...social and economics issues of flooding can be seen in the examples of Pakistan and Cumbria, Both these places have seen floods effecting economic and social issues. Flooding is a naturally occurring event that can be influenced or effected by human intervention, it occurs when discharge of a river exceeds the banks full capacity in a river channel. Floods are triggered by an increase in water volume that can be affected by many different factors, giving it great effect on human inhabitance in locations close to rivers situated around a floodplain. Pakistan has had a generally weak economy with a GDP per capita of about $2,710 and Cumbria with a GDP of $37,356 this shows us that Pakistan is less likely to have to resources to react to a flooding, while Cumbria will have the money to not only react but put in possible precautions to stop or subdue the flooding. With Pakistan having such a low GDP it ‘s right that we should see a large percentage of their population working in agriculture 45.1% and with some states such as Burkina Faso having 90% of its labor force in Agriculture, this compared to Cambria’s percentage of people in agriculture 29% the next largest being 21% (Healthcare and Education) shows that the effect my not be as strong on Cumbria as there will be less people living on flood planes due to little agricultural activity. Although Cumbria with less of a agricultural labor force and Pakistan with its greater agricultural labor force, Cumbria still lies at a big...
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...Water Scenario: Past, Present and Future of Pakistan By: Muhammed Zafir Zia Per capita availability of surface water in Pakistan is gradually dwindling from 5300 cubic meter in 1951 to 1000 cubic meters in 2005 and is projected to hit less than 1000 cubic meters making Pakistan a water short country Of all the major problems, water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet. Experts project that the global water crisis will reach unprecedented levels in the years ahead in many parts of the developing world. The years ahead predict the threat of looming water wars between countries. According to figures published by the United Nations & other international organizations, 1.1bn people are without a sufficient access to water, and 2.4bn people have to live without adequate sanitation. Under current trends, the prognosis is that about 3bn people of a population of 8.5bn will suffer from water shortage by 2025. 83% of them will live in developing countries, mostly in rural areas where even today sometimes only 20% of the populations have access to a sufficient water supply. Fresh drinking water is not only a need of human beings, but equally important for the animals and agriculture throughout the world. This acute water shortage will be responsible in spreading diseases as contaminated water is the sole cause of nearly 80% infectious diseases. Hence the world has to take serious and concrete measures in order to avoid the water...
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...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE CHINA-INDIA-PAKISTAN WATER CRISIS: PROSPECTS FOR INTERSTATE CONFLICT by James F. Brennan September 2008 Thesis Co-Advisors: Alice Lyman Miller Feroz Khan Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2008 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis: Prospects for 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Interstate Conflict 6. AUTHOR(S) James F. Brennan, Lieutenant, United States Navy 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Water is perhaps the single most important substance on earth. It forms the basis for life . Organisms, including man, can only survive if there is an adequate supply of water available. Although 98% of the earth’s water is sea water, humans are most concerned with the remaining 2% of fresh water that supports life on earth. In the last several hundred years’ man has increasingly impacted on both the distribution and the quality of fresh water. Peters Bricker Kennedy (1996) Water shortage is not a new problem. Human beings have always been trying to overcome this problem through various methods. They have been using different techniques and strategies. The water shortage has its root cause in different cultural activities of human societies. Different societies had been using their indigenous knowledge system to solve the problem of water shortage (Adams, 2005). In a recent workshop titled ‘framing responses’ organized by Leadership for Environment and Development (LEAD). Experts of workshop concluded that Pakistan has done nothing to store water in past forty five years. Experts were also of the opinion that countries in the south Asia are committed to store water but Pakistani authorities are busy in making reports and not translating them into action. (Dawn-2012) Water is an essential resource for conservation of human health, agricultural invention and socio-economic progress in the rural emerging economies that mark much of the worldwide...
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...TRANSBOUNDARY WATER MANAGEMENT; ISSUE OF GOVERNANCE LEADING TO A STALEMATE Abstract: In an era of globalization with regional states in Asia growing up to compete against the developed nations, regional powers trying to assert its regional influence over one another is raking up the old issues of control of water. These issues of controls over water had arises from its need to fulfill the growing demand of power shortages and its ambition of supply on upstream and downstream. This paper aims to study the reasons behind the reemergence of this water dispute which had previously had been put through cooperation or arbitration for sharing. Also it will analyze the problem of managing the river transboundary in the South East Asia. INTRODUCTION...
