Premium Essay

Water Lettuce

In: Science

Submitted By chitin
Words 370
Pages 2
Water quality impairment by nutrient enrichment from agricultural activities has been a concern worldwide. Phytoremediation technology using aquatic plants in constructed wetlands and stormwater detention ponds is increasingly applied to remediate eutrophic waters. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness and potential of water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) in removing nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from stormwater in the constructed water detention systems before it is discharged into the St. Lucie Estuary, an important surface water system in Florida, using phytoremediation technologies.
Materials and methods
In this study, water lettuce (P. stratiotes) was planted in the treatment plots of two stormwater detention ponds (East and West Ponds) in 2005–2007 and water samples from both treatment and control plots were weekly collected and analyzed for water quality properties including pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids, and nutrients (N and P). Optimum plant density was maintained and plant samples were collected monthly and analyzed for nutrient contents.
Results
Water quality in both ponds was improved, as evidenced by decreases in water turbidity, suspended solids, and nutrient concentrations. Water turbidity was decreased by more than 60%. Inorganic N (NH4 + and NO3 −) concentrations in treatment plots were more than 50% lower than those in control plots (without plant). Reductions in both PO4 3− and total P were approximately 14–31%, as compared to the control plots. Water lettuce contained average N and P concentrations of 17 and 3.0 g kg−1, respectively, and removed 190–329 kg N ha−1 and 25–34 kg P ha−1 annually.
Discussion
Many aquatic plants have been used to remove nutrients from eutrophic waters but water lettuce proved superior to most other plants in nutrient removal efficiency,

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Science Meets Real Life

...Submitted Fulfillment of the Requirements for SC300 Big Ideas in Science: From Methods to Mutation     California Family Foods only uses the finest grade of Non-GMO (California rice Industry against Liberty Link GMO contamination) medium and short grain paddy rice from local growers in the Sacramento Valley, California. They offer seed financing and competitive green freight rates in order to attract premium raw product. This company produces and specializes in Medium and short grain milled and brown rice. The company package and label their products. They work together with PG&E to implement energy plans through their operations. They are active participants in the PG&E’s ClimateSmartTM program, balancing their entire facility’s greenhouse emissions through energy and environmental conservation, restoration and protection projects to address climate change and reduce their carbon footprint. In addition, they work with local agricultural by-product agencies to make sure that all the rice produce at the mill enter the supply chain to be used also as livestock feed to fuel co-generation utility plants. (California Family Foods) The rice is transferred to the processing plant after being harvest where foreign objects (tree stomps, dirt, and stones) are removed; the husk (outer shell of the grain) is removed and the produce is called brown rice and it is ready for the milling process. This process removes the bran layer of rice turning it from brown to...

Words: 1973 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Fresh Salad Case Study

...read the attached case ‘Fresh Salads Ltd: The Iceberg lettuce harvest’ carefully and answer the following questions in a 1500 words report. To answer the questions you will need to apply Operations Management models. The assignment is looking for the application of Operations Management. You may want to use Operations Management literature to help you with the assignment. However, Harvard referencing is required. The questions simply asks to extract facts from the case and to briefly explain your decision on the process type and layout Questions: 1- What are the inputs and outputs of the transformation process described in this case? 2- What are the main operations objectives for the macro-operation? 3- How would you describe the type of process and the layout used in this operation? Fresh Salads Ltd: The Iceberg lettuce harvest * Introduction Fresh Salads Ltd is an important division of a privately-owned farming company specialising in vegetable growing and distribution. Its most important customer group is the major UK supermarkets which require fresh produce to be delivered to them 364 days a year. The company has all the staff, expertise and specialised facilities needed to supply these supermarkets throughout the year. One of the most important products of this company is Iceberg lettuce, which is grown in England during the summer and in south-east Spain during the winter. Iceberg lettuces are dense and round, but are easily bruised so have to...

