...When researchers find similarities in development between very different cultures, what implications might such findings have for the nature - nurture issue? Human development is a cultural process. We use both cultural and biological heritage to learn how to speak, how to behave, and how to learn from each other. Seeing development similarities in very different cultures, nativists might argue that these similarities can be only explained by certain skills and abilities being "hard-wired" in human brain from the birth. So, at the first sight, heredity might be the best explanation for this phenomenon, especially if the cultures are extremely different, and geographically distant from each other. What else can lead to the similar development, if not the biological, hereditary similarities of all humans? In reality, even two extremely different cultures over the centuries can come up with the same inventions and decisions for the problems. This is cultural parallelism - independent (parallel) development of cultural characteristics and norms in two very different cultures. For example, all western, eastern and remote, isolated tribal societies developed respect for parents as a cultural norm. We also have to take into consideration such thing as culture fission, a process when historically developed society broke apart into few different units. Maybe, not so historically remote but still valid example is Hindustan. It got separated into distinctive regions - India, Bangladesh...
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...The Articles of Confederation was the first type of operating system that the United States operated under. It first took effect in 1781 and then was replaced by what is the Constitution known today. The U.S. Constitution took effect in 1788. The Constitution shifted a lot of decisions, laws, and military authorization from the state level to the federal level, thus making every state have similarities. There were many simulations and differences between the two doctrines that ruled America. However there were more differences between the two then there are similarities. The major similarities between the two was that they were both written by the same people, just at different times. Both doctrines state that one state cannot enter into war by itself, the central government is in charge of the value of the money, term limits to the...
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...Cultures: Taking a Similarities Perspective Shalom H. Schwartz and Anat Bardi Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2001; 32; 268 DOI: 10.1177/0022022101032003002 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jcc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/3/268 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Additional services and information for Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jcc.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jcc.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations (this article cites 23 articles hosted on the SAGE Journals Online and HighWire Press platforms): http://jcc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/32/3/268 Downloaded from http://jcc.sagepub.com at KAIST GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MGMT on October 22, 2007 © 2001 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Schwartz, Bardi / CROSS-CULTURAL VALUE SIMILARITIES Beyond the striking differences in the value priorities of groups is a surprisingly widespread consensus regarding the hierarchical order of values. Average value hierarchies of representative and near representative samples from 13 nations exhibit a similar pattern that replicates with school teachers in 56 nations and college students...
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...World War 1 (WW1), from 1914 and 1918, and World War 2 (WW2), which occurred between 1939 and 1945, were two significant battles known to almost all Americans today. These wars were caused by several factors, in which some are alike and some are different. Their causes differ in that one of World War 1’s reasons for war included the German U-boats sinking the Lusitania. On the other hand, one different cause of World War 2 was the Treaty of Versailles. Both wars are alike in that they both were caused due to militarism, imperialism, and nationalism. In analyzing the causes of both wars, it’s crucial to know that there were similarities and differences because of their time periods of occurrence (for different events happening) as well as the...
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...centered around interactions with other human beings, despite their background, culture, language, values, or beliefs. My success hinges on my ability to relate to other people and earn their trust. This in and of itself can be an overwhelming task when dealing with other Americans. Pile on top the stresses of a hostile environment where your country is viewed as an occupier, morally and religiously at odds with the host nation, and the fact neither of you speak the other’s language. This, to some extent or another, has been a large part of my life for the past eight years in the Marine Corps. Other than making me really, really good at party games like Pictionary where you have to communicate without words, I have picked up some similarities through my experiences between the cultures I have interacted with that are shared despite geographic separation, cultural exclusivity from lack of outside influence or exchange, and prior indoctrination of biases through propaganda or limited experiences. In the following pages, I intend to discuss these similarities to assist the traveler when she or he finds themselves in a similar position. While each interaction with an individual in a foreign country may seem trivial to the average American, that may be the only American that foreigner ever comes across, thus shaping perceptions for generations in the village. An example which we will discuss later is Greg Mortensen, author of “Three Cups of Tea”, who forever changed remote villages...
