with arid climates have often approached levels that require salt export to maintain production. Commonly drainage effluent has been disposed of into rivers. This practice is progressively becoming problematic as drained nutrients, salts and residues of agro-chemicals affect water quality, because downstream users (both irrigators and urban/industrial populations) rely on these rivers for water supplies. In addition, environmental considerations associated with river health are now receiving more attention.

Problems associated with effluent disposal are widespread. The salinity of most inland seas is known to increase over time because of the continuing inflow of saline drainage water. In California’s Imperial Valley, drainage water from irrigated lands is discharged into the Salton Sea, whose salinity is on the increase. Discharge of drainage water from irrigated lands in the San Joaquin Valley in California into the Kesterton Reservoir has resulted in problems of selenium toxicity in the biota (Cervinka et al. 1999).

The Aral Sea Basin today faces a crisis similar to the one that destroyed the Mesopotamian civilization 4 000 years ago, as the discharge of polluted and saline drainage effluent into the river systems has reached hazardous levels. Similarly the Indus basin in Pakistan, various river systems in India and the Murray-Darling Basin Catchment in Australia are suffering the consequences of river water pollution as a result of the discharge of polluted drainage effluent from irrigation.

Where irrigation areas are in closed basins, without an outflow to rivers or the sea, disposal offers even greater challenges to sustainability. In this case various techniques such as evaporation ponds, solar evaporators, solar ponds and salt harvesting could provide a solution to the disposal problem.

In many countries disposal into rivers is restricted as this creates major ecological problems. Biodrainage systems combined with the above-mentioned techniques should be envisaged to deal with the effluent from the irrigated and drained areas.

2.2 Alternative approaches

Vertical drainage with reuse of the extracted groundwater for irrigation is effective where the groundwater is of good quality and easily accessible (well-developed aquifers). However, this approach does not remove salts from the region. The long-term sustainability of vertical drainage without drainage disposal for salt-balance is therefore questionable.

Horizontal drainage also has a proven record, as it controls the rise in the groundwater table and enables productive agriculture. However, it is relatively expensive to install, operate and maintain. Another serious drawback is the issue of drainage effluent disposal that can pollute surface water bodies, especially where a direct outlet to the sea is not available. Water quality usually restricts the use for irrigation. Even the disposal to evaporation ponds can create environmental problems.

The limitations and shortcomings of the conventional drainage techniques call for alternative approaches to help keep agriculture sustainable over the long term. Alternative techniques must be effective, affordable, socially acceptable and environmentally friendly and not cause degradation of natural land and water resources. Biodrainage is one of these alternative options. The absence of effluent makes the system attractive. However, for biodrainage systems to be long-term sustainable, careful consideration is required of the salt-balance under the biodrainage crops. This issue will be discussed in detail in section 3.4.

The term biodrainage is relatively new, although the use of vegetation to dry out soil profiles has been known for a long time. The first documented use of the term biodrainage can be attributed to Gafni (1994). Prior to that date Heuperman (1992) used the term bio pumping to describe the use of trees for water table control. Another term relating to the “bio” aspect of soil water removal is biodisposal, which refers to the use of plants for final disposal of excess drainage water (Denecke, 2000, IPTRID/FAO; personal communication). In this publication all these biotechnologies are considered under the common heading of Biodrainage.

In response to the increased interest in bio-drainage, a special session on the topic was organized at the Eighth Drainage Workshop of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) in January/February 2000 in New Delhi, India. The six papers presented by Australia, India and Pakistan are in chapter 4 of this publication.

The need for drainage is not restricted to irrigation areas. In rainfed areas without irrigation, water (and salt) balances, disturbed by land use changes, often need to be managed to minimize negative environmental impacts. As the land use in these areas is often less intensive than in those using irrigation, economic considerations prevent the adoption of expensive engineering inputs. This fact makes the biodrainage approach especially attractive for the management of drainage problems.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Essay On Urban Development

...extensively changed the hydraulic properties of many habitable human settlements. Naturally, some areas have been observed to be less permeable or even impermeable to storm water and these areas are depressed and raised to check ponding or dishing to trap runoff in the environment. The construction of surface and conduit drainages is constructed to drain runoff efficiently and sustainably in well planned urban areas always remove natural vegetation which causes reduction, interception and transpiration of plants in the environment (CSIR, 2000). These limited vegetation cover in the environment...