Words: 1422 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Cafe Menu of Exotic Thigns

...catering sandwiches & wraps! ! café club – turkey, ham, bacon, swiss, lettuce, tomato, onion, mayo and mustard on sourdough ! ! italian sub – capicola, salami, tomato, provolone, shredded lettuce, onion, mayo and oregano vinaigrette on baguette ! ! curried chicken salad – house-made chicken salad with lettuce & tomato on raisin walnut ! ! turkey & sun-dried cherry – swiss cheese, housepreserved cherries and sliced turkey breast on ciabatta with fresh spinach leaves and mayo! ! turkey & basil pesto – roasted tomatoes, basil pesto, swiss cheese and turkey on ciabatta ! ! ham & asparagus – asparagus, garlic onion chutney, gruyere cheese, mayo and ham on ciabatta ! ! roast beef & caramelized onion – roast beef, maytag white cheddar, caramelized onions with dijon mustard and mayo on baguette ! ! veggie & hummus – hummus spread, roasted tomatoes, portobello mushrooms, asparagus and swiss on ciabatta! ! ! ! ! ! rotisserie chicken wrap – lettuce, pico de gallo, cheese and chicken in a tortilla with red pepper spread! turkey wrap – house-roasted turkey, spinach, artichokes & red pepper spread in a flour tortilla! veggie wrap – hummus, roasted tomatoes, portobello mushrooms, spinach & asparagus + three cheeses in a flour tortilla! C B & J – house-made cashew butter & local tart cherry jam on baguette! LTO’S — your choice of house roasted turkey, roast beef or ham on café sourdough with swiss, lettuce, tomato & onion + mayo and mustard
 market box lunch ! your choice of...

Words: 695 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

English

...December 12th, 2015 Dinner Menu First Course Cobb Salad Iceberg Lettuce Watercress, Cucumbers, Organic Tomatoes, Boiled Egg, Crispy Applewood Smoked Bacon, Avocado Buttermilk Dressing Second Course Medallions of Beef Tenderloin & Striped Bass Cheddar Au Gratin Potatoes, Grilled Asparagus & Roasted Tomato Third Course Vanilla Bean Cheesecake Served with Raspberry Sauce, Whipped Cream Rosette and Fresh Strawberries Dinner Meeting Agenda 6:00 Meeting Begins 6:00 – 7:00 Opening Remarks 6:00 – 7:00 Networking & Dinner This is a time to have a nice dinner and network. Guests will have an opportunity to introduce themselves and their companies to the group, ask questions and mingle 7:00 – 8:15 Presentation Brief Information about the Hotel. History of the Hotel. Vision and Mission Statement. Vacation packages, trips and special weekend rates. Details of packages: rates, room types, amenities included in packages, rates. Commissions for Travel Agencies. Special rates for Travel Agencies and complimentary stays. 8:15 – 8:45 Final Thoughts/ Questions Tour A) Lobby area B) Rooms C) Fitness Center D) Pool E) Banquet Rooms Personal Selling Techniques Personal selling seeks to build a good relationship between the buyer and seller that will enable the customer to purchase an item without feeling pressured. A) We will focus on developing the personal relationships with...

Words: 268 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Antioxidants

...So, they also play a role in preventing some chronic diseases that can be caused by free radicals as well. 2. How do free radicals affect our health? Free radicals are not equally paired in electrons and they bind to substances that can potentially cause a reaction in our normal body cells. These changes can occur in DNA which can cause our cells to function poorly or not function at all. 2. What are some foods that you like and would be willing to incorporate in your diet as a result of your readings? Im interested in incorporating vitamin A into my diet since I have vision problems. I found that I already eat most of these foods, but not as much as I used too. Foods that include vitamin A are: carrots, dark leafy greens, romaine lettuce, tuna fish, and melon. 4. Now write a 300 word short essay about ONE specific antioxidants (herb, mineral, or vitamin), make sure to choose one that interests you. Many of us have or had grandmas that took care of our sicknesses with a tea or an herb blend, research that herb for healing properties (you may use the sites I gave you or choose another credible source). In this short essay  try answering the following questions: a)  How does this natural supplement, vitamin, or mineral contribute to  health? Does this herb, vitamin, or mineral have other important functions in our body? Please explain. Like I stated above, I am interested in Vitamin A. I’ve used glasses for as long as I can remember, since I was in 1st grade I believe...

