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Watson

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En el texto, Watson nos plantea la necesidad de que la psicología cambie su objeto de estudio, dejando de lado la observación y descripción de los estados mentales y procediendo al estudio de la conducta, plantea esta conducta no sabiendo reconocer la línea divisoria entre hombre y animal. El análisis de la conducta y las relaciones era el único método objetivo para conseguir la penetración en las acciones humanas y extrapolar el método propio de las Ciencias Naturales a la Psicología.
Watson opinaba que los métodos de esta nueva psicología deberían ser de la psicología animal, la manipulación del entorno y la determinación de sus efectos sobre la conducta, sin hacer referencia a la conciencia.
Desestima el concepto de conciencia por inútil e imperfecto; para él es una supersticiosa creencia medieval en el alma; lo considera como algo decididamente indigno de estudio científico. Su proposición es que la psicología debe romper con el pasado, abandonar definitivamente el concepto de conciencia, empezar de nuevo y construir una nueva ciencia.
Nos plantea que la propuesta conductual de la psicología debe tomar como punto de partida el que los organismos se ajustan por sí mismo a su ambiente mediante la herencia y el hábito y, que ciertos estímulos llevan al organismo a realizar respuestas en tanto dada la respuesta podrán predecirse los estímulos y dados los estímulos podrá predecirse la respuesta. Pienso que el sostener que las conductas son causadas por un estímulo específico, es entenderlas en una manera mecanicista, que tiene como patrón la explicación de los reflejos. Si bien Watson y Skinner concordaban en que la meta de una ciencia de la conducta era predecir y controlar la espontaneidad de ésta, me parecen notable los cambios que han surgido en la concepción de la conducta como la respuesta a un estímulo específico, pensar en un estímulo no como un incitador de la conducta del organismo sino como una acción coordinada que ocurre en un evento único.
Watson continua con los experimentos que buscan perseguir el estudio del modo como el organismo moldea sus respuestas para adaptarse al ambiente en el que vive y los estímulos que se le van presentando. Para Watson los procesos de pensamiento superior son accesibles al estudio conductual. Sostiene que a medida que los métodos experimentales y de aproximación a los fenómenos se desarrollen mejor, será posible acceder al estudio de conductas mucho más complejas cada vez.
Afirma la importancia de que la conducta se vuelva una ciencia independiente. Watson critica en un principio la concepción dualista que es la mente y el cuerpo y después el organocentrismo. La psicología desde el punto de vista conductista desarrolla la necesidad de mantener semejanza en el procedimiento experimental y en el método de formular los resultados tanto en el trabajo con seres humanos como en el trabajo con animales. Watson específica, que si se puede asumir la presencia o ausencia de la conciencia en cualquier punto de la escala filogenética, esto no influirá de ningún modo en los problemas conductuales y en el ámbito experimental. El hombre y el animal deberán ser expuestos, en tanto sea posible, a las mismas condiciones experimentales, los conductistas al utilizar seres humanos como objeto de estudio, deben empelar métodos de investigación exactamente comparables a los métodos empleados en la investigación animal, con el fin de mantener los resultados en un plano objetivo, que permita la comparación y por resultado la posibilidad de utilizar los datos resultantes de esta psicología conductual de manera práctica para el bien social.
Watson afirma que si la psicología quiere convertirse en ciencia, debe seguir el ejemplo de las ciencias físicas y ciencias naturales es decir hacerse materialista, objetiva, mecanicista, esto implicaría que existe una sola sustancia, la materia, aquello que puede observarse de modo neutral por diferentes observadores, los cuales podrán observar exactamente lo mismo. El Conductismo es un programa de investigación que intento construir una teoría general del aprendizaje, a partir de los principios básicos del cambio conductual observable. Es el primer intento serio de la ciencia de construir una teoría general del aprendizaje y de la enseñanza, como ámbito de aplicación de la psicología.

Conclusión:
Una de las ideas centrales de la teoría es la de condicionamiento, proceso por el cual una respuesta determinada es obtenida en relación con un estímulo originalmente indiferente con respecto a la misma. Luego se trata de determinar cómo a partir de unos pocos reflejos y mediante procesos de condicionamiento, se obtiene la enorme gama de conductas que realizan los hombres.
El interés del conductista en las acciones humanas es más que solo observar, desea prever y controlar las reacciones del humano. Corresponde a la psicología conductista poder anticipar y fiscalizar la actividad humana, para conseguirlo debe reunir datos científicos mediantes procedimientos experimentales. Solo entonces el conductista podrá inferir, dados los estímulos, cuál será la reacción; o dada la reacción cual ha sido la situación o el estímulo que lo ha provocado.
La influencia inicial del conductismo en la psicología fue minimizar el estudio introspectivo de los procesos mentales, las emociones y los sentimientos, sustituyéndolo por el estudio objetivo de los comportamientos de los individuos en relación con el medio, mediante métodos experimentales. Este nuevo enfoque sugería un modo de relacionar las investigaciones animales y humanas y de reconciliar la psicología con las demás ciencias naturales, como la física, la química o la biología.
El conductismo actual ha influido en la psicología de tres maneras: ha reemplazado la concepción mecánica de la relación estímulo-respuesta por otra más funcional que se enfoca en las condiciones estimulares para el individuo; ha introducido el empleo del método experimental para el estudio de los casos individuales, y ha demostrado que los conceptos y los principios conductistas son útiles para ayudar a resolver problemas prácticos en diversas áreas de la psicología aplicada.

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