...(e.g Han dynasty), states started to adopt a mixture of Confucianism and Legalistic ideology. Why did Legalism and Confucianism fall off? In this paper I will explore and provide my own insights on the shortcomings of both ideologies; how Legalism was more persuasive in getting people to accept their ideas and more effective as an ideology and how Confucianism lost out in both aspects. Persuasiveness of Legalism The central idea of legalism was to provide absolute power to the person in charge and the supremacy of authority. Legalists like Han Fei Zi believed that human nature was “evil” and strict rules should be in place to ensure order, similar to a shepherd and sheeps3. With this theory in mind, the idea of absolute power was very attractive to rulers of states. Rulers will exercise the “two handles” of reward and punishment accordingly to keep their subjects obedient and loyal. This ideology is even more appealing towards newly founded states that lack in the department of control over its subjects. If states can adopt the legalistic way of ruling, rulers can exercise their control over the whole state to maintain order. Therefore it is more likely for rulers to be persuaded into adopting legalism as their state ideology since it aligns with their objectives. When compared to Confucianism where rulers are encouraged to trust officials in states with their own ruling, power dilution was a very glaring problem to the rulers. China underwent many changes in dynasty with...
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...regarding dynasties, unification, leadership, political philosophies, government structure and international relationships. The country has an extensive history. China also has many customs we would consider to be unacceptable. Come with me and let’s explore the up and coming global power. SECTIONII: There were many dynasties that have ruled China since 2033BC. Xia dynasty is one that people did not want to admit it existed. Xia ended with its leader being overthrown, imagine that. People can only put up with so much oppression. The monarch was a typical imbecile with money and power at his fingertips; he was overthrown. The Shang dynasty was ruled by a corrupt leader; he was overthrown. The longest lasting dynasty in China was the Zhou dynasty; they were in charge from 1027-221BC (www.google.com). A writing system and bronze metallurgy were invented. The king was assassinated by rebels (www.paulnoll.com). Power equals money which in turn, equals demise especially regarding dynasties. China dynasty rulers when overthrown are usually exiled or murdered. One Zhou ruler was overthrown and killed by rebel lords. With the royal line broken the power of the Zhou court gradually diminished (www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty-Zhou.html). The Qin dynasty was a ruthless one. They relied heavily on standardizing legal codes and bureaucratic procedures (www.paulnoll.com/China/Dynasty-Qin.html). Wow! One could say that China is communist due to this dynasty. What is it with...
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...Sima Qian’s Bias Many people will not find it surprising that there are many errors in the recording of history. But what is alarming is the fact that our history could be completely wrong and may even have large gaps in between them. Our place in history is essentially many small events that are strung together and accumulated over time; for this reason an unbiased history is regarded highly. However, an unbiased history is hard to attain. In entry level history courses in college we learn to distinguish the historians tone as well as perspective; is he Asia-centric, eurocentric, is he crediting or discrediting a certain event or people.Some biases may be blatant and seek to distort the past and as such we can say that history might just be a propaganda of the winners. For this paper, a definition of “bias: is crucial to understanding this topic. Often times “bias” implies deliberately or involuntarily ignoring some random facts. Because of this any historian can choose to influence his readers perception for a given period of history by what he/she chooses to include or exclude. Thus recordings of history provides not only information about the past but also a reflection of the historian's perspective. As a matter of fact, the ancient Chinese historians are very selective when it comes to organizing portions of history. They do this in order to bring about a specific point or message. Many accounts of Chinese history thus provide insight to the historian's perception of the...
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...1st paper- Social influences of the analects and Confucianism in the modern world Confucius and his teachings had contributed a lot to the Chinese philosophy and shaped the Chinese culture and society remarkably, especially in education and how people should behave themselves. With guidelines telling people what is acceptable, how to act like a nobleman and what is unethical, Confucianism shaped modern social norms in China, and its impact is also spreading to other countries that are beginning to practice Confucianism. The Analects was composed by Confucius’s student after his death to pass on his great teachings and completed in the Warring States period. It contained fundamental ideas and beliefs of Confucianism; across dynasties and generations, people have been implementing Confucian thoughts and the sayings from Analects as guidelines to their behaviors. In this paper, we will look at the meanings of several Analects’ passages, how they relate to Confucianism and what are their social significance to descendants. Perhaps one of the most famous sections from the Analects, the following saying from Analects of Confucius Book 1(Xue Er), verse 1 told us a little bit about how he thought about learning and how people should behave in certain circumstances: The Master said, "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure...