Words: 1049 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Drainage System Characteristics

...and dimension of its landforms. Sometimes called catchment morphology, because it focuses on the morphometric study of the catchment. The study of basin morphometry relates basin and stream network geometries to the transmission of water and sediment through the basin. (1)...

Words: 1467 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Trade in Waste

...CONTENTS S.NO: | CHAPTER NAME | PAGE NO: | 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 | UNDERSTANDING TRADE WASTE WHAT IS TRADE WASTE?WHO HAS TRADE WASTE?WHAT IS THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DISPOSAL OF TRADE WASTE?IS IT PERMITTED TO DISCHARGE TRADE WASTES OR OTHER LIQUID INDUSTRIALWASTES TO THE STORM WATER DRAIN OR ONTO LAND? | 5 5 5 5 5 | 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 | TRADE WASTE APPROVAL PROCESSES:APPROVAL APPLICATIONPLANS FOR REVIEW LODGEMENT OF APPROVAL APPLICATION FORMSAND PLANS | 6 6 6 6 | 3 | FOOD PREPARATION BUSINESS | 7 | 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 | MOTOR TRADES GUIDELINESWASTES GENERATEDMINIMUM MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS PROHIBITED DISCHARGESUNROOFED AREAS - TRADE WASTE DIVERSION SYSTEMS WASTE MINIMISATION | 8 8 8 8 9 9 | 5. | GENERAL MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE INDUSTRIES | 10 | 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 | TRADE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAINTRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL MANAGEMENT‘OFF SITE’ COMMUNITY LEVEL MANAGEMNET: COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF DOMESTIC GREYWATER | 11 11 12 17 | 7. 7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.2 | TRADE IN WASTE: TYPES AND EFFECTINTRODUCTION TYPES OF WASTEWATERINORGANIC WASTEWATER ORGANIC WASTEWATER | 25 25 25 26 27 | 8. 8.1 8.2 | HOW CAN TRADE IN WASTE BE MINIMIZED INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND | 30 30 31 | | BIBLIOGRAPHY | ...

Words: 10721 - Pages: 43

Free Essay

Indus Civilization

...Pakistan and the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab. Settlements which were closely related to the core civilization - and may have been colonies of it - have been found in Afghanistan and central Asia. The huge Indus river system waters a rich agricultural landscape. The Indus plain is surrounded by high mountains, desert and ocean, and at that time dense forest to the east. Well-planned Cities The early phase of the civilization lasted from circa 3300 BC until 2800 BC. This saw farming settlements grow into large and sophisticated urban centres. The quality of municipal town planning indicates that these communities were controlled by efficient governments. These clearly placed a high priority on accessibility to water. Modern scholars tend to see in this the influence of a religion which places a string emphasis on ritual washing - much like modern Hinduism. Hygiene was also important to the inhabitants. The urban planning included the world's first known urban sanitation systems. Within the city, people obtained water from wells. Within their homes, some rooms had facilities in which waste water was directed to covered drains. These lined the major streets. These ancient Indus sewerage and drainage systems were far in advance of anything found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle...

Words: 473 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Case Study Pleural Effusion

...Case Study Pleural effusion NSG/340 Sandra Gilderson, MSN/Ed, RN Case Study Diagnosis and admission A.B. admitting diagnosis pleural effusion, pulmonary infiltrates possible pneumonia based on the result of chest x-ray. Also the presenting signs and symptom provided information that can link to pleural effusion evidenced of his signs and symptoms Pleural effusion Is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space, it is not a disease but an indication of a disease (Lavie et al, 2014). Difference between transudate and exudate “A transudate effusion occurs primarily in noninflammatory conditions and is an accumulation of protein-poor, cell-poor fluid” (Lavie et al, 2014, p. 549). The fluid is leaking into the pleural space, the hydrostatic pressure is increased in the blood vessels, and the protein is low. “An exudate effusion results from increased capillary permeability characteristic of inflammatory reaction. It is most commonly associated with infections and malignancies” (Lavie et al., 2014, p. 549). The blood vessel is blocked or the inflammation result from fluid escaping into the tissues and cavities. Three common causes of pleural effusion “Pleural effusions can arise from a variety of disease states or medications including heart failure, bacterial pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism” (Saguil et al., 2014 p. 2). The reduction in lung volume, depression of the diaphragm and reduced chest wall compliance cause dyspnea, and occasionally pain or cough (Myatt...

