...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE CHINA-INDIA-PAKISTAN WATER CRISIS: PROSPECTS FOR INTERSTATE CONFLICT by James F. Brennan September 2008 Thesis Co-Advisors: Alice Lyman Miller Feroz Khan Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2008 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis: Prospects for 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Interstate Conflict 6. AUTHOR(S) James F. Brennan, Lieutenant, United States Navy 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY...
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...humanity’s condition. Factories, automobiles, buildings and so on had created by generation in order to raise up the development of economic. This had brought many negative effects such as pollution of air, water, soil, and destroy the forest as well as natural sources and creation of toxic wastes. Therefore, environmental sustainability is required to protect and save our earth.Local authorities, government agencies, and engineers play the main roles to work together to address the challenges of...
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...source of transportation, recreation, food, and income. In fact, rivers provide 97 % of all the water used in Malaysia. However, some rivers have been identified as highly polluted and caused great negative impacts to human and livestock in the polluted areas. The reduction in river water quality is a clear indicator of the decline in the environmental health of a river basin too (Azwad, 2012). Since river pollution is highly concerned with our daily lives, I am motivated to look into the river pollution issues and its rehabilitation challenges in Malaysia. River Pollution Statistical Background in Malaysia River pollution is a serious problem in Malaysia and causes negative impacts on the sustainability of water resources. It reduces the total water availability considerably due to the high water treatment cost or the polluted waters are not treatable for consumption in some instances. Meanwhile, Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia had classified Juru River, Penang as the most polluted river in Malaysia (SungaiJuru.com, 2011). It is shamed that the Juru River was also listed as the dirtiest river in South East Asia by World Health Organisation (WHO) in year 2006. (DOE, 2010), (Azwad, 2012) and (Cho, 2006) have shown that industrial and business activities contributed to the river pollution problems in our country. According to (DOE, 2010), there are 18,956 water pollution point sources comprising mainly sewage treatment plants (9,060:...
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...55 Mongolia: The Water Situation in Ulaanbaatar Mongolia: The Water Situation in Ulaanbaatar Hiroshi Sato* I. Introduction To many, Mongolia is a country of steppes and desert. Geographically, the country can be divided into three main regions: north, central and south. These regions vary greatly in terms of terrain, climate and other natural elements. The west of northern Mongolia is a wooded region covered in Siberian taiga forest. Meanwhile, the central region is home to Mongolia’s vast, characteristic steppes, and southern Mongolia is full of desert steppes. In 1990, Mongolia abandoned socialism and its one-party rule as the People’s Revolutionary Party introduced a multiple party system with influence from the Soviet perestroika movement. Then in 1992, the constitution was amended and the nation of Mongolia was born. Through these reforms, Mongolia ushered in a new democracy and transitioned from a planned economy to a market economy. As the economy flourished following the transition, a number of issues came to the surface. Of the issues raised, environmental issues are a major one in Mongolia. Currently, the impacts of domestic economic stimulation and problems such as recent global warming on the environment can be seen everywhere. Mongolia’s environmental problems are wide-ranging; air pollution, waste management, water pollution, overcentralization in the capital, energy issues, water resources, and urban environmental issues are but a few of...
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...World War. After 10 years Culture Revolution disaster, the Chinese leader Deng realized that China cannot be developed without the connection with the rest of the world, and then he decided to open the country’s economy in 1979. Today, China has become the second largest economies ranking after the USA. China’s GDP is growing at 10 percent in the recent 10 years. How did this happen? Globalization! Of course the Globalization has two types integration: positive and negative to different stakeholders such as local companies, the foreign companies, the government, the workers and the environment on different aspects including technology, trade, off-shoring, migration and environmental pollution. In the early 1980’s, the Chinese government opened several special zones along the coast, especially the south part of Guangdong province. The Shenzhen special economic zone became the fastest developing region of China. Before the government changed the economical policy, Shenzhen was just a village where people rely on fishing for living. However, Shenzhen...
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...15 Coral Reefs are a unique ecosystem, which usually grow in conditions where the temperate is around 24c and in less than 25m depth of water. Coral reefs are homes to over 25% of known sea creatures and are an invaluable service for the local population as a source of food and income. Coral Reefs are under huge stress due to the impact that human activities are having and in fact already 1/5 of the world’s coral reefs are so damaged that they are beyond repair. A global threat, which is affecting all fragile ecosystems, including coral reefs, is global warming. Firstly, the average increase in global temperatures is leading to an increased rate of ice cap melting. The melting of the ice caps releases more fresh water into the oceans, reducing salinity. The increased water volume is also increasing sea level rise; coral reefs find it difficult to survive in over 27m depth of water. The increase in sea temperatures can also change the nutrient flow. Coral bleaching is a devastating side effect of global warming which affects the corals. Coral bleaching is permanent damage and is occurring globally. The effects of the bleaching are worsened during El Nino years; in 1990 almost 50% of the worlds coral reefs were severely damaged. The most damaged reefs were in the Persian Gulf where 65% had been destroyed, followed by reefs in South Asia where 45% and 38% respectively, were considered destroyed. The Great Barrier Reef in Australia also witnessed a bleaching of 60-95% of the...
