...TELEVISION NEWS media is one of the most important catalysts that has an invariably important role to play in shaping up public opinions, sentiments, and dogmas by promulgating accurate and desirable information and knowledge. Due to its vast intrusion in public life, it has the power of creating an enduring impact on society and culture of a region. Today, TV news channels in India are facing a qualitative crisis pertaining to disseminated content in the package of news. News is the source of gathering all the information needed to keep the people up to date with the latest trends and happenings. People now days get access to the news whenever they want. The main sources of tuning to the news include television, radio, newspapers, magazines and more of late the World Wide Web. Even the cellular services are not far behind as they keep people informed while one is away from the above mediums. Therefore, it is not necessary whether you CURRENT SCENARIO OF INDIAN NEWS CHANNELS Over 100 applications are pending with the information and broadcasting ministry for licence to start new TV channels. Currently, 454 Indian TV channels are on air, according to the list put up by the ministry on its website. Four months ago, the ministry had cleared 22 new TV channels. The additional requirements could include the financial viability of channels, a more rigorous background check of the profile of operators and their commitment to the welfare of employees, ministry sources said. The...
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...Network and communication Network: A computer network is a collection of computers and hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information Types of Network: Local Area Network(LAN) Metropolitan Area Network(MAN) Wide Area Network(WAN) LAN: When computers located within a small geographical area such as office or a University Campus are connected together we call it a Local Area Network. MAN: The geographical range of MAN is bigger than LAN. It covers a small city. WAN: Wide area network span broad geographical distances, ranging from several miles to across entire continents. WAN may consist of a combination of switched and dedicated Lines, microwaves, and satellite communication. Types of LAN Client-server: A client server LAN consists of the requesting microcomputers, called clients, and the supplying devices that provides the services, called servers. The server is a powerful computer that manages shared devices and software. Example file server, database server. Peer-to-peer: In a peer-to-peer LAN all microcomputers on the network communicate directly with one another without the help of a server. This is less expensive than a client-server LAN and works effectively with up to 25 computers and thus appropriate for small groups. Components of a LAN • LANs are made up of the following components: • Connection or cabling system • Microcomputers with interface cards ...
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...WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Contents Page No 1. Dedication…………………………………………………………..01 2. Background…………………………………………………………02 3. Acknowledgement………………………………………………….03 4. Abstract.....................................................................................…….04 5. Introduction………………………………………………….….. 05 6. Introduction to Technology……………………………….……. 06 7. Introduction to Wireless Communication……………….……….06 8. Definition of Wireless………………………………………..……..07 9. Wireless Communication Model……………………………..……07 10. Wireless Communication Technologies……………………..……08 11. Wireless Usage……………………………………………..……….10 12. Wireless Security…………………………………………..……….10 13. Security about……………………………………………….……...11 14. Role of Security…………………………………………………….11 15. Wireless Devices…………………………………………….……...13 16. Wireless Prices……………………………………………….……..14 17. Wireless Devices Availability………………….…………………..14 18. Wireless Devices Manufacturers………………………….………14 19. Wireless Service Companies………………………………………15 20. Conclusion…………………………………………………………..15 21. Reference……………………………………………………………16 Dedication We dedicate this project to our loving parents whose prayers are always with us. Furthermore, We confer this project to all the teachers in our whole educational...
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...Chapter 6: Computer network: is a system that connects computers and other devices via communications media so that data and information can be transmitted among them. It is used for computers to work together, be interdependent, and exchange data with each other. A local area network (LAN): connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region so that every device on the network can communicate with every other device. Connects Pc’s in one building. A wide area network (WAN): is not restricted to a geographical location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN connects several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or accessible to the public. It interconnects LAN’s. Analog technologies: information is translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude (waves). Digital technologies translation of information is into binary format (zero or one) where each bit is representative of two distinct amplitudes. Communication and media channels: Twisted pair cable: most prevalent, used almost all business telephone wiring. Copper wires, inexpensive. Slow for transmitting data, subject to interference and easily tapped. Coaxial Cable: insulated copper wires. Less susceptible to electrical interference than twisted and can carry more much data. (TV uses it) more expensive and inflexible Fiber Optics: thousand of filaments of glass fibers that transmit information via light pulses...
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...are two separate data communication and transmission protocols. They are considered the core protocols of TCP/IP network model. The model encompass four layers; application layer, host-to-host transport layer, Internet layer, and network access layer. Each layer process data that it receives and push up and down the model layers according to its intended function. This paper will provide an analysis of the layered protocol structure of TCP/IP networks. Keywords: TCP/IP networks model, application layer, host-to-host transport layer, Internet layer, and network access layer. INTRODUCTION All internet services that we use and rely on in our daily life are based on TCP/IP networks....