Words: 1719 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Horticulture

...ORNAMENTAL PLANTSNursery is a place where seedlings, cuttings and grafts are raised with care before transplanting.Advantage of raising seedlings in nursery 1. It is very convenient to look after the tender seedlings 2. It is easy to protect the seedlings from pests and diseases 3. Economy of land usage (duration in the main field is reduced) 4. Valuable and very small seeds can be raised effectively without any wastage 5. Uniform crop stand in the main field can be maintained by selecting healthy, uniform and vigorous seedlings in the nursery itself.Preparation of nursery Selection of site 1. The nursery area should be nearer to the water source 2. Generally, the location should be partially shaded i.e. under the trees. If not, artificial shade is to be provided 3. It should be well protected from animals 4. Proper drainage facilities should be provided.Selection of soil A medium textured, loam (or) sand loam soil is preferred. Soil should be rich in organic matter. Soil depth should be preferably by 15-25 cm.Types of nursery bed a) Flat bed       b) Raised nursery bedPreparation of raised nursery bed Selected soil should be worked well to break the clods. Weeds, stones and stubbles should be removed. Height of the raised bed should be 10-15 cm with a width of 1m and length may be according to the requirement and conveniences. Two parts of fine red earth, one part of sand and one part of FYM can be incorporated to each bed to improve aeration and fertility of...

Words: 1959 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Ethics

...Northrise University Caravelle House, Buteko Avenue, Ndola ------------------------------------------------- ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student ID:1200407 | Student Name: Howard Mulamba | Course Code: MGT401 | Course Title: Business and Personal Ethics | Instructor Name: Dr. B. Sichone | Essay/Assignment Title: Unethical Business Practices and Solutions to Unethical Practices | Due Date: | Declaration:I understand that by completing this form I am bound by the following:To the best of my knowledge and belief no part of this assignment for the above subject has been copied from any other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the text, or has been written for me by another person except where such collaboration has been authorized by the lecturer concerned. H. MulambaSIGNATURE | Instructor’s Comments: GRADE [ ] | In this assignment we are going to look at the effects of poor ethical standards of an organization in the way it deals with the community of the environment in which it operates. And then suggesting solutions in which to the problems that may arise from poor ethical standards of an organization. According to the Business Dictionary, ethics are the basic concepts and fundamental principles of decent human conduct. Ethics includes the study of universal values as...

Words: 1692 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

Land Ocean and Climate

...FACULTV OF AGRICULTURE B. AGRICULTURE 100 Level First Semester 1. Communication in English I 2. Logic Philosophy & Human Existence 3. Physical Chemistry 4. General Biology I (Botany/Zoology) 5. Practical Biology 6. General Physics 7. Mathematics 8. Organic Chemistry I 9. Practical Chemistry Sub-Total Second Semester 10. Communication in English II 11. Nigerian People and Culture 12. Social Sciences 13. Organic Chemistry 14. Biology II 15. Organic Chemistry II 16. Mathematics 17. Practical Physics 18. Use of Library Sub-Total 200 Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 17 Credits Level 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. First Semester Climatology and Biogeography General Agriculture Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals Crop Anatomy, Taxonomy and Physiology Principles of Soil Science Principles of Agricultural Economics Introduction to Forestry Resource Manag~ment Introduction to Biotechnology Sub-Total 8. 9. 10 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Second Semester Principles of Animal Production Principles of Crop Production Principles of Food Science and Technology Introductory Biochemistry Introduction to Computers Introduction to Fisheries & Wildlife Introductory Statistics Entrepreneurial Studies I Introduction to Home Economics Sub-Total Credits 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 18 Credits Credits 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 19 Credits Total = 37 Credits All courses are core-courses for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 300 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8...

Words: 20312 - Pages: 82

Premium Essay

Skill Validation

...Skills Validation PNCI Eliana Ruiz Age: 86 Weight: 55 kg Base: Standard Adult Overview Synopsis The learner will be providing care to an 86-year-old Hispanic female admitted to the MedicalSurgical Unit with a non-healing wound on her right upper leg where a femoral-popliteal bypass graft was performed two weeks ago. She is diabetic and injured her left ankle by tripping on a curb on the way to the hospital. She is anxious about not being able to care for herself when she returns home. She lives alone but has a daughter close by, and has no insurance. This Simulated Clinical Experience™ (SCE™) has five states, that are transitioined manually. With manual transitions, the instructor should advance to the applicable state when appropriate interventions are performed. Initially, in State 1 0900 Hours Assessment, the learner is presented with a patient who is febrile and exhibiting other signs of infection. Initial assessment reveals a temperature of 38.6o Celsius, HR in the 80s, BP in the 140s/80s, RR in the low 20s and SpO2 in the mid 90s on room air. Breath sounds demonstrate crackles bilaterally. The patient is anxious and incontinent of urine. She has a non-productive cough and reports tenderness over the left ankle. Initial treatment includes application of an elastic bandage to the left ankle, assessment of pain level, administration of pain medications, insertion of a urinary catheter and a sterile wet-to-moist dressing change to the graft site. If learners request...

