...abuse, Patient F43 is exhibiting signs of alcohol dementia and Korsakoff Syndrome, a brain disorder associated with the thiamine deficiency as a result of long-term heavy drinking. A reliance on primary and secondary evidence from renowned medical and psychological sources will be implemented to direct and assist the patient in understanding her condition as well as steps which should be taken in order to alleviate the symptoms experienced as a result of chronic drinking and nutrient deficiencies. This case study provides a critical review of the effects of alcoholism as traditionally defined within the medical or "disease" model of alcoholism. A detailed case study of memory deficiency is presented. The sequence of events in this case study is used to illustrate the possibilities of side effects of chronic alcohol abuse, namely Korsakoff syndrome. Highlights of the medical model of Korsakoff syndrome are then presented, with particular attention devoted to the key concepts of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Lastly, suggestions for treatment and prevention of further damage will be presented. Introduction: Korsakoff Syndrome is a brain disorder usually associated with long-term heavy drinking and thiamine deficiency. Individuals with Korsakoff Syndrome tend to have profound deficits in their ability to recall recent events, or in what is termed their “explicit memory.” In Patient F43, Korsakoff Syndrome has not yet been...
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...abuse, Patient F43 is exhibiting signs of alcohol dementia and Korsakoff Syndrome, a brain disorder associated with the thiamine deficiency as a result of long-term heavy drinking. A reliance on primary and secondary evidence from renowned medical and psychological sources will be implemented to direct and assist the patient in understanding her condition as well as steps which should be taken in order to alleviate the symptoms experienced as a result of chronic drinking and nutrient deficiencies. This case study provides a critical review of the effects of alcoholism as traditionally defined within the medical or "disease" model of alcoholism. A detailed case study of memory deficiency is presented. The sequence of events in this case study is used to illustrate the possibilities of side effects of chronic alcohol abuse, namely Korsakoff syndrome. Highlights of the medical model of Korsakoff syndrome are then presented, with particular attention devoted to the key concepts of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Lastly, suggestions for treatment and prevention of further damage will be presented. Introduction: Korsakoff Syndrome is a brain disorder usually associated with long-term heavy drinking and thiamine deficiency. Individuals with Korsakoff Syndrome tend to have profound deficits in their ability to recall recent events, or in what is termed their “explicit memory.” In Patient F43, Korsakoff Syndrome has not yet been diagnosed but...
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...BIO483 Exam #4 Review Comprehensive and/or early Weeks Know all conditions that cause splenomegaly All associated diseases with EBV Week 1 Mechanisms of Cellular Adaptation Types of necrosis and pathology where most likely found. Apply the definitions of Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia. Week 2 Pain Throughout Organ Systems General anatomy of kidneys, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, male and female reproductive organs. Costochondritis vs Angina Pectoris vs Myocardial Infarctions. Rheumatoid arthritis Gout lab findings Week 3 Fluid Balance and Edema Electrolyte imbalances of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Intra and Extra cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium as related to osmotic balance. Know the physical signs/symptoms of electrolyte imbalances including hyper and hypo natremia, kalemia, and calcemia. SIADH lab and imaging findings Diabetes insipidus lab and imaging findings Week 4 Topic 4 Acidosis and Alkalosis Know your acid-bases! Week 5 Topic 5 Cardiovascular Causes of Fatigue Cor-pulmonale, cardiomyopathies Week 6 Topic 6 Thyroid, Adrenal, Liver Fatigue Hashimoto’s thyroiditis vs. DeQuervain vs. nodular goiter vs. secondary hypothyroidism Cirrhosis, Addison disease lab tests and hormone responsible. Is it high or low? Week 7 Topic 7 Bleeding as Indicator of Disease Pathophysiology of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Pathophysiology of Hemophilia Ulcers ...
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...Alcoholism; A Biological and Psychological Look Inside PSY350 Prof. Marion Burke March 30, 2014 Abstract The following article is a detailed look at alcohol use disorders and alcoholism. The pages that follow give an inside look at the biological and neurological effects these disorders have on a person. There is also some explanation of treatments and some new research that is being worked on in order to help predict who may be at risk. Alcoholism; A Biological and Psychological Look Inside Alcoholism is a growing problem in today’s society. Every day there are more and more people who are having problems with controlling their drinking or who are admitted to hospitals because of extreme illness caused by alcoholism. There is approximately 15 % of male drinkers and 6% of female drinkers in the United States who will have an alcoholism problem (Sullivan, 2009). Each of these groups has family and friends who are affected by their alcoholism. The link between biology and psychology in relation to alcoholism is a vastly growing interest of study. Neurological research is being done to try and explain the connection and to help create effective treatments. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.;DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) gives clinical descriptions of different types of alcohol related disorders. One such description is that of Alcohol use disorder. This is described in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association...