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...What is a COMPUTER NETWORK? A computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are commonly categorized based on their characteristics. COMPUTER NETWORKING COMPONENTS Computer network is a group of two or more computers that connect with each other to share a resource. Sharing of devices and resources is the purpose of computer network. You can share printers, fax machines, scanners, network connection, local drives, copiers and other resources. In computer network technology, there are several types of networks that range from simple to complex level. However, in any case in order to connect computers with each other or to the existing network or planning to install from scratch, the required devices and rules (protocols) are mostly the same. Major computer network components: Computer network requires the following devices (some of them are optional):- • Network Interface Card (NIC) • Hub • Switches • Gateways • Router • Mode 1. Network Interface Card: Network adapter is a device that enables a computer to talk with other computer/network. Using unique hardware addresses (MAC address) encoded on the card chip, the data-link protocol employs these addresses to discover other systems on the network so that it can transfer data to the right destination. There are two...
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...Lecture 6 Telecommunications And Networks Learning Objectives Understand the concept of a network. Apply Metcalfe’s law in understanding the value of a network. Identify major developments and trends in the industries, technologies, and business applications of telecommunications and Internet technologies. Provide examples of the business value of Internet, intranet, and extranet applications. Learning Objectives Identify the basic components, functions, and types of telecommunications networks used in business. Explain the functions of major components of telecommunications network hardware, software, media, and services. Explain the concept of client/server networking. Understand the two forms of peer-to-peer networking. Learning Objectives Explain the difference between digital and analog signals. Identify the various transmission media and topologies used in telecommunications networks. Understand the fundamentals of wireless network technologies. Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP. Understand the seven layers of the OSI network model. Reference Introduction To Information Systems, 16th Edition, Marakas & O’Brien, The McGraw-Hill Company, Inc. The Networked Enterprise Networking The Organization Telecommunications and network technologies are internetworking and revolutionizing business and society. The Internet, the Web, and intranets and extranets are networking business process and employees together; and connecting them to their customers, suppliers...
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...INTRODUCTION Electronic communication otherwise known as E-Communication is a type of communication carried out using electronic media. Such communications allow transmission of message or information using computer systems, fax machine, e-mail, tele and/or video conferencing and satellite network. People can easily share conversation, picture(s), image(s), sound, graphics, maps, interactive software and many other things. Due to electronic technology, jobs, working locations and cultures are changing and therefore people can easily get access to worldwide communication without any physical movement. Experts have defined electronic communication as the transmission of information using advanced techniques such as computer modems, facsimile machines, voice mail, electronic mail, teleconferencing, video cassettes, and private television networks.” 1.1 Background of the Study Communication is said to be the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. It could be between two or more persons, human and machines or any other communicable entity. Group communication can be carried out through various means such as smoke signals and drums which was common in ancient Africa, America and parts of Asian, the fixed semaphore in ancient Europe and electronic means which is most prominent, popular and recent. This research details on the effects of communication in cooperate organizations using electronic means. 1.2 Statement of Problem ...
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...Baluco Janice Gayapa Christian John Elnacin BSIT 2A October 3, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Table of Contents Introduction Networking Fundamentals Networking Lexicon Network Types Network Design Standard Topologies Hubs Switches Variation of Major Topologies Network Media Network Cabling: Tangible Physical Media Primary Cable Types Wireless Networking: Intangible Media Types of Wireless Network Network Interface Card Network Interface Card (NIC) Basics Special-Purpose NIC’s References ------------------------------------------------- Networking Fundamentals Networking History and Evolution The earliest form of electronic networking for the purpose of message transfer was the local telephone exchange, which has evolved to become a carrier network providing transport services for both voice and data traffic on a global scale. Data networks designed exclusively for computing environments followed the introduction of business computing in the 1950s. Prior to that time, computers were used mostly for research and national defense purposes. Milestones in the history of data networking include: * 1960s—The first large-scale commercial computer network is created for an airline reservation application. Also, the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) successfully links computers developed by different manufacturers, forming what is later described as the origin of today’s Internet. * 1970s—A networking technology...
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...Components of a simple network: • NIC (Network Interface Card): to incorporate any laptop to an existing network. • NOS (Network Operating System): to share network resources & route communications on a LAN. • Hubs & switches help route traffic on a network to the right computing device. • Router: when 2 or more networks are connected to each other, it sends data transmissions to the correct device from the internet. Digital Networking Technologies: 3 types, 1. Client/server computing: servers connect to many clients. 2. Packet switching: method of delivering data across a local or a long distance connection, it packages data in units (packets) which identifies intended recipient. 3. TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)/IP(Internet Protocol): a set of protocols to get data from one network device to another. Signal is the transmission of data. Analog signals can be converted into digital signals by using a modem. Analog signals are replicas of sound waves that can be distorted with the noise and drop the quality of transmission. Digital signals have a faster rate of transmission. LAN (Local Area Network): the topology (place) of a LAN can vary greatly, - Star: if the host computer goes down the whole network goes down. - Bus: all computers in the network are linked with cables and treated equally. - Ring: no central host PC, if one PC goes down the rest can still process data & transactions. WAN (Wide Area Network) or MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) for broad geographic...