Words: 469 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Healthy Diet

...easily with other molecules) can build up in neurons, causing loss of function. This damage is called oxidative damage. The brain’s unique characteristics, including its high rate of metabolism and its long-lived neurons, may make it particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. Previous epidemiologic and laboratory studies have suggested that fruits and vegetables that are high in antioxidants might protect the brain against this kind of damage. A group of Harvard Medical School researchers explored this possibility by examining data from more than 13,000 Nurses’ Health Study participants aged 70 and older (Kang et al., 2005). They found that the women who ate the most vegetables—especially green leafy vegetables (like spinach and romaine lettuce) and cruciferous vegetables (like broccoli and cauliflower)—experienced a slower rate of cognitive decline than did women who ate the least vegetables. The scientists were careful to account for other factors that might influence the results, such as use of vitamin supplements, physical activity, smoking and alcohol use, and educational attainment. Interestingly, fruit consumption did not appear to be associated with any change in cognitive ability. The scientists speculate that the abundant antioxidant and folate (a nutrient that appears to be important for proper neural activity and...

Words: 634 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Stuffed Chicken with Chickpea

...Home On Demand Go Back To Brand Episode Guide Roast Chicken with Chickpea Stuffing and Salad Recipe Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Gordon's festive roast is stuffed with a spicy chickpea stuffing, with tarragon butter to keep the bird extra juicy Serves 4-6 Ingredients 1 large free-range corn-fed chicken (about 2kg), giblets removed Small bunch of tarragon, leaves roughly chopped 200g butter, at room temperature 3 heads of garlic, halved horizontally Olive oil, for drizzling Sea salt and freshly ground black pepper For the stuffing 1 x 400g tin cooked chickpeas, drained and rinsed 2 red chillies, sliced 1 lemon, zested 3 thyme sprigs, leaves only Olive oil For the salad 1 butter lettuce, washed 1 lollo rosso lettuce, washed 100g baby spinach 1 ripe avocado, peeled, stoned and chopped For the dressing 1 tbsp balsamic vinegar 1 tbsp Dijon mustard 1 tbsp runny honey 4–6 tbsp extra virgin olive oil Method 1. Preheat the oven to 200ºC/gas mark 6. Season the inside of the chicken. Place the tarragon and butter in a bowl and beat until combined. Season with salt and pepper. Loosen the skin over both chicken breasts by gently pushing your fingers...

Words: 841 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Feasibility Analysis

...Idea, Industry Related Issues, Target Market & Customer-Related Issues, Founder (s)-Related Issues, Financial Issues and Overall Business Potential will be introduced respectively. Business Aims: The object of F&C is to manufacture and market an innovative food product: a fresh and ready-to-eat leaf lettuce salad package. The product Salad Ready will have a large variety of market segments among students, from schools to the hotel and restaurant. The strategy of F&C, however, is to build a student brand in successively larger segments of the market. The Business Idea (Concept): At university, many students do not eat breakfast, not even have time to eat lunch, therefore, selling some healthy, nutritious and convenient food to students is a good business opportunity. In addition, it is better than those who selling fast food, such as Fried foods. Salad Ready is a consumer food product – fresh, washed, bite-sized leaves of leaf lettuce, contained in a sealed, transparent, fancy packaging. The product concept flows from the British culinary tradition of salad--a tasteful selection of appetizing and eye-appealing green leafy lettuces. These lettuces contain a variety of vegetables, tomatoes, beans, corn and different kinds of sauce. The packaged version of this concept places it in the rapidly growing group of high-quality, low-priced, convenience-based products which fit with British family and lifestyle....