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...family is a complex issue with more than one cause. Lack of communication is one of the leading causes of divorce. You can’t have an effective relationship if either one of you won’t discuss your feelings, can’t talk about your mutual or personal issues. What is more, financial problems are a possible cause of disagreement between couples. Married couples could argue about their financial responsibilities or unequal financial status. Thus, this leads to the end of the marriage. A third cause is bad habits such as alcohol addiction or gambling. Due to the fact that drug and alcohol abuse as well as excessive gambling is harmful to the marriage, couples decide to end their marriage. To sum up, lack of communication, financial problems and bad habits are major causes of the divorce. 2. Function The primary function of the digestive system is to break down the food we eat into smaller parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and provide energy. The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. Two solid organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes. In addition, parts of other organ systems play a major role in the digestive system. 3. Physical description My favorite room would...
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...Similarities and Differences in Caribbean and European Tourism The World Tourism Organization is a United Nations Organization that specializes in and oversees national tourism, serving as a mediator or consultant to fix or aid in tourism policies and as a practical source of tourism knowledge and statistics. The World Tourism Organization plays a positive central role in the promotion of tourism development nationwide. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes" (1). Tourism is found almost anywhere across the globe. With it being more popular in certain areas, the Caribbean and Europe are two that are visited by millions of tourists year round. Many countries use tourism as a source of income. Both the European and Caribbean regions require tourism to keep a steady flow of income streaming to their nations, and although they share many similarities, such as an increase in job market and pollution, European and Caribbean tourism differ in just as many ways; attractions, transportation, cost, and standard of living are several things that make both regions unique. Even though European and Caribbean tourism share a lot of differences, they possess a lot of similarities that are usually found between tourism in any region. Tourism has a positive effect on the country or area by increasing the local job market. This...
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...intended to make a comparison between American and Chinese family education to see the differences and similarities, and a detail explanation in given to the differences of family education from the aspect of culture to see the influence, also this paper could see the differences in different aspects and we should think what we should learn from other culture. Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Comparison between Chinese and American family education 1. Similarities 2. Differences 2.21 Traditional educations are different 2.22 The aim of family education are different 2.23 The concepts of family education are different 2.24 The methods between America and China are different 3. Cultural connotation of Chinese and American family education 3.1 The different economic from 3.2 The different historical background 3.3 The different social conditions 4. Conclusion and suggestions Works cited 1. Introduction In twenty-first century, economy develops rapidly and everything is renewed, also countries are competing with each other, so the education is important, just as the proverb says “ science is the first productivity”, and the education is the source of science, in education system, family education is very important. Family, as the cell of society, is the first place that children receive education and the first unit that the children get in...
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...Jon Gjebrea WRIT 1010 / 50 April 25, 2012 Dr. Lydia Wazir Comperative essay Compare two countries In this essay I am going to concentrate on clear contrasts between Albania and Italy- one of the countries from central Europe. These countries have different population, food, area. However, one may find their natural environment similar- in both countries there are politics, seas, and other components. When you think about the two countries- Albania and Italy, you may find them completely different at the first glance. During World War II beside Nazis, Albania was also under Italian regime and I might say that there everything started. Every single citizen of Albania as a second language has Italian, they are also into Italian fashion, and they mostly prefer Italian food rather than Albanian one. Due to the strategic geographical position Albania was always seen as a country that everyone could benefit from. Albania is quite a small country with a population of 4.1 million, basically equal to one main city of Italy. Albania officially is known as the Republic of Albania, it is situated in Southern Europe. It borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and from the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea. Meanwhile Italy...
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... The road to becoming successful is not straight, but there is a way, and that is too work hard and become a noble person, so one day I can stand on my own two feet and feel proud with integrity. It is not going to be straightforward to reach that point of my life, but who said becoming successful is easy. Just like you have to buy a chocolate bar, you have to earn your success and respect. My second dream is technically everything. If I am unfortunate and I do not live my first dream, the second dream will be enough. What am I talking about? My own family. Family is the best thing you can have, they are always there to back you up and help you in moments when you are lost. One day my parents will get old, and I will have a family of my own. Luckily my culture and traditions are like many others, which means that we will also be one big family and support each other, as you can see in the Nigerian culture. Those scrumptious dinners at night or the morning rush. Family is everything, and we are a few of the fortunate who have someone who worries about us and cares about us. And if my future family will be just like that, nothing can tear us apart. Part 2 Task...
