...Describe the impact of asthma (e.g., morbidity, mortality, economic impact, groups disproportionately affected) on the U.S. population. Asthma affects approximately 16 million Americans, with 2million emergency department visits, and 4,000 deaths a year. Low socioeconomic status impacts Americans with asthma because they may not be able to afford the medication that is prescribed. The more persistent asthma is to an individual, the more damaging occurs in the lungs. The airways begin to undergo remodeling which includes persistent changes in airway structure. The airways begin to become narrower because the epithelial layer thickens. This results in decreased airway elasticity and decreased lung function. 3. What is the mechanism of action of albuterol? What is the mechanism of action of fluticasone? Which one is commonly used to treat serious asthma symptoms? Which one is typically used to prevent serious asthma symptoms? Albuterol acts by binding to beta 2-adrenergic receptors in airway...
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...stroke so he lost his ability to normal life. And he can’t eat by himself, even so his difficulty in swallowing causes him to aspirate small particles of food and drink, which causes frequent episodes of bacterial pneumonia. Step 2: Identify the relevant criteria–obligations, values, and consequences. Firstly, I will ask my grandfather which option let his more comfortable. (He can write down the answer) If I choose he has a feeding tube surgically inserted in his throat. This action will help grandfather hurt to a minimum. He doesn’t need to worry about episodes of bacterial pneumonia. If I choose have the staff continue to offer him food and drink. This action cannot solve the issue. There are many illness which afflict grandfather. If I choose c, finally, grandfather would likely die of the episodes of bacterial pneumonia. If I choose d, this action the same as kill grandfather. This is immoral....
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...Pneumonia Over the years, many people have found new research on Pneumonia. In Latin, “pnemon” means lungs, “-ia” is the pathological condition, and “-itis” means inflammation. Hippocrates was the first person, on record, to discover pneumonia. He lived during the years of 60BC – 370BC. The “Father or Medicine” was one of the names this Greek physician was considered as in history. Pneumonia descriptions was most accurately given from a Jewish philosopher and physician, who goes by the name Moses ben-Maimom. Even though they were the most accurate, doesn’t mean they are the most current. He lived from 1135AD – 1240AD. Edwin Klebs discovered that bacteria was the cause of pneumonia in 1875. He found this out while studying bacteria in airways of pneumonia patients who died. Klebs was a German-Swiss Pathologist. Bacterial genus Klebsiella is named after him. In 1882 and 1884, Carl Friedländer and Albert Fränkel found the two main causes of Pneumonia, which were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Through Friedländer’s research, the Gram Stain was introduced and helps identify the two types of bacteria that cause pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen that causes pneumonia. This bacteria is found most of the time in the gastrointestinal tract and the nasopharnyx. Another common place it is found is on hands of hospital workers. This bacteria is not only in humans, it is everywhere in the ecological environment. It has been correlated worldwide...
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...the diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections-pharyngitis, sinusitis, ocular and ear infections, and lower tract infections including pneumonia and bronchitis. Today we will focus on the diagnosis of common bacterial causes of pharyngitis and lower respiratory tract infections. Dr Miller will cover mycobacterial, fungal, and viral causes of lower respiratory tract infections with a special emphasis on the use of molecular methods to detect these organisms. Upper respiratory tract infections Pharyngitis- Group A streptococci is the most important bacterial cause of pharyngitis. Although pharyngitis is typically a self-limited disease, the diagnosis of group A streptococci may be attempted. The reasons may be to prevent the overuse of antimicrobials to treat pharyngitis (GAS negative patients are not treated) and to prevent ping-ponging of GAS in family with susceptible children. 1. GAS diagnostic strategy- Rapid Antigen Detection Test (RADT)- can be used in adults; test has high specificity (99%+) but sensitivity ranging from 80-90% (dependent upon test used and quality of specimen collection). Antigen positive patients would be treated but antigen negative patients would not. a. What about back-up culture- pro-can detect other agents of pharyngitis including Group C and G strep which is a common cause of bacterial pharyngitis as well as Arcanobacterium. i. Arcanobacterium-weakly beta hemolytic, gram positive rod can be confused with group...
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...male who comes into the clinic complaining of a fever with a temperature of 103 °F. He has had a cough for the last three days that is producing some thick green brown mucous. The MD feels he most likely has bacterial pneumonia. He also has a history of having rheumatoid arthritis, and being immune compromised as he is on an immunosuppressant methotrexate. He has noted that over the last year he has lost weight unintentionally and feels he is underweight. 1. Understanding epidemiologic concepts of the chain of transmission of organisms from host to victim, describe how EH could have been infected. * Pneumonia is refers to an infection in the lungs that causes swelling in the lungs tissue and this inflammation will cause fluid to collect in or around the sac of the lungs. Mostly, weakened defenses will allow bacteria to multiply in the lungs, and the most common that can cause pneumonia is Streptococcus. Pneumonia can spread when the infected person sneezes, coughs, and when inflected person touches an objective with out washing his/her hands. 2. Describe the epithelial barriers that were overcome by EH’s bacteria. 3. With each of the following risk factors, put EH at risk for getting a bacterial pneumonia. The risk factor of getting bacterial pneumonia that increase is 4. After looking at each of the risk factors, list three things that you would suggest to EH to help prevent infections in the future. KH is a 67-year-old African-American man with...
