...The name "volcano" has its origin from the name of Vulcan a god of fire in roman mythology. What is a volcano? A volcano is a mountain (landform) that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When the pressure builds up, eruptions begin. Gases and rocks shoot up through the volcano centre and spill over with lava. Eruptions can cause blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls. How are volcanoes formed? Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger. What are the different stages of volcanoes? Volcanoes are in three main categories: active, dormant, and extinct. An active volcano is one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one which has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption. Why do volcanoes erupt? The Earth's crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. These plates sometimes move. The friction causes earthquakes...
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...strato volcano located in Ecuador. This volcano is caused by subduction, as the Nazca pate slides below the South American plate. It is one of South America’s most active volcanoes, as of today. A strato volcano is a majestic volcano. It does not erupt often and when it erupts it has very high silica levels. Tungurhua has disproved the concept that strato volcanoes do not erupt often. Their lava flows are very thick and slow. Ever since the volcano started erupting more frequently in 1999 the ice cap of the volcano melted away. Tungurahua reaches a height of 5016 meters, and it is some 25 kilometers from Ambato. Ambato is Ecuador’s fourth largest city, and it is the beautiful city my mother is from. Every time I visit Ecuador I can see the volcano clearly from the porch of my house. The eruptions from the volcano have caused terrible damage to the cities that surround the volcano. One major city that has been the most damaged is Banos. Banos is one of the most popular tourist attractions that Ecuador has. Its natural beauties and beautiful climate are some things that make the city very attractive. Sadly, Banos is located vey close to the active volcano of Tungurahua. The volcano has been erupting every two years or so ever since 1999. When Tungurahua erupts, Banos is the city that mostly everyone has to evacuate from because it is so close to the volcano. The explosion the volcano creates is so loud and there are avalanches of molten rock being shot out of the volcano. Pyroclastic...
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...Causes What are the causes of the hazard? Volcanoes are formed when Magma rises from the upper mantle towards the Earth's surface. This process can be assisted by seismic activity or a variety of thermal driven phenomenon. As early as November 1984, increased levels in seismic activity were observed by geologist near Nevado Del Ruiz. Due to this increased activity, geologist became more observant of events, even if minor. In November 1985, the volcano began releasing gasses that were rich in sulfur dioxides and elementary sulfurs. The excessive amounts of gasses released from the volcano caused the pressure to build within which lead to the explosive eruption at 3:06pm, November 13th. How and why did this specific hazard occur? Due to the...
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...Earth Science: Volcanoes Report by: Kenneth Ragragio What is Volcanoes? * Volcanoes are vents that allow lava, rock fragments and gases to escape from layers beneath the earth's surface. Learn how volcanoes form both on land and underwater and why they erupt. * Volcanoes are spectacular events and because of this, they have found their way into the plot of many Hollywood movies. While the movies have given most of us the vivid image of red-hot lava spewing out of the top of a towering volcano, they do not share the entire story of volcanoes Magma and Lava * So what exactly is a volcano? Well, it can be defined as a vent in the earth's crust through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gases are ejected. In other words, a volcano is the earth's way of letting off a little steam. * The super-heated particles that eject out of a volcano come from deep below the earth's surface where temperatures can become so hot that rock actually melts. Magma is the term used to describe this hot molten rock from deep within the earth. * A volcano begins to form when magma, which is less dense than the rock it originated from, rises toward the earth's surface. This liquid rock collects in chambers called 'magma chambers,' where pressure builds due to expanding steam and gases associated with the magma. As pressure reaches a peak within these chambers, magma finds its way through a vent or fissure in the earth's surface, resulting in a volcanic eruption and the expulsion...
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...1. Where is Mount St. Helen’s? Describe the tectonic setting of the volcano. Mount St. Helen's is in Washington. Mount St. Helen is on the verge of two convergent plates, along a continental-continental boundary. 2. What type of volcano is Mount St. Helen’s? Describe the 1980 eruption. How was this eruption typical for this type of volcano? Mount St. Helen's is a composite volcano. In 1980 pressure built up within the Earth and blew the top from Mount St. Helens, covering surrounding areas in ash and expelling poisonous gas. This was typical for this type of volcano, as indents are often formed when the top is overcome by heat and pressure from strong eruptions. 3. Describe how the eruption changed the mountain. As you look through the...
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...Guidebook for Aerial Volcano Formation of Aerial Volcano What is a volcano? What is a volcano? A volcano is a mountain that extends downwards to a pool of molten rock called magma below the Earth’s surface. When the pressure inside the Earth builds up, a volcanic eruption occurs. Magma shoots up through the opening and flows down the sides. Volcanoes can also spew volcanic ash when it erupts. What is pyroclastic flow? Aerial Volcano is an active stratovolcano that erupts pyroclastic flow. Pyroclastic flows are high-density currents of hot gases and volcanic fragments that move away from the volcano at a high speed. Pyroclastic flows can rush down the side of the volcano as fast as 100km/hour or more and reach temperatures as high as 1075°C. Pyroclastic flow is arguably the deadliest volcanic hazard. It is impossible to outrun. Those who get caught in it will be unable to breathe, and most likely burn to death. How was Aerial Volcano formed? Aerial...