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...| MEMORY AND MEMORY RECALL | | | | 5/17/2012 | Abstract Recalling items from memory is not always an easy thing to do. Many times people will fail to write down a phone number or a shopping item because they are sure they will remember. Too often when needing to make that call the number cannot be recalled or they return home from the store and then realize they forgot the item they initially went to the store for in the first place. It has happened to us all. This paper will look at memory, reasons for memory loss, and offer ways to help consolidate and retrieve the information we receive. | Computers and humans both have memory that work in similar ways. Both require information to be input, stored, and retrieved. Computers use Rapid Access Memory, or RAM and Read Only Memory, or ROM. In 1968 Richard Arkinson and Richard Shiffrin developed the stage model of memory. This model has three different memory systems; sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory [ (Editorial Board, 2011) ]. Sensory memory is a very brief memory of something sensed through one of our five senses that if not passed on to short term memory and is forgotten quite quickly. Short term memory lasts a bit longer than sensory memory but doesn’t have the capacity of sensory memory [ (Course Materials, n.d.) ]. Finally, long term memory is the memory that last longer than sensory memory and short term memory. Episodic memory and semantic memory are two types of...
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...reader’s opinion. She is supposed to be an alcohol addict for a long time. The reader has no other option than to believe that she is addicted to alcohol and that her actions and thoughts are influenced by alcohol indulgence. Therefore I would like to examine the arguments which enforce that assumption. What makes it difficult to differentiate between the given scenario and other possible settings, is the fact that the reader only gets to know one kind of reality, according to the perception of Hannah Luckraft. A.L. Kennedy’s decision to tell the whole story as a first-person-narrative, leaves the reader with no other information than one can learn from Hannah Lurckraft’s point of view. If we take it for granted that Hannah Luckraft is an alcohol addict, major doubts about the validity of the information occur. An alcohol addict may suffer from the Korsakoff's syndrome (cf. Kopelman 2012: 150), a neurological disorder that causes amnesia. In order to decide whether Hanna suffers from the Korsakoff's syndrome, too, we have to take a closer look at the symptoms that describe that disorder. Arthur P. Shimamura and Larry R. Squire state, that “the two main indications according to Korsakoff are called anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories and to learn new information. On the other hand retrograde amnesia is a severe loss of existing memories.” (cf. Shimamura 1986: 165) The human brain developed several methods to fill the...
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...FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN PARTS - AMYGDALA: memory, emotion, aggression - HYPOTHALAMUS: basic biological functions (hunger thirst, temperature, sexual arousal, emotion - MEDULLA: vital functions (breathing, heart rate) - CEREBELLUM: coordinated movement, language, thinking - THALAMUS: switching station for sensory info; memory - SPINAL CORD: transmits signals between brain & rest of body CORTICAL HOMUNCULUS (Sensory & Motor) - picture representation of the anatomical divisions of primary motor & primary somatosensory cortex - “distortion” not based on size of body part greater representation = greater sensitivity - areas have to do with motor neurons DORSAL ANTERIOR -------(< ‘ )-------POSTERIOR (ROSTRAL) (CAUDAL) VENTRAL LATERAL -------- < : )8( MEDIAL )~ -------- LATERAL METHODS OF LOCALIZATION - assign specific functions to particular places in the cerebral cortex - LESION STUDIES: any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of brain tissue - SURGERY: Wada Test (anesthetize one hem), Tumor Removal, Split Brain - INFERENCE STUDIES (talk while balancing broom) - FUNCTIONAL IMAGING - PET (positron emission tomography): track blood flow associated w/ brain activity; used to assess physiology, including glucose & oxygen metabolism, and presence of specific neurotransmitters - SPECT (single photon emission...
