...directions come together to form the main river, which ultimately drains into a large water body such as a lake or a sea or an ocean. The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. A closer observation on a map will indicate that any elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland, separates two drainage basins. Such an upland is known as a water divide (Figure 3.1). Sr ea m B 3 T Sr ea m A W at er Di vi de subcontinent. Accordingly, the Indian rivers are divided into two major groups: • the Himalayan rivers; and • the Peninsular rivers. Apart from originating from the two major physiographic regions of India, the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers are different from each other in many ways. Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial. It means that they have water throughout the year. These rivers receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains. The two major Himalayan rivers, the Indus and the Brahmaputra originate from the north of the mountain ranges. They have cut through the mountains making gorges. The Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to the sea. They perform intensive erosional activity in their upper courses and carry huge loads of silt and sand. In the middle and the lower courses, these rivers form meanders, oxbow lakes, and many other depositional features in their Figure 3.1 : Water Divide The world’s largest drainage basin is of the Nile river in Egypt •...
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...HEALTH CARE WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO IN WEST BENGAL The wastes generated from health care units are generally classified as infectious and non-infectious. The infectious health care wastes are termed as ‘bio-medical wastes’ and are considered to be potentially hazardous in nature. The disposal of untreated bio-medical wastes mixed with non-infectious health care wastes or other general municipal wastes poses an environmental threat and public health risk.Indiscriminate disposal of untreated bio-medical waste is often the cause for the spread of several infectious diseases. It is also responsible for the nosocomial diseases i.e. the hospital acquired diseases to the health care personnel who handle these wastes at the point of generation. Moreover, this is equally harmful to persons involved in the bio-medical waste management i.e. segregation, storage, transport, treatment and disposal. Apart from the above, a good amount of bio-medical wastes such as disposable syringes, saline bottles, I.V. fluid bottles etc. are picked up by rag pickers and are recycled back into the market without any disinfection. It is imperative, therefore, to adopt an appropriate environmentally safe method for the disposal of the hospital wastes. Sources of generation of Bio-medical wastes: Hospitals, Nursing Homes, Veterinary Hospitals, Dental Clinics, Pathological & Diagnostic Laboratories, Blood Bank etc. Type of Health Care Waste: These are of two types (i) Infectious Wastes (ii) Non-infectious...
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...It was further directed by the Court that, “for industrial development, the people should not become ill on account of collapse of buildings, surface erosion and water pollution . In Hamid Khan v. State of Madhyapradesh it was held that there was a gross negligence on the part of the state government in not taking proper measure before supplying drinking water from hand-pumps which has resulted in colossal damage to the people, the Court held that the State was responsible and has failed to discharge its primary responsibility. With the objective of affording better protection to the environment, the Constitution was amended in the year 1976 and a new Article 48-A was inserted into the Constitution which reads: “The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wild life of the...
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...Water For People—India Country Strategy 2007 – 2011 Final Draft _______________________________________________________________________ Submitted for Consideration by the International Programs Committee December 14, 2006 Glossary ARWSP BEC BESUS CAP CPI—M CSO DFID GoWB GP IEC IMF IT KAP lpcd MDG MNP MoWR NGO NWRC O&M PRA PRI PRSP RSP SWOT TRYSEM USA UT VCHP Accelerated Rural Water Sanitation Programme Bengal Engineering College Bengal Engineering and Science University Shibpur Comprehensive Action Plan Communist Party of India—Marxist Civil Society Organisations Department for International Funding Government of West Bengal Gram Panchayat Information Education Communication International Monetary Fund Information Technology Knowledge Attitude Practice Litres per capita per day Millennium Development Goals Minimum Needs Programme Ministry of Water Resources Nongovernmental Organisation National Water Resource Council Operation and Maintenance Participatory Rural Appraisal Panchayati Raj Institutions Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Rural Sanitation Programme Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment United States of America Union Territory Volunteer Community Health Promoter Contents Section Title Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 Review of Water and Sanitation in India Demographic, Economic and Socio-political...
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...officially the State of Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun". | BANGLADESHBangladesh officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a country in South Asia, located on the fertile Bengal delta. It is bordered by the Republic of India to its north, west and east, by the Union of Myanmar (Burma) to its south-east and by the Bay of Bengal to its south. It is separated from the Democratic Republic of Nepal and the Kingdom of Bhutan by the narrow Indian Siliguri Corridor. Together with the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language. | * POLITICAL FACTORS JAPAN | FORM OF GOVERNMENT | Japan has a constitutional monarchy as its current form of government. However the Emperor is only a ceremonial figurehead and his powers are very limited. He is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". The Prime Minister holds the power with the elected members of the Diet (Japan’s parliament). Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as...