Words: 4609 - Pages: 19

Premium Essay

Modern Business Methods

...Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Vision, Mission and objectives of this corporation 2 2 Theoretical understanding of Human resource function 3 2.1 What is Human Resource Management? 3 2.2 What is Human resource Department? 4 2.3 Human Resource specialist Vs. Human Resource Generalist 4 2.4 Job Design 5 Importance of Job Design 5 2.5 Job Analysis 6 2.6 Human Resource Planning 7 2.7 Recruitment 8 2.8 Selection 9 2.9 Hiring and Induction. 10 2.10 Performance Elevations. 12 2.11 Reward Management 13 2.12 Training and Development 14 2.13 Employee welfare Management 15 2.14 Employee Movements 16 2.15 Employee Discipline Management 18 2.16 Labor Management Relations 19 3 Human resource practice in selected organization. 20 3.1 Job Design 20 3.2 Job Analyze 20 3.3 Human Resource planning 21 3.4 Recruitment 22 3.5 Selection 22 3.6 Hiring and Induction 23 3.7 Performance elevation 24 3.8 Reward Management. 24 3.9 Training and Development 25 3.10 Employee welfare Management. 25 3.11 Employee Movements 26 3.12 Labor Management Relations. 26 4 Comments on Theory and Practice. 27 4.1 Job design, 27 4.2 Job analyze 27 4.3 Human resource planning. 27 4.4 Recruitment 27 4.5 Selection 27 4.6 Hiring and induction 27 4.7 Performance Elevation 28 4.8 Reward Management 28 4.9 Training and development 28 4.10 Employee welfare managements 28 4.11 Employee Movements 28 ...

Words: 4900 - Pages: 20

Premium Essay

Dac Test Document

...BRE Building Elements Foundations, basements and external works Performance, diagnosis, maintenance, repair and the avoidance of defects H W Harrison, ISO, Dip Arch, RIBA P M Trotman BRE Garston Watford WD25 9XX Prices for all available BRE publications can be obtained from: CRC Ltd 151 Rosebery Avenue London, EC1R 4GB Tel: 020 7505 6622 Fax: 020 7505 6606 email: crc@construct.emap.co.uk BR 440 ISBN 1 86081 540 5 © Copyright BRE 2002 First published 2002 BRE is committed to providing impartial and authoritative information on all aspects of the built environment for clients, designers, contractors, engineers, manufacturers, occupants, etc. We make every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of information and guidance when it is first published. However, we can take no responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain. Published by Construction Research Communications Ltd by permission of Building Research Establishment Ltd Requests to copy any part of this publication should be made to: CRC Ltd Building Research Establishment Bucknalls Lane Watford, WD25 9XX BRE material is also published quarterly on CD Each CD contains BRE material published in the current year, including reports, specialist reports, and the Professional Development publications: Digests, Good Building Guides, Good Repair Guides and Information Papers. The CD collection gives you the opportunity to build a comprehensive library...

Words: 167696 - Pages: 671

Free Essay

Nure's Notes

...pain a 4 before back massage; reported muscle relaxation and rated pain a 2 after back massage. Skin is moist, pink, and intact with no bruises, swelling, or redness. After back massage, patient’s respirations decreased from 20 to 16 per minute and pulse decreased from 78 to 70 beats per minute. (Back Massage) Complete bed bath given. Patient unable to assist but cooperative with turning. Skin on both legs dry and flaking, complains of severe itching. Bath oil added to bath water. Emollient lotion applied after bath. States itching is less after bath. (Complete or Partial Bed Bath) Perineal care given. Patient unable to assist but cooperative with positioning. No redness, drainage, or open areas noted. Patient complained of mild itching before perineal care. Patient reports reduced itching after perineal care. (Perineal care for Female Pt) Perineal care given. Patient unable to assist but cooperative with positioning. External genitalia show no signs of redness, swelling, or drainage. Indwelling catheter is intact and draining clear amber urine. Patient denies pain but states that he feels “very weak.” (Perineal care for a male Pt) Last BM 5 days ago. C/O abdominal fullness and rectal pressure. Abdomen distended, firm. 1,000-ml soap suds enema given with “mild” abdominal cramping during administration. Solution returned with large amount of dark-brown, soft-formed stool. (Cleansing Edema) States, “I feel better now.” Abdomen soft, nondistended. Resting in...

