...control groups, operational definition, random assignment, correlation 4. What is meant by the term “empirical evidence?” 5. Identify at least 5 types of research strategies 6. What types of samples are there? 7. Be able to identify the classical conditioning model and provide one or two examples. Define and differentiate the following components: UCS, UCR, CS, CR 8. Define and provide an original example of each of the following: stimulus discrimination, generalization, extinction, spontaneous recovery, reinforcement 9. Name the 4 stages of NREM sleep. Identify the brain wave patterns of each. Differentiate them. 10. What is REM sleep? Provide 4-5 bits of information about REM sleep 11. Define consciousness and differentiate higher, lower, altered states of consciousness 12. What is hypnosis? Provide two perspectives to explain hypnosis. What has hypnosis been effectively used for? What are the steps involved in hypnotizing someone. What is meant by the saying…all hypnosis is self hypnosis 13. Identify 5 sleep disorders: Provide at least 3 facts for each disorder. What is the most common sleep disorder? 14. Identify 3 stimulants and 3 depressants 15. Define operant conditioning and give 3 examples. 16. Differentiate between positive and negative reinforcement. Define and give an example of each. 17. What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers? 18. Regarding the concept memory…What is memory? Define encoding, rehearsal, sensory, STM and LTM. 19. Differentiate...
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...Hypnosis—or hypnotherapy—is a trance-like state where you have a heightened sense of focus and concentration—even though you feel very relaxed. Hypnosis is commonly used to help people remember events, eliminate bad habits, or cope with mental issues like anxiety or depression. If you are interested in undergoing hypnosis, but have some fears about the actual session. Do not worry; it is normal to feel a little apprehension. You can eliminate these fears by using these three tips during your session: 1. Stop Worrying During hypnotherapy, you will likely be asked to visualize certain events, actions, or places. If you cannot visualize things precisely or clearly, do not worry. You do not need to visualize things perfectly in order for the session...
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...Joycelyn Johnson Dissociative Identity Disorder "I was sexually abused from the age of 3 until I was 11. This caused my personality to split into at least 6 different other people. Most people do not believe I have multiple personalities, and sometimes I don't believe it myself. My other personalities are all female except for one that is named Greg. We call ourselves "The Camp" and have learned how to exist together peacefully. Therapy has been a lifesaver teaching us new skills on how to function and schedule our time. I can't speak to two of the others, but they speak in therapy and to the others in The Camp. I spent most of my life thinking I was crazy and wanting to die. Now I understand, and I most of the time I even feel blessed. There are times when sharing a body with 6 other people is almost painful and at those times I feel lucky to have such a great therapist. -- G.L. (25 yrs old) (2010, Kecham ) Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative disorder ( formerly known as multiple personality disorder or split personality disorder) is a mental illness involving a disturbance of identity, in which two or more separate and distinct personalities or identities control an individuals behavior at different times. When a person is under control of one identity, that person may not remember some of the events that may have occurred while other personalities were in control. Some symptoms could be memory lapse, having an unreal feeling, hearing voices in...
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...9 COVERT HYPNOSIS TECHNIQUES TO INDUCE TRANCE ______________________________________________________________________ - Special Report - 9 Covert Hypnosis Techniques To Induce Trance Simple and Powerful Covert Hypnosis Techniques ANYONE Can Use To Enter Others Into A Trance Easily Written by Orkhan Ibad http://www.hypnosisblacksecrets.com ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2010 Orkhan Ibad – All Rights Reserved Page 1 CovertHypnosisLessons 9 COVERT HYPNOSIS TECHNIQUES TO INDUCE TRANCE ______________________________________________________________________ NOTICE: You Do NOT Have the Right to Reprint or Resell this Report! You Also MAY NOT Give Away, Sell or Share the Content Herein Copyright 2010 Orkhan Ibad All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical. Any unauthorized use, sharing, reproduction, or distribution of parts herein is strictly prohibited. Disclamer And/Or Legal Notices: The information presented herein represents the view of the author as of the date of publication. The author reserves the right to alter and update his opinion based on the new conditions. The report is for informational purposes only. The author does not carry any responsibility for any use of this information. ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2010 Orkhan Ibad – All Rights...
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...Lena Davis Psych 2012 Class Topics Reaction Papers Table of Contents 1. From page 155 on topic of “Sleep” 2. From page 162 topic of “ Dream” 3. From page 165 on topic of “Hypnosis” 4. From page 167 on topic of “Meditation” 5. From page 168 on topic of “Drug Use” 6. From page 227 on topic of “Constructing Memories” 7. From page 252 on topic of “Reconstructing Memories” 8. From page 257 on topic of “Forgetting” 9. From page 432 on topic of “Stress” 10. From page 438 on topic of “Positive Psychology” Sleep When we get tired our bodies are almost in a drunken state. Our eyes began to open and shut, our head bobs up and down and we feel as though we can’t go anymore. This is definitely a sign that it’s time to get some rest. Sleep is a way our bodies rejuvenate itself after a long day or night. After reading this section on “Sleep”, I now have a better understanding of what my body goes through. I could never understand why some times when I would take long naps, I would feel more tired than before I went to sleep or why some nights I would wake up in the middle of the night and be super energized. Our bodies go through a cycle of four continuous stages and depending on what stage we are in, when we wake up, may determine how our body feels. I also found out that taking a 20 -30 minute nap or “cat nap” as some may call it, is better than taking a nap for a hour or longer. Waking up in Stage 3 or 4 is your deepest sleep, where your body...