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...Alzheimer’s disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Reversible and Irreversible Cognitive Disorders Carrie Steckl, Ph.D., edited by Natalie Staats Reiss, Ph.D. Introduction Often, mental health professionals classify cognitive disorders into two broad categories: those that are irreversible (i.e., not curable) and those that are reversible (i.e., curable). Dementias are irreversible, progressive, degenerative disorders that gradually reduce a person's ability to function in everyday life. A person with dementia cannot regain his or her previous level of functioning, even though some symptoms may be managed through treatment. Examples of irreversible dementias include Alzheimer's Disease, and Lewy Body Dementia, On the other hand, the progression of reversible cognitive disorders can be halted by identifying the cause of the symptoms and properly treating the underlying disorder. With appropriate treatment, a person's previous level of functioning can be restored. Examples of reversible cognitive disorders are pseudodementia and delirium, which will be described later. Reversible & Irreversible The types of reversible and irreversible disorders that we discuss is this topic center are classified as "Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders" in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; the "gold standard" manual used by mental health professionals to diagnose disorders). However, as dementia is the most...
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...CAUSES OF DEMENTIA SYNDROME There are many different types of dementia: Alzheimer’s which is usually found in people over the age of 65 (extract from mayo clinic}Although in most cases the exact cause of Alzheimer's disease isn't known, plaques and tangles are often found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. Plaques are clumps of a protein called beta-amyloid, and tangles are fibrous tangles made up of tau protein. Certain genetic factors also may make it more likely that people will develop Alzheimer's. Vascular dementia which is the second most common form of dementia which is caused by reduced blood flow or blocked blood vessels or even a infection of a heart valve (vascular condition. Lewy body dementia which is caused from abnormal clumps of protein that have been found in the brains of people with Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. (Extract from mayo clinic} Frontotemporal dementia (Formally known as picks disease) is caused by break down of the nerve cells in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain which controls behaviours, language, thinking and concentration as well as movement. Korsakoffs syndrome Korsakoff's syndrome is a brain disorder usually associated with heavy alcoholconsumption over a long period. Although Korsakoff's syndrome is not strictly speaking adementia, people with the condition experience loss of short-term memory. This factsheet outlines the causes, symptoms and treatment of the syndrome. This factsheet also...
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...* Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to create new memories due to brain damage, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact. The brain damage can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, encephalitis, surgery, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia or other trauma.[12] The two brain regions related with this condition are medial temporal lobe and medial diencephalon. Anterograde amnesia cannot be treated with pharmacological methods due to neuronal loss.[13] However, treatment exists in educating patients to define their daily routines and after several steps they begin to benefit from their procedural memory. Likewise, social and emotional support is critical to improving quality of life for anterograde amnesia sufferers.[13] * Retrograde amnesia refers to inability to recall memories before onset of amnesia. One may be able to encode new memories after the incident. Retrograde is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain besides the hippocampus. The hippocampus is responsible for encoding new memory. Episodic memory is more likely to be affected than semantic memory. The damage is usually caused by head trauma, cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. People suffering from retrograde amnesia are more likely to remember general knowledge rather than specifics. Recent memories are less likely to be recovered...
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...considered as “alcohol abuse”, although it does depend on the local laws. Define binge drinking. Binge drinking is a seriously dangerous habit or practice of consuming large amounts of alcoholic beverages in a single setting. A person that practices binge drinking is at risk of causing serious harm, including alcohol poisoning. Define alcoholism. Alcoholism is when an individual physically becomes dependant on alcohol to the extent that stopping the use of the alcoholic beverages will bring on withdrawal symptoms. This term may also refer to ingrained drinking habits that cause health problems as well as social problems. The dependence on the alcohol causes many serious side effects on the brain, liver, and other organs of the body. What are the risk factors for developing alcoholism? There are several risk factors for alcoholism such as: * An individual drinking too much on a regular basis for an extended period of time. * Most people who begin drinking at an early age are at a higher risk for developing a dependency for alcohol. * Women are less likely to become dependent on alcohol than men, although women are at a greater risk for developing medical complications that are linked to drinking for, example kidney disease. * Individuals that had a parent that abused alcohol are at a higher risk for alcoholism. * People that suffer from mental disorders such as anxiety or depression are known for abusing alcohol. * If a person has a close personal...