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...Respiratory Disease Paper Shonay Williams HCS/245 September 9, 2014 Susan Fahrney Respiratory Disease Paper Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by either a bacteria, a virus, or fungus. The alveoli or (air sacs) fill up with fluid and pus and then become solid. This disease would be considered a tertiary disease. It is classified as a tertiary disease because it is an end result of some other types of infections or illnesses. The flu is one of the main illnesses that causes Pneumonia. This virus replicates itself quickly and thick mucus is produced during the illness that causes the virus to spread in the upper respiratory region. With this disease symptoms can vary depending upon whether the Pneumonia is bacterial, viral, or fungal. There are many variables to consider with the treatment of this disease, like some people developing Pneumonia in both lungs and some in one lung and the disease itself is not a single disease it can have more than thirty causes. Some indicators that the Pneumonia is bacterial would be, extremely high fevers, and chills. For a viral Pneumonia infection, many don’t know they are sick at first because they don’t get fevers however, an indicator would be shortness of breath and tightening of the chest (ALA 2014). Treatment of this disease again depends on what type of Pneumonia you have and how severe it is. Common treatment starts with antibiotics, oxygen therapy, breathing treatments, chest physical therapy, and IV...
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...Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) are a concerning complication during hospital stays. In 2011, it was estimated that out of 722,000 calculated HAI’s, 157,500 were caused by Pneumonia (CDC.gov, 2015). Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP), a sub-category of Pneumonia, is a worldwide, challenging complication in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) setting of many hospitals. VAP often leads to not only increased mortality rates, but also an increase in comorbidity, and healthcare costs in the affected population. It has been estimated that VAP As of 2013, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia has been renamed under the umbrella term Ventilator Associated Events (VAE), making it difficult to find statistics that specifically represent VAP incidences and...
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...to run its course. These illnesses can be both viral and bacterial. Because I have been diagnosed with double pneumonia three times in the past I have learned from talking with my doctor that viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics whereas bacterial infections can. There is still no cure for the common cold and although the flu and pneumonia can be treated with medications it is still wise to keep hydrated and rested until the symptoms pass. Through past experience with these illnesses as well as talking with my doctor about these subjects I have discovered many different specifications of each individual illness such as symptoms, complications, and proper treatment and prevention methods. Viral infections are the most common illnesses that we face. The Latin meaning for the word virus as found in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is toxin or poison. Your body recognizes viruses as intruders in the body and all of the complications that you face while sick, such as a runny nose, are the body’s mechanisms to get rid of them. But what most of us don’t know is that some viral infections are incurable, while others require specific medication and treatment, I have learned this through becoming sick with different types of viral infections and being treated for some by my doctor while getting no treatment for other types such as the common cold. In order to get ourselves back to health it is important to know what illness we 2 have and how to treat it differently from...
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...Diseases THEIR TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL This project is designed to inform or further the reader’s knowledge about the different diseases and how they are transmitted and can be controlled. Therefore, it is divided into three (3) major sections. These sections includes: water borne diseases, food borne diseases and air borne diseases. These subtopics will go into further details as to make it simpler for your understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION WATER BOURNE DISEASES FOOD BOURNE DISEASES AIR BOURNE DISEASES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I would like to thank the Lord who is the head of my life who has given me the strength, courage, and inspiration in completing this assessment. I would also like to thank my teacher who has helped me in every step of the way. I would also like to thank my friends and family, specifically my parents who has provided the necessary resources needed to complete this assessment and also in giving me the ongoing encouragement and assistance. Once again I say thank you. WATER BOURNE DISEASES HOOKWORM Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Anclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Hookworm eggs are passed in the faeces of an infected person. If an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the faeces from an infected person are used as fertilizer...
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...Infections are caused by an invasion of unwanted organisms that attack ones body. With that being said, pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma (Anatomical Chart Company, 2010, p. 100). Pneumonia, like any other infection, has a pathophysiology that describes how the infection affects the body. It also has different causes, several signs and symptoms, a variety of different treatments, and even a long list of possible complications. Pneumonia is always handled with delicate attention, but for individuals who have normal, healthy lungs and a strong immune system the final outcome is almost always a good one. Serious attention needs to be focused on those who are at a greater risk such as the elderly, children, and the immunocomprimised (Anatomical Chart Company, 2010, p. 100). According to the Atlas of Pathophysiology, there are three different basic types of pneumonia: bacterial, viral, and aspiration. The primary cause of pneumonia is an inhalation or aspiration of a pathogen. The secondary cause is related to an existing infection or disease. Each of these are caused by different irritants that result in the same disruption of normal perfusion. The attacks on the lung lead to alveolar inflammation and edema that causes low ventilation and blood and fluid to be pushed into the capillaries. This leads to a stasis in the lung’s gas perfusion and creates a pressure that makes it harder for the individual to breath (Anatomical Chart Company, 2010, p. 100). The...