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...IRAQ FINAL PAPER Events in Iraq have prompted some people on the left to make comparisons to the American experience in the Vietnam War. These people argue that the United States has put itself into an in-extractable “quagmire” from which there is no feasible withdrawal. This type of reasoning by historical comparison is not wise because no two historical events are completely alike. In the case of Iraq and Vietnam, extreme caution should be exercised in comparing two wars so far apart in historical circumstances, geography, and time. It becomes pretty obvious that the differences between the two conflicts greatly outnumber the similarities. This is especially true in the strategic and military dimensions of the two wars. There is simply no comparison between the environment, the scale of military presence, losses incurred over time, the quality of enemy resistance, the role and scope of enemy allies, and the duration of open warfare style combat. There are, however, two political parts of the Iraq and Vietnam wars that are similar in nature: our attempts at nation-building in a foreign culture, and our trying to sustaining domestic popular support in a long and drawn out war against insurgents. Policymakers should have an understanding of the reasons for U.S. political failure in South Vietnam, as well as for the Johnson and Nixon administrations’ failure to sustain popular support for the accomplishment of U.S. military objectives in Vietnam. A repeat of those failures...
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...connection between them. The conclusion of this thesis is based on analytical and exploratory research. The first part, on leadership, focuses on mainly two types of leadership: transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is mainly based on the transaction between leaders and their followers. Bass described four components of transactional leadership: Contingent reward, Active management by exception, Passive management by exception and Laissez-Faire leadership (1997). Transformational leadership focuses mainly on inspiring and stimulating the followers. Transformational leadership contains also four components: Idealized influence (Charisma), Inspirational motivation, Intellectual stimulation and Individualized consideration. The second part focuses on different studies on national culture: Hofstede (1983), Schwartz (1990) and Inglehart (1997). Each study has different values and dimensions, both all three studies show some similarities. The first similar dimension contains: Hofstede’s Power distance, Schwartz’ Hierarchy versus Egalitarianism and Inglehart’s Survival and measures the degree to which the people in a national culture accept and expect the unequal distribution of power. The second similar dimension contains: Hofstede’s Individualism, Schwartz’ Autonomy versus Embeddedness and Inglehart’s Self-Expression and measures the degree to which an individual is integrated into groups. The third part of this thesis focuses on the connection between leadership...
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...Compare and Contrast Essay#1 Even though 9/11 and the bombing of Pearl Harbor were two different events, they both hurt the U.S. There are two speeches that I am going to compare and contrast. The first one is,” Infamy” spoken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. The second is ,” 9/11 Address to the Nation” spoken by George W. Bush after the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks. The time periods for these two speeches are different in many ways. The first speech,”Infamy”, was given on December 8, 1941, while the speech,”9/11 Address to the Nation” was given on September 11, 2001. The time period for the first speech is in the 1940’s where the military wasn’t at its strongest, and also the Battle of Britian had also just...
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... | | | |Historical context (what, where, when) | |Haitian revolution & French Revolution (1789-1800’s) | |Thesis similarity | |Inspired by the enlightenment | |Thesis difference | |France overthrew monarchy (internal) Haiti overthrew imperialist power (external) | |SIMILARITIES PARAGRAPH | |...
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...--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Chapter 9 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Chapter 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 The Bible Among the Myths: Unique Revelation or Just Ancient Literature?. By John N. Oswalt. Grande Rapides, MI: Zondervan, 2009. Introduction Oswalt begins by discussing the origins of this book. How that at the close of the Second World War people had begun to re-evaluate some of their long held beliefs. As Oswalt would have said their paradigms began to shift. As this shift began people such as Albright and his students say a major difference between Jewish religion and the other religions of the ANE. As time passed this pendulum began to swing in the other direction, scholars no longer found the major difference in the religions but began to view them as variation on the other major religions found in the ANE. Judaism was only a few steps down the evolutionary ladder from the other religions of the ANE. As scholars began to look at the religion of the ancient Israelites, they found concepts that were troubling to them in the light...
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