...to the librarian of Santhom library Rev. Dr. Sebastian Chalackal and all other librarians for helping me in the collection of data for the completion of this work. Fro generously sharing their wisdom, love and time I pay gratitude to my entire batch mates of Dazzlers. Conveying my sincere thanks to all the members of Sevana social group I wind up. general introduction Human is a rational and social being. Society is an unavoidable factor for human being. There are a lot of things to keep as a social being to human. To maintain a good relationship with others, there are certain written and unwritten rules. The person who keeps this rules called ‘just man’. There are different faces to the concept ‘justice’. A brief study about the concept ‘justice’ is an important today. Many philosophers have tried to explain the concept ‘justice’ and its features. We can find a lot of features in personal justice. The meaning of justice may change according to the situations. But there should be a common factor; this common factor is the concept of ‘ethics’. In general justice and ethics are co-related. Today the study of justice includes anthropology, sociology,...
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...LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE Name Course Date LAW AND SOCIAL CHANGE Law is defined as a system of regulations whose aim is to control individual behavior.[1] The regulations are formulated and imposed using social institutions. Legislature, executives, and the judiciary are the three bodies which are responsible for making laws. Legislature makes laws using legislation; executives use rules and decrees, while the judiciary uses binding precedent. Lawfully binding contacts such as arbitration agreements can also be made by private persons. The constitution, both written and unwritten plays a major role in the formulation of laws. The law plays a key responsibility in shaping economics, politics, as well as the society in different ways.[2] It also acts as a go-between of individuals’ relationships. Considering that law is connected with the political, economic, and societal worlds, it is regularly involved while pursuing social change. Social change is defined as the modifications in the manner in which individuals work, educate and oversee their children, raise their family, and search for life’s meaning.[3] In my opinion I agree to this statement that in considering the various applications and principles of justice, it can be said that the law, at its best, operates as an agent of change and, at its worst, serves as an instrument of coercion by social elites in society. For several decades, the society and law philosophers have strived hard with...
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...Discrimination in Light of Theories Of Justice INTRODUCTION In a civilized social system, law plays not only the role of guarantor of justice equality and liberty, but also as a tool for attaining the ends of justice. In this respect the modern democratic state has to adopt objective standards to protect the human rights of its citizens. Equality is one among those cardinal human rights by which the State is mandated to treat the equals equally and unequal unequally when it distributes its own benefits to the people. But who are equals and who are unequal is a thorny issue, for the limited resources are much valuable and required by the various group of people and they have to be distributed justly and fairly. In the Indian constitutional scheme, it had been envisaged by the framers that there should be equality of opportunity is for all citizens in public employments and such equality of opportunity a fundamental right of the citizens’.At the same time, the need for some beneficial treatment to the weaker sections of the society was also enshrined with that right. What is the basis of distribution of societal resources to certain sections? The thrust of this Chapter goes with the following enquiry. Is there any jurisprudential foundation for protective discrimination? If so what is it? This aspect is assessed from the angle of different theories of justice viz., social justice, distributive justice, equality and equal opportunity and social engineering theory. The responses...
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...of citizens and suspects are both upheld (like the right to a speedy trial and bail). Public-order advocates are there to make sure that the public (communities) are also protected from unacceptable behavior... Describe the American experience with crime during the last half century. What noteworthy criminal incidents or activities can you identify during that time, and what social and economic conditions might have produced them? The American experience with crime during the last half century has been especially influential in shaping the criminal justice system of today. Although crime waves have come and gone, some events during the past century stand out as especially significant, including a spurt of widespread organized criminal activity associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century; the substantial increase in “traditional” crimes during the 1960s and 1970s; the threat to the American way of life represented by illicit drugs around the same time; and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (Dworkin, 2005)., The American experience with crime during the last half century has been the main reason for the way our courts, law enforcement, and the criminal justice system operates the way that it does today. There have been many crime waves and other events that have played a key role in shaping the system as it is today. Some of...