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...“The Effects of the Indus Water Treaty on Pakistan’s Economy” Introduction & Background The Indus Water Treaty is a treaty, which was signed in the presence of the World Bank officials, between Pakistan and India, over sharing the water of the Indus basin. The treaty was developed on the 19th of September, 1960 between the President of Pakistan at the time, Ayub Khan, and the Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, at Karachi. The water of the River Indus is alienated between an eastern and western river. The Eastern River belonging to India consisting of Ravi, Beas and Sutlu, while the western river flowing through the uncertain region of Jammu and Kashmir including Indus, Jehlum and Chenab. The treaty was to be known as a consequence of Pakistani fright, considering the foundation of the rivers belonging to the Indus basin were in India. The fright basically was that at times of war; India could bring droughts and famines in being at Pakistan. Nevertheless, India did not leave from the treaty all during the three Indo-Pakistani Wars which occurred later on. To be on the bright side, there have been no water wars between the two nations after the treaty in 1960 and if any disputes did rise in the meantime, they were settled through the involvement of legal events. The treaty is regarded as one of the most successful water sharing deals in the world today. Economic Effects Pakistan is a country which entirely depends upon water to maintain its economy. According...
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...World. Bottled water has been one of the success stories of the past 20 years. Always popularin some European countries such as France and Italy, fears about contamination of water supplies coupled with rising affluence has resulted in exponential growth in the market in countries where previously people were perfectly happy to drink tap water. The growth in the world population, and consequently increasing pressure on freshwater supplies, means that tap water in many countries is either contaminated or (at best) tastes unpleasant owing to residues from the purification system. The problem for many of the firms in the industry has been the cost of purifying and bottling the water; traditional sources of mineral water, such as the Perrier springs, are inadequate to cope with the potential world supply. Nestles answer to the problem is to source the water in China, where bottling costs are low, and rather than use expensive spring water, to purify ordinary tap water. This renders the water safe to drink, but at a fraction of the overall cost of using spring or mineral water. Nestle initially entered the Asian market by buying out local brands. The company now owns over 50 local brands in Asia, and is lobbying governments in Pakistan, Ghana and the Philippines to allow foreign ownership of local companies: In some Asian countries, notably Thailand, the market has developed to the point where only the very poorest people would drink tap water; Nestle hopes to achieve...
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...Abstract The aim of this work is to look into urbanization trend in Pakistan and its socio-economic implications. The study would examine the effectiveness of a range of remedies applied in Pakistan, and as to how other countries are dealing with the problems arising due to urbanization. Based on analysis of the case of Pakistan and cross-country experiences, an attempt will be made to suggest remedies based on regulatory framework and various economic instruments to resolve the urbanization related issues. Urbanization is generally considered as a means and an end towards development. In Pakistan as well, the transition of a substantial portion of population to a largely urban population and the development of mega-urban regions/centers is being viewed as an engine of economic growth in the Government’s ‘New Growth Framework’. The success of this Growth Framework depends, to a large extent, on the speed with which the urban centers are transformed into dynamic, knowledge-based, productive, healthy and efficient centers. Urbanization is the process of a country becoming more industrialized from a previously agricultural dominated society; it is a cyclical process involving three essential aspects: behavior, structure and demography. Table of Contents Chapter Page 1. Introduction • Urbanization...
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...clean and drinkable water sources and 2.8 billion of people are affected every year in this planet full of water sources. “783 million people, or 11 per cent of the global population, remain without access to an improved source of clean water”, quoted United Nations 2013. These are the water issues and that had been proved by researchers around the world. This essay discuss the importance of water on human body, how the lives of people in water poor communities around the world are impacted, poor sanitation, health effects on people in water poor communities and opportunities for a better livelihood with water sources. In the first place, water is the most important element of all human needs to keep us alive and live normally. The reason why a human needs to drink water because our body takes up to 55 to 78 percentage of water to work functionally, such as metabolism, regulations of body temperature and more. Humans cannot perform actions in the best situation or live healthily without sufficient amount of water preserved, worse, one will face dehydration or death if no water is accessed within three days or lesser. In order to prevent dehydration, which often happens in summer or when the humidity of air is low, humans have to drink up to 8 glasses of water, or even more than that which highly depending on the condition of body individually (Carolyn O'Neil, July 2011). For example, women that is in pregnant or breastfeeding their child requires a lot of water to keep themselves...
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...Types of food people like in Pakistan: The Pakistani cosines are rich in oil and chillies. Unlike the Indian food, Pakistani dishes must include meat, chicken and beef, though pork is totally forbidden as per Islamic teachings. Although eating habits differ from regions to region, the mainstay of the Pakistani diet is "chapati or roti" made from flour. "Lassi" a usual drink made like a milkshake in a home made utencil from curd/yogurt and water is usually taken at lunch time, specially during the summers as it beats the effects of hard weather. It is usually customary to eat a dessert after the dinner, which mainly comprises "Kheer" (made from rice and milk) and sweetened rice "Zarda". Rice though scarcely eaten in many parts, pulla´o (lightly fried rice with vegetables) and biryani (rice with meat or vegetables and spices) are the tw very favourite dishes of rice, specially on marriages. "Mithai" a kind of sweet made of corn flour, sugar and milk is the favourite sweet for all ages Pakistanis generally eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch, and dinner. During the evening, many families have green tea without sugar which goes along with baked/fried snacks from local bakery (or prepared at home). During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, the eating patterns change to: sehri and iftar. It is considered proper to eat only with the right hand as per Islamic tradition (also a tradition in many other Asian cultures). Many Pakistani families, particularly when guests are too many...