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...countries due to many reasons. This essay will argue that in developing countries the economic and environmental negative impacts caused by tourism outweigh its benefits for local communities. To understand the influence of tourism on host countries, this essay aims to provide the evaluation about the benefits and costs of tourism on both economy and environment throughout two sections. The first section discusses the outperformance of negative consequences caused by tourism on environment comparing to its positive effects, while the second argues that the impacts ofvulnerable economy arose from tourism outweighs its benefit for the developing countries. Besides, the essay also points out the genuine situations of the tourism industry in South East Asia as the typical case of developing countries. Firstly, tourism has posed several destructive effects on environmental structure of the host regions where tourism activities take place. Undoubtedly, the constructions of facilities and infrastructures constructed for tourism as well as heavy visitation of tourists could partly destroy environmental sites. According to Archer, Cooper and Ruhanen (2005), uncontrolled tourism development has adulterated and debased theaesthetic value and uniqueness of local environment by unsightly hotels and other unplanned constructions of facilities. Agreeing with this negative impact, Seviour (2013) shows an example of the long...
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...Warming has occurred, at a country scale, across most of South Asia over the 20th century and into the 2000s. There have also been higher instances of temperature extremes with the numbers of cold days and nights likely to have decreased and the numbers of warm days and nights have increased across most of Asia since about 1950. Seasonal mean rainfall shows inter-decadal variability, noticeably a declining trend with more frequent deficit monsoons. The frequency of heavy precipitation events is increasing, while light rain events are...
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...Water – The India Story March 23, 2009 1 Table of Contents Summary Global Water Situation – A Snapshot Water in India Innovative Water Management Initiatives 2 Freshwater rich regions across the globe are projected to face water scarcity if current reserves are not managed effectively Global Freshwater Scenario Global Freshwater reserves are rapidly depleting and this is expected to significantly impact many densely populated areas of the world Low to middle income developing regions as well as highly developed countries will face water stress in the future, unless existing water reserves are managed effectively • Although low and middle income developing countries currently have low per capita water consumption, rapid growth in population and inefficient use of water across sectors is expected to lead to a water shortage in the future • Developed countries traditionally have high per capita water consumption and need to focus on reducing their consumption through improved water management techniques and practices By 2025, India, China and select countries in Europe and Africa will face water scarcity if adequate and sustainable water management initiatives are not implemented Freshwater Situation in India Traditionally, India has been well endowed with large Freshwater reserves, but the increasing population and overexploitation of surface and groundwater over the past few decades has resulted in water scarcity in some regions ...
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...Air and Water Pollution ENV/100 Ivan Gonzalez February 2, 2015 Mary Frances In the United States there are six common air pollutants and can be very harmful to peoples health. These six air pollutants are: ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxides, sulfur dioxides, and lead. These pollutants can cause serious damages people’s health, waterways, plants, and global warming. Ozone is a secondary pollutant because when there are to primary pollutants that have to react to sunlight. Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems, particularly for children, the elderly, and people of all ages who have lung diseases such as asthma. Ground level ozone can also have harmful effects on sensitive vegetation and ecosystems (“Ground Level”. 2014). Nitrogen dioxides are pollutant that comes from vehicles and burn fossil fuel into the atmosphere. Nitrogen dioxide is a secondary pollutant like ozone. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 established a goal of a 60 percent reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions in passenger cars by the year 2003. Usually, all polluters must comply with the same rules and regulations, regardless of their particular circumstances (Wiley, 2014). Majority of air contamination results from human activities like combustion of fossil fuels, industrial procedures and automobiles. Of the hazardous chemicals released in the air by all this combustion include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and minute solid...
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...Marine Pollution Bulletin 66 (2013) 117–124 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Marine Pollution Bulletin journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marpolbul Impacts of marine debris on wild animals in the coastal area of Korea Sunwook Hong a,f, Jongmyoung Lee a,f,⇑, Yong Chang Jang a, Young Jun Kim b, Hee Jong Kim c, Donguk Han d, Sang Hee Hong e, Daeseok Kang f, Won Joon Shim e a Our Sea of East Asia Network, 722 Leadersvill 1570-8, Jukrim, Gwangdo, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-826, South Korea Chungnam Wild Animal Rescue Center, 1 Dehoi, Yesaneup, Yesan County, Chungnam 340-702, South Korea c Migratory Birds Center of National Park Research Institute, Hongdo, Heuksan, Shinan, Jeonnam 535-916, South Korea d PGA Wetland Ecology Institute, 240-2, Dejang, Deokyang, Goyang City, Gyeonggi 412-250, South Korea e Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 391 Jangmok-myon, Geoje 656-834, South Korea f Pukyong National University, 45, Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 608-737, South Korea b a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Marine debris Entanglement Ingestion Threatened species Recreational fishing gear a b s t r a c t Over the last decade, marine debris has become a major factor affecting the coastal ecosystem of Korea. This study compiled information regarding how marine debris impacts wildlife in Korea. Cases of marine debris impacting wildlife were collected from experts of various fields and from local...