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...Decline of the Roman/Han/Gupta Empires Diverse Interpretations Assignment COMPARISONS TO FOCUS ON: * The causes for the decline of the Roman, Han and Gupta Empires * Understanding of how and why the collapse of the empire was more severe in Western Europe than it was in the Asian Empires. * Comparison of the role that religions played in the declines * The impact of missionary outreach of the Christians and Buddhists in these empires RESOURCES * Upshur – “The Decline of Empires” * Stearns - Decline of Empires. * Frank Smitha - “Decline and Fall” * Johnson and Johnson – “Why Don’t Empires Last?” * Spodek – “China and Rome: How do they compare?” * Bulliet pages 168-170 and 186-189. ASSIGNMENT 1. Construct a Venn comparing and contrasting the causes for decline of the Roman, Han and Gupta empires. Information will come from the documents and not the lecture…you already wrote the lecture notes once, why write them again? Rome Han similarities Gupta 2. Write 3 comparative analytical mini-paragraphs about the decline of empires. (generalization, facts, analysis…) Remember that analysis answers the question “why?” Example: The AP World History teachers have very different tastes in beverages. Ms. Forswall likes tea while Ms. Patch likes cola. Green tea and Earl Grey are Ms. Forswall’s favorites; they taste nothing like Pepsi or Coke because soft drinks are much sweeter. Ms. Patch usually chooses a diet style of...
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...ammunition and mathematics. Ancient Chinese inventions such as gunpowder, silk, paper, printing, tea, wheel barrow, iron plows, deep drilling, porcelain, toilet paper and the compass were and still are important pieces of Chinese and global life. These inventions were major blocks in the building of the world as we know today. The four main innovations which I consider to be essential aspects of our contemporary lives are paper, printing, gun powder, and compass. Certainly the most important invention of Chinese culture is paper. The invention of paper was a great contribution to both the Chinese and the world civilization. According to Sayre, it was in the year 105 A.D during the Han dynasty, that the invention of the paper was first reported by Cai Lun. Paper made of hemp had been used by the Han for over 200 years, but Cai Lun improved both the techniques and the quality of the paper by using verity of materials such as, tree bark, hemp and rags. The basic principles of papermaking invented by Cai Lun are still in use today (Sayre, 2012, p.226). Before the invention of paper, characters were written on animal bones, turtle backs, bamboo or stones. The storage of great ideas and paintings were a difficult task. Paper made it easy to express people’s thought in writing and educateing the people (Bellis, 2011). It has promoted and quickened the steps of human civilization and development. This invention allowed us to preserve history, keep records, create art masterpiece, and...
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...across cultures (Sojka and Tansuhaj 1995). More significantly, many studies have succeeded in establishing links between culture and consumer behaviours (McCracken 1986). As the cultural variables and differences increase, the number of communication misunderstandings also increase. Barnlund (1989) suggests that a way to approach cultural understanding is to undertake a careful description of how people relate to one another in search of the norms that regulate social acts or behaviours. The most powerful elements of cultures are those that lie beneath the surface. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) call these underlying cultural principles “value orientation”. Each society has distinctive set of value and belief orientation. While each of these societies will certainly have significant variations on the mainstream culture, a dominant value prevails at any one time (Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck 1961, Hofsted 1981, Brislin 1990,...
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...Taoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. The different types of religions were important because of the different times in China. Each religion had a different meaning for that religion and time period. Taoism was founded during the Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century. Taoism people believed that one should be with nature and all living things to have a living flow throughout them. Taoist believers didn’t feel that the use of rules and government should be allowed and were very unique in this way. The second religion is Confucianism. Not long after Lao-Tzu found Taoism, Confucius was discovered in 551 BCE. Confucius came up with ways to how people should live...
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...Taoism Taoism (or Daoism) refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions that have influenced Eastern Asia for more than two millennia, and have had a notable influence on the western world particularly since the 19th century.The word 道, Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanization scheme), roughly translates as, "path" or "way" (of life), although in Chinese folk religion and philosophy it carries more abstract meanings. Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao: compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos (天人相应), health and longevity, and wu wei (action through inaction), which is thought to produce harmony with the Universe. Reverence for ancestor spirits and immortals is also common in popular Taoism. Organized Taoism distinguishes its ritual activity from that of the folk religion, which some professional Taoists (Daoshi) view as debased. Chinese alchemy (including Neidan), astrology, cuisine, Zen Buddhism,several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, feng shui, immortality, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines have been intertwined with Taoism throughout history. Spelling and pronunciation In English, the words Daoism and Taoism are the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization. The root Chinese word 道 "way, path" is romanized tao in the older Wade–Giles system and dào in the modern...
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...Richthofen – a well-‐known German geographer, named it the Silk Road in 1877. The Silk Road has been one of the most important trade routes since the connection between Europe and Asia was established; however, what are the differences between its past and present forms? How can we compare today’s trade network with the ancient one? What makes the new network possible and how can we make it better today? There are some similarities between the old and the new; something was preserved through this long span of time. Globalization as well as avant-‐garde technology development together made this happen. Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty started the Silk Road and the routes were gradually...