Words: 1281 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Evaluation of Sales Cylces

...History of HRI Express HRI Express and Restaurant Supplies was established in September 2001. The objective was to sell restaurant supplies, however due to various reasons, owner Sue Hufford decided to shift focus. In October of 2001 the small business kept its name and ventured into the planting of lettuce and herbs which has been in operations since then. HRI produces lettuces, fresh parsley, mint, cilantro, and sweet basil. Table 1.1 below details the prices of it produce. Table 1.1: Prices of HRI Express Produce Produce Price Big Lettuce 5 0z to 80z $5 per bag Mesclun Mix 6oz $5 per bag Romaine Lettuce 8 oz $5 per bag Fresh Parsley $7 per bag Mint $7 per bag Cilantro $5.50 per lb Sweet Basil $5.50 per lb HRI Express produce are purchased by hotels, resorts and embassy diplomats. Its delivery schedule for the week entails deliveries to Belize City on Wednesdays and to Belmopan on Thursdays. The business is comprised of six (8) persons, namely: • Owner - Sue Hufford as the owner is responsible for the more technical operations of the HRI Express. • Marva is responsible in the book aspect of HRI Express. • Six (6) persons who work on the plantation and oversees the production process. Sales and Collection Procedures An overview of HRI Express’s Sales and Collection Cycle is illustrated in Figure 1.1. The cycle begins with the receipt of customer orders via telephone, email or on site. A copy of the customer order is routed to plantation workers who...

Words: 1239 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Plant Pathology Lab Report

...was performed at the Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Isolation of the pathogens Lettuce plant (cv. Aviram) showing wilt symptoms were collected from different fields located at Giza, Qalubiya, and Behira governorates. The infected roots were washed several times with tap water, cut tissues with the discolored vascular system or cortex after removing and discarding the epidermis into small pieces (Hubbard & Gerik 1993), surface sterilized by immersing in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, washed in several changes of sterile water and finally aseptically transferred onto potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in Petri plates and incubated...

Words: 1753 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Microbes in Vlegetables

...Microbiological Specifications for Food (ICSMF, 1974) recommended level of 1.0 x 105 fecal coliforms per gram fresh weight. This observation has been reported in Ghana and elsewhere (Obeng, 2007; Mensah et al., 2001). In this study, the contamination of external surface of vegetables was significantly higher than the internal contamination. The total means of the internal microbial counts (TC and FC) of the vegetable samples are high and comparable with counts observed in some non-vegetable foods such as milk and meat (Agbodaze et al. 2005; CDC, 2003; Aning, 2002). The sources of contamination of vegetables includes Soil, irrigation water, green or inadequately composted manure, air (dust), wild and domestic animals, insects, human handling. harvesting, transporting containers, transporting vehicles, wholesale facilities, washing and rinsing water, improper storage, cross contamination and improper ambient temperature (Beuchat, 1996). The only non-bacterial quality indicator investigated was yeast contamination, and the levels of yeasts (combined internal and external counts)(table 2a,b;3a,b;4a,b;5a,b) of all the samples were generally higher than the recommended levels of 100 000g -1 fresh weight (ICMSF, 1974). Growth of post-harvest fungi/yeast on vegetables can alter the pH of plant tissues, which promotes the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Anonymous. 1999). Therefore the high yeast counts could have promoted...