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...VOLCANOES ABSTRACT: * WHAT IS A VOLCANO? * HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED? * DIFFERENT STAGES OF VOLCANOES * VOLCANOES ERUPT * PLATE TECTONICS * DIFFERENT TYPES OF VOLCANOES * LAVA TEXTURE * PYROCLASTIC * LAHAR * PUMICE * RING OF FIRE * WHAT IS TSUNAMI? * VOLCANO SAFETY TIPS * PLAN FOR A VOLCANO * DURING A VOLCANO * AFTER A VOLCANO * VOLCANOES DESTROYS VOLCANOES CREATE * REFERENCES VOLCANOES WHAT IS A VOLCANO? A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls. The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology. The study of volcanoes is called volcanology. HOW ARE VOLCANOES FORMED? Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it...
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...Philippines. The capital city of Manila is 55 miles or 87 kilometers away from this volcano, as of this, people that are living there are often showered with ashes whenever the volcano erupts. Mount Pinatubo effects more than 6 million people than are living in close concurrence of it. https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCP7y8InW9sgCFWLYpgodOjID4g&url=http%3A%2F%2Fkoolvolcano.weebly.com%2Fdisaster-facts.html&psig=AFQjCNFlHCQPDD7twbwfWRz9J31PXA6tNQ&ust=1446723186547898 https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCNfL2bra9sgCFQSIpgod3HUIbg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fhazard%2Fstratoguide%2Fpinfact.html&psig=AFQjCNHZOuvQq6UDH2LuuPpOALzbeJRr2g&ust=1446724373952180...
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...1.0 Abstract: This report investigates the largest active volcano in the world, the Yellowstone volcano. Volcanic landforms in general are initially described. Then it focuses on how this volcano has formed a caldera, and on the characteristic cauldron-like structure and its composition of basaltic and rhyolitic magma. Each individual landform, such as the Yellowstone Caldera volcano, is formed by specific processes and present distinct interactions with their surrounding environment. This as well as the rarity of it as a landform will be discussed in this report. 2.0 Table of contents: Title page: ………………………………………………………………...p1 1.0 Abstract: ......................................................................................p2 2.0 Table of contents: ………………………………….……………..…p2 3.0 Introduction: …………………………………………….………..…..p3 4.0 Structure and composition of Yellowstone volcano: ………….…p3-p4 5.0 Yellowstone volcano processes: ……………………………….….p4-p5 6.0 Yellowstone volcano interactions: …………………………….…...p5-p6 7.0 Rate of recurrence of caldera volcanoes as a landform: ……….p6 8.0 Conclusion: …………………………………………………………..p6 9.0 References: …………………………………………………………..p7 3.0 Introduction: The purpose of this report is to research and present reliable and detailed information on the Yellowstone caldera volcano. Through the examination of a range of published journal articles and internet sites on the topic of volcanic landforms...
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... Volcanic Threats in the United States Volcano eruptions cost the United States quite a lot of monetary values, as a result of damage to properties. In the United States there are up to sixty active volcanoes, some explosive and others non-explosive. Mitigating the effects of the volcano eruptions is important to reduce future deaths and damage. This essay considers possible ways of mitigating the future damage and deaths from volcano eruptions, as well as the volcano risk areas in the United States. The first step in mitigating the effects of volcanoes is establishing high technology detection systems that will forecast possible volcanoes activities. There are many seismic data collecting systems designed to monitor the activities of magma and the volcano sites. However, these systems ought to be upgraded into to newer technologies to ensure efficiency in forecasting volcano eruptions (Aditya, 2014). In addition, the findings of these systems ought to be taken with weight. Failing to act upon the indications from such systems marks the beginning of volcano eruption dangers. Therefore, it is not only a matter of establishing systems, but ensuring that they are functional and acting upon their findings. Secondly, timely warnings of possible eruptions will assist people to keep safe distances from the volcano eruption. It is inevitable to warn people when volcano activities indicate possible eruptions in the near future. For example...