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...John Finken February 29, 2012 Informative Essay – Draft 1 Humans Contribution to Climate Change Over the past 50 years scientific research has shown the ways in which human activity has caused or contributed to climate change. Research all over the world points to the ways humans have caused climate change: the emission of excessive greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide from human industrial, residential and transportation sources into the earth’s atmosphere, exploding population causing a greater need for ever scarcer resources, and finally producing deforestation, pollution and a catastrophic loss of biodiversity of plants and animals. “We are dumping so much carbon dioxide into the Earth’s environment that we have literally changed the relationship between the Earth and the Sun.” (Gore, p.10) Scientific studies measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been taken on a daily basis beginning in 1958 over the island of Hawaii. After a relatively short amount of time the scientists could see that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere was going up at an alarming rate. The pattern has shown that the levels of CO2 have been steadily rising year after year for 50 years. “The pre-industrial concentration of CO2 was 280 parts per million. In 2005, that level, measured high above Mauna Loa, was 381 parts per million.” (Gore, p.37) The level of CO2 is higher than it has ever been in 650,000 years. Scientists have proven that the increased level...
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...manufacturing company, we will focus on distributing our product to large scale retailers. The ideal market exposure for our product is to go global. The product itself often appeals to watersport fans, so the majority of our marketing distribution channels will be directed toward areas located near large bodies of waters around the Globe. Dual distribution centers will be set up in different countries focusing more on coastline locations. Here in the US, along the east and west coasts, we have many popular beaches where different water sports such as surfing, wake boarding, and extreme fishing are practiced. In the East Coast, we will locate our larger distribution centers in the more popular beaches such as; Hampton Beach, Manhattan Beach, South Beach, Myrtle Beach, Virginia Beach, and Wrightsville beach. We have discovered that in some northern beaches such as Manhattan Beach, locales and travelers tend to stay out of the water due to pollution and extreme cold water temperatures. Hopefully, we can target market our product to these groups of people, as well as others, and position the product in their heads as a “need” to help them get back in the water. Since we are a dual distribution center, consumers will be able to physically walk in our facilities and purchase to order, or rent their H2O Soulz. Intermediaries will perform different distribution functions including, selling and maintaining inventories. We will also be using methods of Electronic Marking Channels...
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...Earth is interconnected. Therefore, humans should attempt to conserve the natural habitats of the Earth and in turn the animals that live in them. However, that is not the reality, for humans are one of the main causes of animal extinction and endangerment. As Julia Marton-Lefevre, IUCN's Director General said, “hundreds of species could be lost as a result of our own actions”(in Goodman). In the entire Earth’s history there has only been five great mass extinctions, we are now in the midst of the sixth great mass extinction, driven by human demand for natural resources and the wildlife trade, in addition to other detrimental human actions. Southeast Asia is one of the regions in which numerous species are going extinct, so Southeast Asian governments should be more concerned with the immediate threat of animal extinction in Southeast Asia. The exploitation of natural resources is a key factor in economic growth and...
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...China’s Water Woes: A Tug of Water Between Economic Growth & Sustainable Development China’s Water Woes: A Tug of Water Between Economic Growth & Sustainable Development When we think about water, we never think of it in finite terms like we do with oil and other valuable resources we consume. After all, why should we think of water as a limited supply? Our entire planet is covered with 75 percent water. It is implausible to believe that countries would go to war over water as they have for oil. Due to rapid economic growth, China is increasingly becoming a water stressed country as it faces two major problems with its water resource management: water pollution and water shortage. The water crises needs to be examined in finite terms as its quantity and quality continues to have a strangle hold on China. “China’s economic boom has, in a ruthless symmetry, fueled an equal and opposite environmental collapse. In its race to become the world’s next superpower, China is not only draining its rivers and aquifers with abandon; it is also polluting what’s left so irreversibly that the World Bank warns of catastrophic consequences for future generations.” (Larmer 2008, 153) Rapid economic growth and along with an increase in population is fueling environmental degradation and is becoming increasingly detrimental to its current and future economic growth in China. The gap between economic growth and environmental...
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