Words: 5692 - Pages: 23

Premium Essay

Composition

...listening to all my recordings and selecting the top 8, this was one of the ones that, I believe, captured exactly what I was looking for. c. Techniques: Mic of the recorder was placed very close to the axis of rotation of the door d. Success in capturing sound: For a couple of tries, I could not capture the sound as loud as I intended to. After changing position, recording from inside the room and increasing the recording level, I was able to get the results I wanted. Background sound from my roommates was another difficulty but recording from inside the room helped solve the problem. 2. “Flush” e. Where and when: The flush of a toilet was recorded on Wednesday, 13th of January in my house located in South State Street. f. Interest and influence: Although this is a sound that everyone listens to every day, it does not receive the appreciation that it deserves due to its bad association. g. Techniques: recorder was placed perpendicular to the toilet centered in the drainage, to avoid the sound being too loud I made sure to place the recorder well above the toilet h. Success in capturing sound: This recording was easy to capture. Since this is a loud sound I stood at a fair distance and still was able to capture the sound in an according manner. 3. “Sink” i. Where and when: The water going down the sink was recorded on Wednesday, 13th of January in my house located in South State Street. j. Interest and...

Words: 1157 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Mrsa: Teaching Providers

...Communication Techniques in a Professional Setting Media Project October 27, 2012 Facts on Diversity MRSA infections can affect anyone of any age, race, culture, and socio-economic status. However there is a higher incidence in people in areas of poverty, mainly because of poor hygiene practices and people over 65 years of age. High risk venue can include gyms, correctional facilities, and anywhere conditions exist that include close skin to skin contact, people with poor hygiene, and overcrowded living conditions (CDC, 2010). Treatments The treatment for skin infections is drainage of wounds with purulent drainage as well as antimicrobial medications. Obtaining wound and blood cultures are recommended to ensure proper antimicrobial therapy. It is also very important to teach patients not to attempt to drain wounds themselves, and to return if the infection worsens without improvement over 48 hours after treatment is started. As a health care provider it is your responsibility to be familiar with MRSA. Educating the community as well as the patients you treat is the key to prevention. * Proper hand washing techniques. * Avoid contact with other people’s wounds such as skin to skin contact and towels. * Disinfect all exercise equipment before use. * Only prescribing necessary antimicrobials. * Teaching patients to wash clothes in warm or hot water as well as drying clothes in a dryer and not air drying because heat kill bacteria...

Words: 898 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Newborn Nursing Care Plan

...Running Head: NEWBORN ASSESSMENT AND CARE PLAN Newborn Assessment and Care Plan Newborn Assessment On 1/29/09, at 0610, 39 week gestational age, 7lb 4.6oz, black male was born to 18 year old mother. Infant born via vaginal delivery with assistance of vacuum extraction, nuchal cord x1 noted. Mother received adequate prenatal care beginning at 8weeks. Prenatal medications included Iron supplements and prenatal vitamins. Prenatal complication included pregnancy induced hypertension. Onset of labor 0647, full dilation 1705, and delivery of infant at 1810. Apgar scores 6/8.Weight 3305gms, length 20 inches, head circumference 12 inches, chest circumference 12 ¾ inches, abdominal girth 12 inches. The infant is alert and active. Anterior fontanel is soft and flat. No oral lesions. Head caput/ molding, elongated with edema, abrasion noted from suction. Color is pink and changing all over (African American.) Skin is warm, dry, and well perfused. No rashes, vesicles, or other lesions noted. Birthmark present on forehead approximately 2cm. Bilirubin test ordered. Lanugo present. Hair pattern is scattered evenly all over, fine texture and moderate amount. Eyes symmetrical and in midline. No discharge present from eyes. Eyes move from left to right and sclera is white. Eyebrows are fine and symmetrical. Nose is patent and midline. Ears present symmetrically. Mouth midline. Gums and tongue pink and moist. Cheeks symmetrical with no lesions. Saliva present. Chin well aligned on face...

Words: 1186 - Pages: 5