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...Indonesia May 29, 2006 By: Yulini Arediningsih Abstract This paper overview the occurrence of Sidoarjo mud flow, known as Lusi Mud Volcano, the world fastest growing mud volcano, triggered by gas drilling exploration. Since May 29, 2006, Lusi mud volcano in Porong sub-district, East Java, Indonesia has been spurting voluminous hot mud and gas, with uncertain knowledge when it will cease. The progressing eruption has been causing major impact on human life, social, economic and environment in this highly populated region. Breached regulations including Indonesian regulations, constitutions, and APPEGGA rules of conduct are outlined. There are five critical concerns related to ethical and professional conduct arising from the occurrence of Lusi mud volcano. The concerns include negligence to best practise procedures, particularly drilling in high pressure zone; conflict of interest between public, government and private sector; violence to human right, public safety; and crisis management related to mitigating the impacts on environment, social, economic especially in compensation process to the victims. 1. Introduction Sidoarjo/Lapindo Mud flow, is geologically identified as a mud volcano (Sawolo, et al 2009). It is generally known as Lusi, a short name of Lumpur Sidoarjo. Lumpur means mud in Indonesian language. Lusi mud volcano is located in Porong sub district, Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. It is located about 30 km south of Surabaya, capital...
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...(down); Syn – 3 (down); Q – 3 = 22 marks January 2012 To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards? Preparedness and planning can mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards. However there are many other factors that can influence the effects, such as volcano type, severity of eruption, length of eruption, third party influences of which no country can prepare totally for. However these are methods which will reduce the impact. In this essay I will discuss the impacts of a Chilean volcanic eruption which devastated the town of Chaiten and how its poor preparation influenced this. Also I will discuss the 1991 eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily and how its preparedness and planning has on it as one of the world’s best monitored and controlled volcanoes. On the 2nd May 1991 a Chilean volcano that had laid dormant for nearly 9000 years exploded into eruption. Due east winds carried the huge ash column east. However due to the size of the column (20-30 km in height) the town of Chaiten, 10km south west of the volcano, was largely affected. Due to its 9000 years of dormancy, the Chilean volcanic society had not deemed it dangerous enough to be actively monitored prior to the eruption as limited research and funding was available to their one volcanic acquisition centre even though there was documented history of dome column building and collapse. The rhyolitic nature of the volcano (commonly found on destructive margins) meant that the volcano’s...
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...occur as a direct result of a volcano, where debris and molten rock are both extruded and intruded during an eruption. The plate tectonic theory was developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, however initially his theory of how the plates all ‘fit together’ was ignored as there was simply not enough evidence. After technology had significantly advanced later in the 20th Century, the theory was developed further by several scientists. This theory suggests that the crust is split into a number of plates, all of which float on molten mantle rock and are constantly moving on the Earth’s surface. We are also now aware that there are two types of plate, oceanic and continental and it is the movement of these two plates that can cause both volcanic and seismic events. However these events are not the only pieces of evidence that prove the plate tectonic theory is valid; there are many other factors which include sea-floor spreading and fossil distribution. Pyroclastic materials and molten magma escape the mantle and emerge above the Earth’s crust through volcanos. All of Earth’s active volcanos are distributed in clusters around the pacific ocean, southern Europe, the east coast of Africa and through the Atlantic Ocean. These specific locations are all as a result of the nearby constructive and destructive tectonic plate boundaries, this is known as ‘The Ring of Fire’. It is named so because of the large concentration of a large, ring like formation of volcanos around the Pacific Ocean, which...
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...409 feet, and Washington. What do these all have in common? Mount Rainier. Mount Rainier is one of the biggest volcanoes in the United States and in the world. Mount Rainier is a National Park and has a whopping average of 1,875,651 people visit every year which isn’t even enough to be in the “Top Ten Most Visited National Parks”. People often wonder, “Is it safe to visit Mount Rainier?”, and it is. Mount Rainier is considered a episodically active volcano which means that it won’t erupt any time soon but will eventually. At Mount Rainier, you can do many activities while you are there such as walk on trails, climb to the summit, or just go on a simple bike ride. Where is Mount Rainier? Mount Rainier is located in Tacoma, Washington just over two hours away from downtown Seattle, Washington. Its exact coordinates are 46.8529° N, 121.7604° W. The mountain range that this volcano is apart of is the Cascade Range which travels throughout many states such as California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. The National Park’s land is approximately 369.3 mi² which is not huge compared to other National Parks....
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...John Mysliwiec Conversations with the Earth November 29th, 2012 Volcanoes A volcano is a landform that generally is circular in cross-section that is constructed from lava and tephra erupted onto the Earth’s surface, usually the crust. The opening through which the lava and tephra are emitted is called the volcanic vent. Lava is magma that reaches the Earth’s surface. Magma is melted rock at high pressure and temperature. Magma rises because it is initially less dense than the rock surrounding rock. It eventually equals the density of the surrounding rock and becomes a magma chamber. Tephra is pumice or ash that is blown into the air during eruptions. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates converge and diverge; but are usually not created where tectonic plates slide past one another. As a result volcanoes can be found in all sorts of climate locations. There are four primary types of volcanoes which all have varying effects on the environment. This paper will explore these various types of volcanoes and show how they differ, as well as giving examples of eruptions for each of the types discussed. Principle Types of Volcanoes Cinder cones: Cinder cones are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent; they are the simplest forms of volcanoes. Gas charged lava is violently blown into the air and breaks up into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval...
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