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... Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communications Outline 1.1 Network Basics 1.2 Network Layer Model (most important) 1.3 Network Standards 1.4 Future Trends (least important) Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 1. Describe the progression of communications systems from the 1800s to the present. Communications systems progression from the 1800s to the present: 1837 Invention of the telegraph 1876 Invention of the telephone 1877 Telephone system regulation begins in Canada 1878 Telephone system regulation begins in the United States 1879 Direct dialed long distance service begins 1880 Satellites begin to transmit international telephone calls 1881 Caterfone court decision permits non-Bell telephone equipment to be used 1970 Court permits MCI to provide long distance services 1984 Breakup of AT&T 1985 Cellular phones enter service 1996 Telecommunications Act of 1996 deregulates American telephone system 2. Why are network layers important? Communication networks are often broken into a series of layers, each of which can be defined separately, to enable vendors to develop software and hardware that can work together in the overall network. 3. Describe the four layers in the network model used in this book and what they do. • The application layer is the application software used by the user. • The network layer takes the message generated by the application layer and if necessary...
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... M.SC/SOC-SOC/11352/2011-2012 DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. COURSE CODE: MCOM801 COURSE TITLE: BROADCAST MEDIA COURSE LECTURER: LADI ADAMU JUNE 2012 Introduction The international network of computers popularly called the internet has redefined virtually every aspect of human endeavour since its inception shrinking out time and space and as well, enhancing communication at a speed level unprecedented to man prior to the 21st Century. Everything right from home entertainment to corporate organization, to communication, broadcasting, and digitization took a whole new dimension, giving credence to Marshall Mc Luhan prophecies. Life got miniaturized and communication broke all human boarders. This paper seeks to explore the outcome of the internet and the trends that ensued and the consequential effects it had on software developers, internet users, media organizations, regulatory bodies, stakeholders and other parties involved. The benefits shall be discussed and limitations pointed out. Thus, it shall be addressing questions like: What are the internet trends? How have these trends fared, What are the issues arising from usage of such services or...
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...Nancy Green Physical networking Week one Exercise You are an IT Network Specialist and are required to develop the design of the company’s telephone system for its new building which will begin construction in a few months. In order to get a background which will help when developing the new system, your supervisor asked you to research the current Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) currently used by the company. You must research the system components and report back to your supervisor, the Telecommunications Manager, within a week. 1. Describe a local land line phone system based on the following Landline Telephone Components: a. Local Loop- The physical link or circuit that connects from the demarcation point of the customer premises to the edge of the common carrier or telecommunications service provider’s network. b. Central Office- A telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises. c. Local Exchanges- The term for a public telephone company in the U.S. that provides local services. d. POP- Post Office Protocol e. Long Distance System- A telephone call made outside a defined local area, usually to another city f. Fixed Line- A phone that uses a metal wire telephone for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission 2. Define and describe the following Telecommunications Network Components: a. Cellular Telephones- wireless telephones that are served...
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...Data Communications: Delivering Information What three things must be present for communication to occur? * Transmission media * Data transmission * Cooperation Define bandwidth. * Bandwidth: Amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time period, usually one second expressed as bits per sec. Define attenuation. * Attenuation: Loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device What is a protocol and why is it important in electronic communications? * Protocol: Rules that govern data communication, including error detection, message length, and transmission speed * Because before a communication link can be established between 2 devices, they must be synchronized, meaning that both devices must start and stop communication at the same point. What is a host? * Any device that connects to the network is a “host” What is the difference between a switch and a router? * Router: Main linking device across different networks. * Is a network connection device containing software that connects network systems and controls traffic flow between them. * Switch: Main linking device within a network. * Connecting two or more nodes in the same network or different network. Distinguish between the main two types of conducted media (wired media). * Provides a physical path along which signals are transmitted * Electrical Conductors * Wires (STP...
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...University Part I: Instructed to open a Command Prompt (MS-DOS Prompt) window, and complete the following activities: It explains the arp command is used to display and modify the IP-to-Physical address translation. It also displays the different functions of the arp command from displaying arp current entries by interrogating the current protocol data to deleting the host specified by inet_addr. From my research of arp prompt is used to hover the shadows of most networks. And it defines the exchanges between network interfaces connected to an Ethernet media segment in order to map an IP address to a link layer address on demand(Linux, 2011). Next, I am to ping www.aiuonline.com here are the results: Now I will ping www.mazda.co.jp and here are the results: The first time I ping the aiuonline website I made a mistake so now I will ping it again with better results: Now I will ping both websites again to check their times and compare the times: From what I am viewing on the command prompt screen the times are different from one another from the mazda web address there was a 25% loss compared to aiuonline website there was no loss. The Aiuonline website was faster in milliseconds then the mazda website. Now I will ping the www.tourism.sa.gov.au website: As you can see it is still in request timeout, so that means it is still a very busy website. I will now use the tracert www.go-ogle.com and here are the results: I am not good with explaining computer...
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