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...role of importance in unconscious mental understanding, some of his ideas were met with antagonism and resistance. Freud believed deeply in the value of his discoveries and rarely simplified or exaggerated them for the sake of popular acceptance. Psychoanalysis has continued to grow and develop as a general theory of human mental functioning, always keeping a profound respect for the uniqueness of each individual life. In addition, this is a mechanism for learning about the mind, and also a theory, a way of understanding the processes of normal everyday mental functioning and the stages of normal development from infancy to later life stage(s). Psychoanalysis seeks to explain how the human mind works, and contributes insight into what the...
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...effective. Although all humans appear quite similar we are different in many ways. We have different likes and dislikes, come from different cultural backgrounds and will have been brought up in environments that have provided us with different outlooks, values and perspectives. When we use hypnosis with a client we are working with the subconscious mind so in order to achieve the best chance of success we need to do our utmost to assist our clients to realise the most beneficial state possible. There are several techniques that we can employ that alter the language we use to suit the personality and individuality of the client. When we communicate with other people it seems that we generally do so using language- in fact this is not entirely true because our body language, tone and volume are far more important ingredients in communication than the words that we utter. In fact the words that we use make up only 7% of our communication, with tone and volume coming in second at 38% and body language being 55%. So when we use language in hypnosis to achieve a change we have to study very carefully what we say. We are used to communicating with gestures as well as words and in the case of hypnosis, for our purposes, we are in the position that words will have to suffice. In order...
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...telling him about the dreams they would have while they were sleeping.After, his patients began to tell them his dreams he started including the interpretation of dreams in his psychoanalysis along with hypnosis and free association. Toward the end of the 19th century he researched the methods of dreams and what they meant for humans. The dream theory is one of the theories that helped form a lot of the theories that have been formed do to pscyhoanylasis. It helped formed the pscyhoanalysis like the subconscious.He anaylzed the theory simple enough for people who did not suffer from mental disorders so that they could understand. We try to get rest when we do not want to deal with the pressures of life and try to go to bed. When you get tired we withdraw from the things that are going in life and we take a pause in engaging in the things that are going on.These are one of the main charecteristic that a person is getting sleepy. We try to fall asleep in most cases with silence and we cut the lights of in our room,but some people like to sleep with the lighs off and television and music plugged in their ears. Frued derived dreams symbols from the resistence of dreams interpretation. He stated from his research that you resisted certain things while dreaming happened no matter what even with people who do not have a mental disability. He stated that some parts of manifest dreams coincide with latent dreams. Manifest means clear and obvious. Latent dreams means it is the hidden...
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...Language: Sumerian Cuneiform In many instances, Sumerian text has been influential to the ways of writing we have today. Sumerians were the first ancient civilization to start archiving the rules of writing that we use in present day. The lexicon of Sumerian language has yet to be fully deciphered; this is due to a lack of information. We have been studying Sumerian language since before the outbreak of WWI. Input from many different cultures in the attempt to decide if this language is truly the oldest recorded language in history, has led to our current level of knowledge on Sumerian language. Germany started full-scale investigations, while the French were the first to discover actual writing from this ancient culture. This paper is meant to elaborate upon the knowledge of Sumeria and its peoples writing styles. Ancient Sumerian language is thought to be the oldest written language in history. This may or may not be the case (Huffington Post, 2009). Findings in the area of determining the age of some written languages are uncertain. But for the most part, Sumerian is a definite running mate for the title of oldest written language. Sumerian was first started to be put into writing around 3200 BCE (Academia.edu, 2007). The main reason for the start of this was for agricultural purposes. Clay counters were used to keep track of how many plants were sealed into a container. Those counters were hard to keep track of, therefore, Sumerians came up with cuneiform. Cuneiform, is...
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...instead of accepting a doctor’s diagnostic he would investigate their mind in order to find a resolution. After analyzing numerous patients he came to the belief that certain events are never forgotten. A memory that would possible cause this problem would not fade away but rather just burrow itself into the persons conscious. The only way these events could ever be reached would be when the conscious would release its barrier and this could be done under hypnosis. Once the event and it feelings were relived the symptoms were gone. Freud came to the conclusion that the symptoms were a way of the conscious discharging the “affect” of the memory. In time Freud came to realize that a more productive method of recalling the memories was through “free association” or just talking about whatever is in your head. When this was performed on patients and the feedback was studied Freud was amazed that an abundance of it dealt with sexual childhood experiences. This type of feedback became common in Freud’s free association sessions. What the patient talked about was not perfectly straight forward it was instead disguised. This...