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...Journal of Intensive Care Medicine http://jic.sagepub.com/ The Impact of a Simple, Low-cost Oral Care Protocol on Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Rates in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit Carrie S. Sona, Jeanne E. Zack, Marilyn E. Schallom, Maryellen McSweeney, Kathleen McMullen, James Thomas, Craig M. Coopersmith, Walter A. Boyle, Timothy G. Buchman, John E. Mazuski and Douglas J. E. Schuerer J Intensive Care Med 2009 24: 54 originally published online 17 November 2008 DOI: 10.1177/0885066608326972 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jic.sagepub.com/content/24/1/54 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journal of Intensive Care Medicine can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jic.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jic.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations: http://jic.sagepub.com/content/24/1/54.refs.html >> Version of Record - Jan 14, 2009 OnlineFirst Version of Record - Nov 17, 2008 What is This? Downloaded from jic.sagepub.com at UNIV OF THE INCARNATE WORD on April 15, 2013 Original Research The Impact of a Simple, Low-cost Oral Care Protocol on Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Rates in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit Journal of Intensive Care Medicine Volume 24 Number 1 January/February 2009 54-62 # 2009 SAGE Publications 10.1177/0885066608326972 http://jicm.sagepub...
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...Health Hazards from Keyboarding Abstract The topic of this paper is on Health Hazards caused by the use of a keyboard, areas of discussion will include types of germs, and sanitation solutions. Introduction The Health Hazards from Keyboarding are many, however, the author has chosen to discuss infectious bacterium for this paper, how germs contaminate and transfer from person to person, and what solutions for sanitation can be effective. Germs Keyboards can be highly contaminated with a variety of different germs, the most popular place to find these germs are on hospital keyboards. In hospitals, "computer keyboards are vectors for disease," states Elizabeth McCaughey, a former lieutenant governor of New York who heads the Committee to Reduce Infection Deaths, a New York-based nonprofit group that advocates for cleaner and safer hospitals. McCaughey states that the bacterium on hospital keyboards can spread the hard to treat staph infection, called Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). This bacterium has also been known to cause pneumonia, as well as, infections in the blood stream. Another common place to find these germs are in offices, a recent test was conducted in an office in the United Kingdom by British microbiologist, James Francis, who took a swab to 33 keyboards, a toilet seat, and a toilet door handle. After testing the swabs, he found that four of the keyboards had very high levels of bacteria; one had five times more germs...
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...Acne Cause Three factors contribute to the formation of acne: * Overproduction of oil (sebum) * Irregular shedding of dead skin cells resulting in irritation of the hair follicles of your skin * Buildup of bacteria Factors that may worsen acne These factors can trigger or aggravate an existing case of acne: * Hormones. Androgens are hormones that increase in boys and girls during puberty and cause the sebaceous glands to enlarge and make more sebum. Hormonal changes related to pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptives can also affect sebum production. * Certain medications. Drugs containing corticosteroids, androgens or lithium are known to cause acne. * Diet. Studies indicate that certain dietary factors, including dairy products and carbohydrate-rich foods — such as bread, bagels and chips, which increase blood sugar — may trigger acne. Symptoms Noninflammatory lesions * Comedones (whiteheads and blackheads) are created when the openings of hair follicles become clogged and blocked with oil secretions, dead skin cells and sometimes bacteria. When comedones (koe-muh-DOE-neez) are open at the skin surface, they're called blackheads because of the dark appearance of the plugs in the hair follicles. When comedones are closed, they're called whiteheads — slightly raised, skin-colored bumps. Inflammatory lesions * Papules are small raised bumps that signal inflammation or infection in the hair follicles. Papules may be red and tender. ...
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...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
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...conjunctivitis (red eyes)—along with fever and rashes. The fever may reach up to 40 °C (104 °F). Koplik's spots seen inside the mouth are pathognomonic (diagnostic) for measles, but are not often seen, even in confirmed cases of measles, because they are transient and may disappear within a day of arising. Their recognition, before the affected person reaches maximum infectivity can be used to reduce spread of epidemics. Complications with measles are relatively common, ranging from mild and less serious complications such as diarrhea to more serious ones such as pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia), otitis media,[11] acute encephalitis[12] (and very rarely SSPE—subacute sclerosing panencephalitis),[13] and corneal ulceration (leading to corneal scarring).[14] Complications are usually more severe in adults who catch the virus. The death rate in the 1920s was around 30% for measles pneumonia. Between 1987 and 2000, the...
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