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...Illicit drugs n effects -Herion: Heroin is an opiate processed directly from the extracts of the opium poppy. It was originally created to help cure people of addiction to morphine. Upon crossing the blood-brain barrier, which occurs soon after introduction of the drug into the bloodstream, heroin is converted into morphine, which mimics the action of endorphins, creating a sense of well-being -Cocaine: is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. It is both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant, giving rise to what has been described as a euphoric sense of happiness and increased energy. the initial signs of stimulation are hyperactivity, restlessness, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate and euphoria. -Methamphetamine: popularly shortened to meth or ice, is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug. Methamphetamine enters the brain and triggers a cascading release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. Since it stimulates the mesolimbic reward pathway, causing euphoria and excitement, it is prone to abuse and addiction. -Lysergic acid diethylamide: LSD, LSD-25, or acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the tryptamine family. Arguably the most regarded of all psychedelics, it is considered mainly as a recreational drug, an entheogen, and a tool in use to supplement various types of exercises for transcendence including in meditation, psychonautics, and illegal psychedelic psychotherapy...
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...disease. • Four possible factors that cause abnmormality: 1. Genetic Factors 2. Biochemistry 3. Infection 4. Brain Damage PARAGRAPH 2- AO1/2: Explain one cause of abnormality according to the biological approach and give supporting evidence. Brain damage. • Suggests that mental illnesses are caused by abnormal brain structure due to genes, development, illness or trauma. • Damage to the structure of the brain can lead to abnormal behaviour. • Once brain damage has caused mental illness there is little to be done to stop it. Examples • Alzheimer- a type of dementia caused by the malformation and loss of cells in a number of areas of the nervous system. • Alcohol and drugs can also damage the brain, which may result in korsakoffs syndrome – prefound impairment of memory most commonly caused by alcohol. Evidence. • Lawrie showed that an average schizophrenic lateral ventricle were 40% bigger than controls. This suggests that brain damage has caused schizophrenia. PARAGRAPH 3 – AO1/2: Explain another cause of abnormality and give supporting evidence. Infection • Bacteria or viruses can give rise to mental illnesses as well as physical illnesses. • This can happen whilst the child is in the womb as well as later on in life. Examples. • 14% of schizophrenia cases may be linked to the exposure to the flu virus in the womb during the first trimester. •...
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...the body and, in high doses, can cause coma and death. It affects several neurotransmitter systems in the brain, including opiates, GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid), glutamate, serotonin, and dopamine. Increased opiate levels create an euphoric effect of alcohol, while its effects on GABA cause anxiolytic and sedative effects. Alcohol also inhibits the receptor for glutamate. Glutamate receptors are synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal cells. When alcohol is withdrawn, the central nervous system experiences increased excitability. Persons who abuse alcohol over the long term are more prone to alcohol withdrawal syndrome than persons who have been drinking for only short periods. Brain excitability caused by long-term alcohol ingestion can lead to cell death and cerebellar degeneration, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, tremors, alcoholic hallucinosis, delirium tremens, and withdrawal seizures (Alcohol use disorder: Pathophysiology, Effects, and Pharmacologic options for treatment, January 2014). 2. Discuss the concept of tolerance to alcohol and the diagnostic criteria for alcohol/substance abuse. Alcohol Tolerance refers to the body’s response to prolonged exposure to liquor: its ability to both metabolize liquor, as well as its ability to rebound from its effects (Alcohol Tolerance, December 2013). As a result of long term alcohol use, both body and brain undergoes certain changes. The average human being metabolizes around one standard drink...
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...Fat and water Soluble Vitamins LaShonda Alexis SCI/241 September 07, 2013 Summer Groff Fat and water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins are a heterogeneous group of organic compounds essential for the growth and maintenance of animal life. The majority of vitamins are not synthesized by the animal body or at a rate sufficient to meet the animal needs. They are distinct from the major food nutrients (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) in that they are not chemically related to one another, are present in very small quantities within animal and plant foodstuffs, and are required by the animal body in trace amounts(Taber, 1993, pg. 2141). Vitamins are a necessary component of a healthy diet. They are considered essential nutrients because our bodies either do not make them, or do not make enough of them. Your body uses vitamins for a variety of biological processes, including growth, digestion, and nerve function. There are 13 vitamins that the body absolutely needs: vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate). AAFP cites two categories of vitamins. They are essential for normal body functions like cell growth, blood cell production, hormone and enzyme synthesis, energy metabolism, and proper functioning of body systems, including the immune system, nervous system, circulatory system, and reproductive system. Fat- Soluble vitamin which is vitamin A, D, E, and K. Fat- Soluble is not...
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