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...ghoulish makeup, with simple framing and editing in order to move the story forward. This is displayed greatly when Wiene shows the fraught nature of Cesare when he abducts Jane. Firstly, The opening shot of this scene is the long shot, which places the subject in whole while keeping it related to the environment. It is meant to show action rather than emotion. Throughout this whole scene, we are able to see Cesare from his head to his toes. The long shot is crucial because it highlights Cesare as he enters Jane’s bedroom. It is obvious that he is the antagonist in the scene because Cesare has an absurdly...
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...Book Report: Dream Psychology by Sigmund Freud Yvette R. Gibbs Grand Canyon University: Personality Psychology June 27, 2014 Dream Psychology Chapter Summaries Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was a physiologist, medicinal physician, psychologist, and instrumental intellectual of the 1900’s. Freud said dreams are windows into our unconscious mind where the angsts, longings, and feelings exist that we stifle in some type or another to conceal from conscious thought. In other words, we do not want to realize them so they get constrained into the alcoves of the subconscious. Thus, with respect to the concept of wish- fulfilment and dreaming, we desire that the thing that concerns us in the subconscious, expressed by means of the dreams. Consequently, on this basis, both “undesirable” and “positive” (things we wish do happen) dreams are the result of wish-fulfilment. Chapter I: Dreams Have a Meaning Freud was a true believer that all dreams had some meaning. Dreams are our unconscious feelings. Whether good or bad thoughts we have and do not act on manifest into our dreams; they are usually indirect clues. Freud (1920) states the basis on “a peculiar state of psychical activity”. Some spectators recognize the dream may be capable of exceptional successes in selected areas (e.g. Memory) (Freud, 1920). Some medical writers believe that dreams are merely stimuli from the body; contrary to their beliefs, dreams do have some meaning (Freud, 1920). Reading one’s...
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...I feel sorry for Daniel, your best friend, someone you grew up, turned their back on you. I also feel bad for Hans, he got in the Hitler’s hypnosis, it was people like him that cause Hitler to gain so much power. Power that he misused, power that shamed the country, and caused a war. I feel this is where Daniel first started to realize that things are not ok. That people are really serious about this “no Jews” thing. Chapter 2: (page 15-16) Daniel’s encounter with Hitler Youth I found this part a little sad. In my opinion I thought Daniel was a kind boy. He got into mischief here and there, but never thought that you would hurt someone. What I found sad was the fact that this war is forcing Daniel, to be a person that he’s not, to defend himself by hurting the Hitler youth boys. Chapter 3: (page 23) Jew for sale. I felt mad at the world, if each country would of taken a couple thousand Jews, then maybe millions of lives could be saved. I also understood the world point of. That maybe if the other countries took refuges, then Germany would declare war on them, however I’m pretty sure that the worlds military I stronger than German...
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...Phobias In 2014 there were more than 400 recognised phobias by psychologists. Good morning ladies and gentlemen today i am going to talk to you about phobias. So what is a phobia? A phobia is an extreme fear of or to something. A phobia is learned through heaps of fear resulting in a phobia that lasts for a long time. Where did the word phobia came from? It came from the latin word phobos which meant fear and a lot of fear and a tad more fear. There are three main types of fears: specific phobias, social phobia and agoraphobia.Specific phobias are ones that are phobias with living creatures, for example spiders, bats, snakes and flying.These are some of the phobias under specific phobias. Social phobias, these phobias are phobias that come in when you are with friends or even at school. Agoraphobia, this is a type of phobia that makes you scared of yourself in situations where there is no escape, it may include traveling in buses, cars, planes, large shopping malls.This may cause panic disorder. Some phobias originate from traumatic childhood experiences whilst others we are not sure about. How can you get rid of your phobia? Well you can have exposure therapy which is the most effective way, but you can also have hypnosis treatment, but that is not the best because people have been know to do the opposite and be so confident it nearly kills them! Here are a few facts to show you that phobias are not always bad they can be good also. Nearly 17% of people...
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...theory in order to evaluate it. In 1905 Freud published ‘Three Essays on the theory of Sexuality and other Works’, one of these essays was titled ‘Infantile Sexuality’. In this essay Freud sets out his theory of psychosexual development. He asserts that there is in all humans an innate drive (or instinct>another theory to be debated) for pleasure, a sort of psychic energy, which he calls the libido and this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages in life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. What Freud meant by sexual in his own writing in German, was ‘life force’ or ‘emotional energy’ (Bettelheim 1983). While this concept has a sexual aspect to it, it is unfortunate that the English translation focuses mainly on this aspect. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire). He asserted that sexuality is more than just a genital copulation between adults and this work is the background to his theory on infantile sexuality. He emphasized particular erogenous zones as being of primary importance at different stages of infancy. Each stage impacts in...
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