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... Nirmal Kumar Chaturvedi 0A40F004 Global warming is caused by human activity. Gore shows pictures of factories pumping out smoking gases and talks about how the greenhouse gases humans are pumping into the environment as well as the fires burning from deforestation are causing the warming. China too is burning mountains of coal, using old technologies. According to him cause of our ecological troubles is population pressure. The more people we have, the more pollution, CO2, methane, cars, airplanes, refrigerators, forest destruction. We put pressure on food, water, natural resources. More burning of forests. Tractors, refrigerators, detergents are more environmentally destructive human activities. Impacts of global warming on climate of India:- The effect of global warming on the climate of India has led to many climate disasters . India is a disaster prone area, with the statistics of 27 out of 35 states being disaster prone, with floods being the most frequent disasters. The process of global warming has led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of these climatic disasters. According to surveys, in the year 2007-2008, India ranked the third highest in the world regarding the number of significant disasters, The anticipated increase...
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...EC1 Section 5 Illustration Essay Raphiporn (Mind) Chonlakhup 5580568 Population Growth’s Negative Aspects on Various Countries Currently, the world population is reaching an estimated number of 7,094 million people or about 7 billion (Population Connection, 2013) and is growing by 145 people every minute or 2.4 every second (CIA World Factbook, 2012). The increase in world population happens usually because of the faster decline in death rate than the birth rate due to more availability of antibiotics, immunization, clean water and increased food production which improved child lives and decreases infant mortality. Too much population growth in a region, a city or a country can result as overpopulation. Overpopulation refers to a condition when the number of the population exceeds the capacity of their living habitats and the existence of their resources, it normally occurs from the unbalanced rate of birth and deaths, an increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. Overpopulation is generally considered as a disadvantage as it may contribute to multitudinous problems such as environmental deterioration, low life qualities, good deficiency, and fatal issue such as population collapse. This essay will emphasize on the diversity of negative aspects of population growth in various countries on their environments, economy, and society. The major and largest factor related to my idea of too much population growth as a disadvantage towards...
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...Sensing, Environmental Monitoring Section, Applications Division, 588 Booth Street, Room 423, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0Y7 Received 23 December 2004; received in revised form 22 August 2005; accepted 30 August 2005 Available online 26 October 2005 Abstract Bangladesh is currently facing a serious threat to public health, with 85 million people at risk from arsenic (As) in drinking water and in food crops. In Bangladesh, the groundwater As contamination problem is the worst in the world. Ninety-seven percent of the population in the country uses groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes as surfacewater is mismanaged. High levels of As in groundwater are causing widespread poisoning in Bangladesh. Different studies have addressed various aspects of the As issue in Bangladesh. This review is undertaken to give an overview of the latest findings and statistical data on the issue especially on soil, water and food cycle. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a safe limit for As in drinking water of 10 mg LÀ1. A recent survey looked at the As concentrations of drinking water from deep wells in 64 districts in the country and found that 59 had concentrations >10 mg LÀ1 and 43 had concentrations >50 mg LÀ1. Contaminated groundwater is also used for irrigation of paddy rice, which is the main staple food for the population. This practice enhances the level of As in the soils rendering them unsuitable for agriculture. A few recent studies have reported that 85–95%...
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...and more than two-thirds of these reside in rural areas. Most of this region is a subcontinent resting on the Indian Plate (the northerly portion of the Indo-Australian Plate) separated from the rest of Eurasia. It was once a small continent before colliding with the Eurasian Plate about 50-55 million years ago and giving birth to the Himalayan range and the Tibetan plateau. It is the peninsular region south of the Himalayas and Kuen Lun mountain ranges and east of the Indus River and the Iranian Plateau, extending southward into the Indian Ocean between the Arabian Sea (to the southwest) and the Bay of Bengal (to the southeast). The region is home to an astounding variety of geographical features, such as glaciers, rainforests, valleys, deserts, and grasslands that are typical of much larger continents. It is surrounded by three water bodies — the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. The climate of this vast region varies considerably from area to area from tropical monsoon in the south to temperate in the north. The variety is influenced by not only the altitude, but also by factors such as proximity to the sea coast and the seasonal impact of the monsoons. ➢...
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...WATER PURIFIERS Water filtration is the strategy in which you take sullied, soiled water and go it through a movement of channels to clean and disinfect it. My social affair contained Brian (Team Leader), Laura (Recorder), Alynsia (Materials Producer), and myself Louis (Materials Producer) are responsible for cleansing the town of Brown's Water. The case of water that was researched by the social occasion was a generosity looking substance that from our understanding contained: mineral oil, vinegar, macerated leaves, garlic, and treated soil. This is not a mix of essentially everything that you could have sway our water in this town. As ought to be clear our water is a to a great degree squalid and rank substance that ought to be washed down soon or various will be affected and possibly fail horrendously. Like everything else there is a purpose behind the four methods for water sterilization. Extraction is the underlying stage in our methodology, and its inspiration is to clean water enough so partials are not any more present. This will clean water enough to get retested. Filtration is the second step in our sterilization method. Filtration is used to clean little partials close by contaminants so that a water test can be reused. Refining is the methodology that the social occasion used next. This system changes test into steam, and after that hits a chilly divider, which will change steam afresh into water. The explanation behind this is to clean the water test. Stage...