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...BC. China boasts the oldest continuous civilization on Earth. The villages were conquered and reconquered by one dynasty after another in an effort to consolidate power. The earliest military action in the region was recorded during the Xia Dynasty in roughly 2200 BCE. By comparison, the Roman Empire was in the heart of one of the most fertile sections of land to be found anywhere. The fertile soil of the Po and Tiber River valleys allowed the Romans to grow a large variety of grains and even olives, providing surpluses for food and trade. Access to the Mediterranean, allowed the Romans easy access to trade partners and helped develop one of the strongest economies in the ancient world. The empire used this wealth to strengthen and develop its mighty military. Additionally, the Roman Empire was largely protected from invasion by the Alps and Apennines, two mountain ranges that surrounded the center of the empire. Of the two groups, the Roman soldiers were the better treated in their...
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...At the end of the Zhou dynasty, the period of the seven warring states began. During this time, there was no social or political order. China was very chaotic. Three Chinese philosophers emerged, all with different ideas on how to restore order in China. There names were: Confucius, who founded Confucianism; Lao Tzu, who founded Daoism; and Han Fei, who founded Legalism. Legalism and Confucianism both believed in leading China by law. However, Legalists believed in harsh punishment, whereas Confucianists believed punishment would not do China good. Confucianists and Daoists both believed in pleasing the people. But, while Confucianists believed in pleasing people through law and order, Daoists believed that not having laws would please the...
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...Contents q q Historical Setting The Ancient Dynasties r r r Dawn of History Zhou Period Hundred Schools of Thought q The Imperial Era r r r r r r First Imperial Period Era of Disunity Restoration of Empire Mongolian Interlude Chinese Regain Power Rise of the Manchus q Emergence Of Modern China r r r r r r Western Powers Arrive First Modern Period Opium War, 1839-42 Era of Disunity Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64 Self-Strengthening Movement Hundred Days' Reform and Aftermath Republican Revolution of 1911 q Republican China r r r Nationalism and Communism s Opposing the Warlords s Consolidation under the Guomindang s Rise of the Communists Anti-Japanese War Return to Civil War q People's Republic Of China r r Transition to Socialism, 1953-57 Great Leap Forward, 1958-60 r r r r r Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65 Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76 s Militant Phase, 1966-68 s Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71 s End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76 Post-Mao Period, 1976-78 China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82 Reforms, 1980-88 q References for History of China [ History of China ] [ Timeline ] Historical Setting The History Of China, as documented in ancient writings, dates back some 3,300 years. Modern archaeological studies provide evidence of still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B.C. in what is now central China and the lower Huang He...
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...let me know which topic you have chosen. i will upload the file about the topic. the number of sources are unlimited. Additional Files Owner | Type | Name | Size | Plagiarism | Upload date | Client | Additional file | art_topi...docx | 0.01 Mb | None | 09:54 26 May 2014 | Upload file attachment Please pick ONE of the topics given below: 1. Please explain the meaning of <Three Perfection>. Please explain with the aesthetic theory and achievements of two famous literati artists in Chinese art history. 2. Discuss the development of Chinese tea art from the Tang dynasty until recent times in China or overseas. 3. Describe the main features of Beijing Opera and explain why it is popular to general audience. Please discuss the special interaction between the actors on stage and the audience during the performance. attchmentCancel order5m Development of tea from the Tang Dynasty age to present day Name Institution Introduction Tea is a very common beverage all around the world. Tea is the second most popular drink in the world from water. Tea drinking is of great importance in the Chinese culture. An old Chinese saying says that the basic daily necessities are; oil, salt, rice, fuel, soy sauce, tea and vinegar. Chinese tea culture refers to the methods used to prepare tea, the occasions during which it is prepared and the equipment used to prepare the...
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...The Origins of the Chinese Empire, to 220 C.E. these cities, built by rulers to move troops and supplies, were traveled by traders transporting such items as metal tools and utensils, lacquered wood plates and boxes, silk, pottery, gems, salt, and lumber. A money economy emerged, using copper coins called cash, with center holes for stringing them together for counting and carrying. China's towns and cities were likewise linked into a large economic system . Trade between China and distant lands A metal bell from the Zhou era. was difficult and dangerous, but by the era's end commerce was conducted by sea with Southeast Asia and by land routes crossing Central Asia. The Central Asian Connection Central Asia, a vast expanse to China's north and west where the climate was too dry for farming (Map 2), was home mainly to pastoral nomads who grazed herds on its plateaus and plains. Skilled on horseback, the nomads occasionally attacked Chinese settlements to carry off goods and supplies, but they also spread commerce and useful knowledge. Some nomads, for example, exchanged their Central Asian nomads connect China with other cultures Nomads and Chinese adopt horse riding and crossbows from each other Iron tools and weapons spread to China, enhancing farming and warfare hides, wool, and horses for Chinese silk, pottery, metalware, and wood products and then traded these items with other societies across Central Asia. Over time, connections with the...
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