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...OF CSR Module: Corporate Social Responsibility Industry Name: Sugar Industry of Pakistan Submitted To: Sir Waris Ali Submitted By: Amna zahoor BBA-12-07 Adeel sami Khan BBA-12-09 Rabiya Javed BBA-12-15 Tayyaba Ashfaq BBA-12-26 Tayyab Tahir BBA-12-41 Class: BBA 6th Morning BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY SUB CAMPUS SAHIWAL. Abstract This report examines the current state of competitive environment of sugar industry in Pakistan. A Brief history of sugar industry and its operation in Pakistan is initially outlined. The discussion then focuses on key ecological and social responsibility issues. For evaluating the degree to which the issues are being addressed, we have studied the CSR activities from their annual reports of 20 listed companies in sugar industry. It is concluded that CSR issues are not properly addressed and solved. The CSR practices are implemented only by the big mills in the industry. It is suggested that CSR practices should be implemented properly. Technological advancement is also very necessary for improving the capacity of sugar industry. Research questions | Research aim | What are the nature, size and market of sugar industry? | To investigate the entire industry structure and its background. | What are the key ecological and social issues in the sugar industry? | To investigate the environmental and ethical problems in sugar industry. | What are the CSR practices in listed mills of sugar industry? | To...
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...Modern Agricultural Farm (MAF) is a farm which is located in Pakistan. In order to make MAF stand out from the crowd, we need to analyze and figure out the opportunities as well as the challenges MAF is facing currently. Macroeconomic: Economic Pakistan is located in the South Asia, bounded by India on the east and by Arabian Sea on the south. 70% of the livelihoods of the population in Pakistan are either directly or indirectly linked to agriculture (N. Ahmed 1). In another words, agricultural industry is the backbone industry in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan has therefore “identified that agriculture is one of the priority areas to be focused in order to support the economy (“Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette” 1)”. Under this background, it is apparent that the Modern Agricultural Farm is facing a great opportunity to develop with the support from the government. Social Agriculture is a labor-intensive industry, especially when it comes to growing vegetables as is mentioned in the case. Pakistan has a large population of 159,196,336 (“Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette”), and referring to the data, the minimum wage in Pakistan is only $1.23 per hour (“Pakistan Labor Stats”). It could be inferred that with the availability to such a large number of labor forces and cheap labor price, Modern Agricultural Farm can easily control the labor expenses and therefore efficiently increase the potential profitability...
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...The Indus River Basin: The Continuing Water Disputes Between India and Pakistan Anise Ko August 7, 2014 Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with...
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...PAK-INDIA RELATIONS Section I: Introduction It is axiomatic that Pakistan and India share a turbulent and complex, if also short, history. While the dynamics of the relationship may shift from time to time, numerous existential issues remain in place. Characterised by mistrust, contrasting interests and the oft-quoted ‘missed opportunities’, the bloodshed of 1947 has been replaced by a more diverse set of issues that continue to mar the relationship. Kashmir has come to exemplify the classic case of a territorial dispute between neighbouring countries in the modern world composed of nation States. Extended hostile periods have only been sporadically separated by periods of relative peace – interludes that many hoped would prolong into perpetuity. But failures of State, internal conflicts, deep-rooted differences and perhaps unavoidable circumstances have meant that these spells of tranquillity remain mere specks of light in an otherwise dark corridor, at best offering missed opportunities. In studying the Pakistan-India ties, it is simplistic but also convenient to divide them into phases with regard to important junctures in South Asian history. None of the occasions that gave rise to optimism could ultimately become the watershed they were built up to be. The most recent such case was in 2004; following a prolonged period of military standoff, there began a ‘peace process’ led by President Musharraf and Prime Minister Vajpayee. This phase was significant since it allowed...
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...Mallick ERP: 09189 International Relations -Position Paper Pakistan India relations - positive Pakistan and India are the two inextricably linked neighbors that are engaged in a stagnated relationship since the last 68 years. The hostile attitude of the two religious entities living in the united South Asia left a grave impression on each other’s minds. The events of the past have shaped the sentiments of today. The narrative of the general public stands that India is our enemy. A survey by Pew Research Center (based in Washington) reveals rising concern among Pakistanis about a threat to their country from India. We see contempt and hatred for the Indians in the general masses. Pakistanis believe that Pakistan and India can in no way...
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