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...towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in mind not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle of nature. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water reuse, and the...
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...Vehicular Pollution and Environment Protection | Environment Law Research Paper | Research Methodology AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This research paper is an attempt to understand the pollution caused by the increasing vehicular traffic in India and its impact on the Environment around us. RESEARCH ISSUES: 1. Meaning and Kindsof Pollution 2. Vehicular Pollution and its effects on health and the environment 3. Technical Measure (like Emission Standards) and Non Technical Measures(like prevention of Fuel Adulteration) 4. Fuel Economy Standards and phasing out old Vehicles. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This research paper is limited in the sense that it tries to study the pollution caused to the environment by the vehicular traffic. Pollution is a broad and extensive topic but this topic tries to limit itself to such pollution caused by the environment and not all other kinds of pollution. METHOD OF WRITING: This paper has largely been written in an investigative and an analytical style. SOURCES OF DATA: The researcher has primarily referred to secondary sources such as books and articles while writing this research paper. MODE OF CITATION: A uniform mode of citation has been used throughout this research paper which is based loosely on the style prescribed in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation(Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 17th ed. 2000). Table of Contents Sr No | Topic | Page No | 1 | Introduction | 3,4 | 2 | Pollution | 4 | ...
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...Watersheds, Watersheds Water is essential to have for any living thing, any given day. Most humans use, consume, or waste the most amount of water. Humans have the mindset that water will never run out, when in fact that is just the case. Our water is slowly vanishing, being contaminated, or wasted. There are key factors to take into consideration when determining how our water is doing not only internationally, but globally. When it comes to water, the World Health Organization (WHO) is one of the main corporations responsible for passing along the information on how the water security is doing. There are more ways to infect water than to help it. The WHO clearly states on the front page of the water section of their website, “The amount of fresh water on earth is limited, and its quality is under constant pressure. Preserving the quality of fresh water is important for the drinking-water supply, food production, and recreational water use. Water quality can be compromised by the presence of infectious agents, toxic chemicals, and radiological hazards” (WHO). This is just an emphasis on the importance of being aware of the preservation of water and how it easily it can affect anything when infected. The WHO does everything in order to ensure the safety of the water and creates opportunities to become informed about the water one drinks. Water has a huge affect on anything living. Water has the same impact on the United States as it does globally. If water is contaminated, then...
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...of the world are supplied by the drastic use of non-renewable sources of energy, which are mainly the fossil fuels or the nuclear fuels, which are no doubt very good, but will not last for ever, they will end very soon. By fossil fuels I am throwing light on coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. which on combustion emits harmful gases such as carbon di oxide, carbon mono oxide which are harmful to the environment. Though the Renewable resources of energy which are the Solar Energy i.e. the energy from sun, Wind Energy, as the name suggests the energy from wind or the fast moving air, the Geothermal Energy i.e. the energy from the earth, energy generated from water known as hydro energy, biogas and many more. Which are no doubt very good energy sources and the qualities like everlasting and clean that is negligible pollution makes them the best in the lot. The present generation of energy is more from the non renewable resources which is bad for the nature and for the future also, thus we need to manage the use and organize the usage of both the resources so that they can be saved for the future use and the generation of the energy can be done in more efficient and clean way. 1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, India has emerged as one of the leading destinations for investors from developed countries. This attraction is partially due to the lower cost of manpower and good quality production. The expansion of investments has brought benefits of employment, development,...
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...to effectively and sustainably manage earth’s energy, water, mineral, soil and coastal resources for our future generations. A stand-alone view of various phenomena will not serve any purpose as any independent model is unable to sustain the variability of the complexities involved in the earth and ocean sciences, which are gradually converging. It has therefore become imperative to understand the interdependence and coupling of geological sciences and oceanography. The combined approach to earth and ocean sciences is also the key to predicting and managing natural disasters or hazards like earthquakes, cyclones, floods, tsunami, etc. In this context, in a significant development in India, a Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) was formed in July 2006 by restructuring the former Ministry of Ocean Development. The MoES deals with matters relating to meteorology, seismology, climate and environmental science and related earth sciences including ocean science and technology. It facilitates an integrated view of earth systems viz., ocean, atmosphere and land to provide best possible services in respect of ocean resources, ocean state, monsoon, cyclone, earthquake, tsunami, climate change, etc. The MoES oversees research in earth system sciences, forecast monsoons and other climate parameters, ocean state, earthquakes, tsunamis and earth science phenomena. The ministry also supports industry in science, aviation, water resources, aquaculture, agriculture, etc., by disseminating...
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