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What Is Traffic Jam? a Traffic Jam Is a Long Line of Vehicles That Cannot Move Forward Because There Is Too Much Traffic, or Because the Road Is Blocked by Something. the Major Factor Behind Traffic Jam in Bangladesh:

In: Business and Management

Submitted By mohebul
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Definition of 'Bond Valuation'
A technique for determining the fair value of a particular bond. Bond valuation includes calculating the present value of the bond's future interest payments, also known as its cash flow, and the bond's value upon maturity, also known as its face value or par value. Because a bond's par value and interest payments are fixed, an investor uses bond valuation to determine what rate of return is required for an investment in a particular bond to be worthwhile.

Formula to calculate the bond valuation:

pb=I/(1+Y)^1+I/(1+Y)^2+I/(1+Y)^3+..............+I/(1+Y)^n+Pn/(1+Y)^n

Where,
Pb=Price of the Bonds
I=Interest Payments
Y= Yield to Maturity
Pn=Principal Payment at maturity n=Number of Periods.

Concepts of Yield to Maturity:
The yield to maturity, or discount rate, is the rate of return required by bondholders. The bondholder, any investor for that matter, will allow three factors to influence his or her required rate of return.
1. The Required Real Rate Of Return: This is the rate of rate of return the investor demands for giving up the current use of the fund. It is the financial ‘rent’ the investor charges for using his or her funds for one year, five years of any given period.
2. Inflation Premium: The investor requires a premium to compensate for the effect of inflation on the value of taka.
3. Risk Premium: We must add the risk premium to the risk-free rate of return. There are to types of risk: business risk and financial risk.

Short-Cut formula for finding out yield to maturity from the Bond price:

Approximate yield to Maturity (Y’) =

Principal Payment – Current Price Of the Bond
Annual Interest Payment + Number of years to Maturity 0.6 (Current price of the bond) + 0.4 (Principal Payment)

SEMI – ANNUAL INTEREST AND BOND PRICES:

We have been assuming

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