Words: 4399 - Pages: 18

Free Essay

Recipes

...make burritos and freeze for a quick meal. Shopping List 1 lb. small navy beans (or two cans)|$2.00| 1 yellow onion|$.99| 3-4 cloves garlic|$.33| 3 stalks celery|$.50| 3 carrots|$.50| chicken base (or bouillon)*|$.50| 1 can tomato paste (6 oz.)|$.65| 1/2 lb. bacon, cooked and crumbled (appx 6 slices)|$1.50| Total Cost = $6.97|| *You can use chicken stock or broth in place of bouillon. A ham or pork flavored broth or base would work well too. If you have a bone from a Christmas or Easter ham, use it to make stock for a soup like this. Staples • olive oil • salt • pepper • thyme • red pepper flakes • water • vinegar (cider or red wine would be best but any will do) • milk (optional) Directions If using dried beans, be sure to soak them overnight for best results. I place mine in a juice pitcher and then fill it up with water and place in the fridge. They take a little longer to cook but it is well worth it. Cook your bacon first and set aside. In this case, I already had leftover bacon...

Words: 1036 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Acceptable Foods in Phase One

...Phase 1: Induction - Acceptable Foods List Most fish, poultry and meat do not contain carbs; therefore, you may eat them but be sure you are getting your 12 to 15 net carbs in vegetables as well. All fish including: • Flounder • Herring • Salmon • Sardines • Sole • Tuna • Trout All fowl including: • Cornish Hen • Chicken • Duck • Goose • Pheasant • Quail • Turkey All shellfish including: • Clams • Crabmeat • Mussels* • Oysters* • Shrimp • Squid *Oysters and mussels are higher in carbs so limit to about 4 ounces per day. All meat including: • Bacon* • Beef • Ham* • Lamb • Pork • Veal • Venison *Be aware of processed meat and that some may be cured with sugar, which will add to the carbohydrate count. Also steer clear of meats with added nitrates. Eggs are one of nature's most nutritious creations. That’s why eggs are a staple breakfast in the Atkins Nutritional Approach. Feel free to get creative with your eggs, add mushrooms and onions, or even green pepper. Top them off with feta cheese or add spices like basil and oregano. All Eggs including: • Deviled • Fried • Hard-boiled • Omelets • Poached • Scrambled • Soft-boiled Keep in mind that cheese does contain carbs, about 1 gram per once. You may have about 3 to 4 ounces of cheese per day. An ounce is about the size of an individually wrapped slice of American cheese. Cheese including: Type Serving Size • Blue cheeses 1 oz • Cheddar ½ cup • Cow, sheep and goat 1 oz • Cream cheese 1 oz • Feta 1 oz • Gouda 1 oz • Mozzarella...

Words: 1129 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Negative Effects Of Acid Rain

...rain is formed when the above mentioned chemicals react with water and oxygen to form solutions of nitric and sulphuric acid. Acid rain has two forms: dry deposition and wet deposition. The pollutants, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, enter the atmosphere as dry deposition. Dry deposition is the deposition of pollutants which come from the atmosphere and are absorbed by plants. When they react with the water and oxygen in the rain clouds, they become wet deposition. These acidic solutions may be spread across the atmosphere...

Words: 1024 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Secrets

...hitting with hammer. 7. Repair small holes in screen. Plug holes with clear nail polish, let dry, repeat until filled. 8. Straighten warped phono records. Place record between two sheets of glass, let sit in sun for a while. 9. Best way to clean phono records. Dip in solution of detergent and water, rinse and wipe dry. 10. Make your own fireplace logs. Roll newspapers up tightly in shape of logs. 11. How to remove oil from a driveway. Cover with sand let stand for a few days, then sweep off. 12. Keep fish hooks from rusting. Stick them in a cork and submerge in some baking soda. 13. Make sandpaper last longer. Back sandpaper with masking tape. 14. How to revive old razor blades. Rub them back and forth inside a drinking glass. 15. Remove road tar from cars. Sodium bicarbonate on a damp cloth. 16. Remove labels from bottles and jars. 17. Cut glass without a glass cutter. Use tin snips and cut under water, smooth rough edges off with knife blade. 18. Easy to unglue stamps and envelopes. Put in freezer for a few hours then flip off with knife blade. 19. Get water out of your watch. Strap watch to light bulb, turn on for a few minutes. Water drops will form on glass....

Words: 3131 - Pages: 13