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...© Michael Lacewing Ra wls a nd No zick on jus tic e RAWLS: JUSTICE AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT John Rawls’ theory of distributive justice (A Theory of Justice) is based on the idea that society is a system of cooperation for mutual advantage between individuals. As such, it is marked by both conflicts between differing individual interests and an identity of shared interests. Principles of justice should ‘define the appropriate distribution of the benefits and burdens of social co-operation’. (p. 4) Justice is the most important political value and applies to the ‘basic institutions of society’ – the political constitution and the institutions that regulate the market, property, family, freedom, and so on – because it is intimately connected to what society is and what it is for. If society is a matter of cooperation between equals for mutual advantage, the conditions for this cooperation need to be defended and any inequalities in social positions must be justified. And so the principles of justice, Rawls thinks, must be ‘the principles that free and rational persons concerned to further their own interests would accept in an initial position of equality as defining the fundamental terms of their association’ (p. 11). Justice, then, is fairness. What are the terms of the ‘social contract’? What principles of justice would we agree to in this situation? For our agreement to secure a fair, impartial procedure, we need to eliminate any possible bias towards, say...
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...Finally, as Christians, the compatibility of social justice and Christianity must be discussed. It doesn’t take a Bible scholar to see that many of the main issues of social justice are overwhelmingly unbiblical. First and foremost is what is commonly referred to as a women’s reproductive rights, which is essential to say abortion in a nicer way. “Now the word of the LORD came to me, saying, ‘Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, and before you were born I consecrated you; I appointed you a prophet to the nations.’” Jeremiah 1:4-5 these verses clearly state that the humanity of an individual is established long before birth even before Proverbs 6:16-17 states “These six things the Lord hates… Hands that shed innocent blood.” This is...
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...reflection to realize that the term ‘just’ and ‘justice’ is vital to the operation of society and social networks. We are perhaps fortunate that we have lost one of the senses which the term had for the Greeks, the sense in which, justice was equivalent to virtue in general; nevertheless we can use the concept in many different contexts to make a variety of moral and political points, Zajda & Rust, (2006). First and foremost before one can truly define social justice we have to start with what is justice itself. Justice is defined as a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural, religion, fairness, or equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics; it’s just the act of being fair. Our understanding of the concepts of social justice can be viewed as important because it works along with the criminal justice system model. A general definition of social justice is hard to arrive at and even harder to implement. In essence, social justice is concerned with equal justice, not just in the courts, but in all aspects of society. This concept demands that people have equal rights and opportunities; everyone, from the poorest person on the margins of society to the wealthiest deserves an even playing field. The concept of social justice was coined by Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. Social justice covers an array of issues; hence it is very...
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...Amartya sen’s Idea of Justice – A criticize on John Rawls theory of justice Dr. Mugdha Saptnekar. Guided by : Dr. Asmita A. Vaidya. Email- saptnekar31@gmail.com Mobile no- 9404789720 Abstract- In 2009 Amartya sen’s Book The Idea of Justice was published. The book was a highlight on Economic reasoning and a critique of John Rawls Theory of Justice written in 1971. Sen in his Idea of justice has established the importance of objective reasoning. He states that justice is not a singular term but a pluralistic notion with many Dimensions. He criticizes John Rawls Theory of justice for its inadequacy in delivering actual justice. According to him concepts and principles of justice should change as per the changing needs of the society. In Idea of justice Sen makes an attempt to use basic tenets of the Theory of the Theory of Social choice to suggest possibilities that could be adopted in identification and minimization of injustice Key words: Economic reasoning, objective reasoning, utilitarian, egalitarian, libertarian, monolithic ideal, pluralistic notion Introduction- Amartya Sen is a much admired, award winning economist, writer and philosopher. A voice of the poor, and malnourished, tirelessly engrossed in the problems of the society’s poorest people. Born in West Bengal in 1933, Amartya Sen studied at Presidency college, Calcutta and Trinity college, Cambridge. He taught economics in Delhi ...
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...with equitable and unbiased treatment which is very important to maintain a healthy work environment. Many discrimination suits and grievances arise from employee’s perception of unfair treatment. The study of procedural and interactional justice has come to forefront in academia because of their correlation with favorable work attitudes and higher job performance. The article Using Social Exchange Theory to Distinguish Procedural from Interactional Justice differentiates the importance and role of procedural and interactional justice in the workplace. The authors’ state procedural justice is normally associated with the relationship between the employee and the organization while interactional justice is the relationship between the employee and immediate supervisor. The predictions of the authors were field tested on 107 employees and supervisors. The purpose of the study is to determine if procedural justice will be associated with attitudes toward organizational decision makers and if interactional justice will be associated with an employee’s immediate supervisor. The researchers believe the outcome of the study will confirm their hypothesis on what each justice is associated with. First, we need to understand the foundation of social exchange theory. According to Miles (2012) “the theory assumes that self-interested parties transact or exchange with self-interested others in order to accomplish outcomes that neither could achieve on his or her own.” People collaborate...
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...Meghan Fry Social Justice and Its War on Violence “Social Justice” is often considered a vague or indefinite term which lends itself to be interpreted many ways. Philosophers and theologians, both past and present, have given their interpretations of what social justice means and though they may argue over the “true” meaning of social justice, there is always the undertone of a certain fairness across humanity with regard to human rights. The arguments over what is fair and who determines fairness is often the dividing line amongst intellectuals attempting to define social justice. In the end, all interpretations agree that social injustice is often more likely than social justice and only action by society as a whole can cure it. Health issues for persons living with injustice include malnutrition, disease, environmental decay, lack of occupational safety and access to medical care (1). One health issue, in particular, that afflicts every society is violence. Whether it is violence against oneself, another individual, or an entire group, causing physical or mental harm for any purpose robs people of their basic human rights of life, liberty and security of person (2). Public Health workers can, and must be, a driving force for changes in society to prevent and remedy the injustice of violence. Whether changes come from education, governmental laws, or efforts to build community relationships, the public health sector must be readily involved. Social justice can be described...
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...1. Describe the American experience with crime during the last half century. What noteworthy criminal incidents or activities occurred during that time, and what social and economic conditions might have produced them? a. The American experience with crime during the last half century has been the main reason for the way our courts, law enforcement, and the criminal justice system operates the way that it does today. There have been many crime waves and other events that have played a key role in shaping the system as it is today. Some of these things include: the huge spike in organized crime activity during the prohibition years and its evolution into gangs and the laws concerning them today, the increase in reported crimes and enforced laws through the 50’s, 60’s and 70’s as well as the change/increase in the types and availability of illegal drugs today. For example: prohibition effectively created a black market for alcohol, a sub cultural of illegal gambling, and other organized crime like protection rackets, to name a few. That paved the way for gangs and the way we handle them today. 2. What is the theme of this book? According to that theme, what are the differences between the individual-rights perspective and the public-order perspective? a. The theme of this book is individual-rights verses public-order, specifically; the rights guaranteed by the constitution to criminal suspects and law abiding citizens need to be upheld and defended. On the public-order side...
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...University of Tennessee: Department of Sociology Sociology 110: Social Problems/Social Justice Tuesday, Thursday: 8:10AM-9:25AM College of Nursing, Room 105 Instructor: Holly Ningard Office Hours: Tuesday, Thursday 9:25AM-10:25AM, or by appointment. Office: 243 Greve Hall Email: hningard@vols.utk.edu COURSE DESCRIPTION Welcome to Social Problems/Social Justice! Sociology, broadly speaking, is the scientific study of the development, structure, and processes of human society. This course is designed to provide an introduction to the sociological approach to social justice in modern society. What you learn in this classroom will help you to gain an understanding of the issues that are happening today, right now, everywhere you look. That's what's so exciting about this field! It is the goal of this course not simply to discuss current issues such as globalization, poverty, and inequality, but to be able to use the sociological perspective to understand the history, theory, and broader social forces behind these issues. With successful completion of this course, you will leave not only with an understanding of elements of social structure and the organization of society, but with the knowledge of how to apply the sociological perspective to analyze social problems and issues in the contemporary world. REQUIRED TEXTBOOKS Readings in Social Justice (2nd Edition), R. Scott Frey, ed. ISBN: 978-1-4652-1290-0 Additional readings will...
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...Social Justice This week, I explored the role of leaders in creating team trust and social justice. At some point, the team exists as a part of a larger organization and success or failure of the team can be affected by the organization’s culture within which it resides. Hegtvedt (2004) refers to distributive justice as encompassing the distribution of both benefits and burdens to the members of a group. Hegtvedt (2004) discussed three fundamental questions: “What is justice?” “Why do people differently perceive injustice?” and also, “How do people respond to perceived injustice?” Justice can actually be comparative and proportional. People desire their outcomes to be positive, referring to rewards, honors and prestige along with being in proportion to their contributions of efforts, abilities and expertise. Individuals and groups also compare their outcomes and measure their contributions with others. This will ultimately affect whether they perceive the distribution as just or unjust. Tyler, Dienhart, and Thomas (2008) state “outcome fairness is determined by what people think they deserve.” Many professionals, political scientists, psychologists, social psychologists, sociologists, and others offer a variety of theoretical ideas to address justice analysis. Justice theory and research apply to many diverse social domains, with a heavy focus on interpersonal dynamics and organizational policies. Within an organization, the application of distributive justice principles...
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...of Justice 2 2. Analysis of Sen’s Idea of Justice 3 2.1. Theoretical Versus Practical Approach 3 2.2. Niti and Nyaya’s Model in Sen’s Framework of Justice 4 2.3 Capability Approach in Sen’s Theory of Justice 4 Conclusion 6 Bibliography 7 Abstract Amartya Kumar Sen’s thought on justice are groundbreaking in our pluralistic society. The question could be why? To my mind, Sen constructs theory of justice basing on the social injustices encountered due to structural and cultural backgrounds. He concentrates on the practical application of transcendental theories of justice in building a more just society based on enhancement of capabilities (real opportunities and freedoms). We can say a society that focuses on promotion of people’s freedom in the Sen’s framework moves towards achieving justice. Introduction Amartya Kumar Sen is a renown Indian economist, philosopher, developmental ethicist and a first Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in Economics. His book Idea of Justice and Development as Freedom have made a new paradigm shifting as regards welfare and wellbeing of individuals in the society. Sen propounds for a practical approach of justice that is concerned with eliminating forms of injustices in the society. It is here that Sen develops capability approach as an evaluative tool in the just society, whereby social justice addresses structural forms of discrimination. His thoughts on justice tend towards positive consequences of the theories of justice in enhancing...
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...In Book II of the Plato’s Republic, Glaucon and Adeimantus challenge Socrates’ claim that justice belongs in the class of goods which are valued for their own sake as well as for the sake of what comes from them (Rep. 357 b- 358 a). Unconvinced by Socrates’ refutation of Thrasymachus, Glaucon renews Thrasymachus’ argument that the life of the unjust person is better than that of the just person. As part of his case, Glaucon states what he claims most people consider the nature of justice to be and what its origins are. He proceeds to present a version of the social contract theory: They say that to do injustice is naturally good and to suffer injustice bad, but that the badness of suffering it so far exceeds the goodness of doing it that those who have done and suffered injustice and tasted both, but who lack the power to do it and avoid suffering it, decide that it is profitable to come to an agreement with each other neither to do injustice nor to suffer it. As a result, they begin to make laws and covenants, and what the law commands they call lawful and just. This, they say, is the origin and essence of justice. It is intermediate between the best and the worst. The best is to do injustice without paying the penalty; the worst is to suffer it without being able to take revenge. Justice is a mean between these two extremes. People value it not because it is a good but because they are too weak to do injustice with impunity. Someone who has the power to do this...
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