...The Fall of King Charles I of England Idrees Kazi 500577940 HST 632 Dr. John Morgan Wednesday, March 12, 2014 Charles I remains one of the most debated monarchs of English history. His turbulent reign ended with a public execution. It seems as though the answer is simple, that he was a terrible king. And yet, historians argue many sides, some even favoring Charles. In fact, the reason behind Charles’ beheading is still kind of unclear. Of course he made mistakes, but then so does every monarch. Yet, Charles was the first king to be legally tried and executed. And in the 17th century, when the King was seen as God’s lieutenant on earth, executing one was unimaginable. This essay will explain why the regicides executed Charles. But first, it’s important to know a bit about Charles. Charles is known to be rigid and insensitive1 and the reason for this is partly because of his extreme belief in the Divine right of kings. He thought that God would always protect him. This can even be proven because of his inflexibility during the civil war, even while he was losing. “No matter how generous the terms or desperate his condition, the king refused to yield.”2 Charles’ personality and thinking caused more problems than they solved, and this will be proven in this essay. For now, it is important to know that the regicides believed it was necessary to kill Charles I because of his tyrannical rule, which can easily be proven by looking at his Personal Rule. The infamous...
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...Authors Einhard and Notker the Stammerer express many criteria for qualities of what makes a good king in their combined work, “Two Lives of Charlemagne.” Einhard chooses to focus more on the aggressive, war-like side of King Charlemagne while Notker tends to focus on Charlemagne’s religious approach to ruling a kingdom. However, both writers consistently agree throughout their respective pieces that King Charles took pity on and gave to the poor, fostered good relationships with many people around him, and focused above all on the good of his kingdom. These are seen by medieval writers as qualities of a good king and Charlemagne’s popular reputation and high levels of respect certainly support this claim. Little is known about Einhard’s...
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...Effects of Native Americans on Europeans * Goods- corn and how to preserve foods Negative- diseases Influence of Islam on early European trade- Impact of Islam on earl African tribes- Muslim introduced the concept of slavery and dominated the slaves in the Mediterranean * Slavery was not based on race but on the losing side Impact of Roman Catholic Church on Europe prior o age discovery Catholicism- extracted money from every individual around the world * Henry the 8th disagreed with the pope b/c he had power also * most powerful institution than the king * Henry the 8th created his own church; cut all ties with the catholic church * It was the same as the catholic church only that king Henry was the hea Portuguese...
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...In 1661 Edward Burrough wrote a letter to King Charles II, “A Declaration of the Sad and Great Persecution and Martyrdom of the People of God, Called Quakers, in New England, for the Worshipping of God.” Burrough constantly ridicules the unfairness and unjustness of the Puritans- otherwise known as the “Petitioners”- and tries to convince King Charles II that the Quakers are of “innocent blood” (3). Burrough strategically insinuates that the Petitioners are bad and selfish by comparing both the Quakers’ ways of life with the Puritans’, by building the trust between Quakers and the king; in addition, by building the king’s ego, and by using visual details involving nature. With the overall argument that the Puritans are the wrong doers, Burrough automatically attaches the Quakers to a higher standard, and associates them with religion, trust, and justice, although both share the label of being colonial people. Burrough starts by addressing the fact that Quakers have not done any transgression to deserve the punishments that the Puritans have bestowed upon them. When he states, “[I]t is hard to relate the Cruelties committed against these People, and acted upon them by these Petitioners,” Burrough confronts the corrupt abuse the Puritans are giving the Quakers, without fair reasoning but solely because of the “[d]ifference in Judgement and Practice concerning Spiritual things, and without any transgression of the Law of God, or their own Laws” (3). Strictly speaking, the simple...
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...contributed to Henry being unable to fulfil his aims. Sources 4 and 6, both support the fact that the foreign policy did fail because of the lack of resources to fulfill the King’s aims. However all sources also suggest other possibilities to Henry's failed foreign policy. As soon as Henry took the throne in 1509, it was obvious that he was a king that wanted to fight a war, perhaps to show off his power. However, wars generally led to very expensive costs to the country. Henry's father, Henry VII, left the country in quite a stable state economically, but Henry devoted most of England's money into his campaigns to take over France. To some extent source 4 supports the idea that the foreign policy did fail due to the lack of resources, because it states that “the young warrior family accepted the fact that royal finances could not support a repetition of the campaign of 1513”. This quote implies that lack of resources seems to be the dominant reason for stopping Henry from invading France and therefore source 4 supports the statement to some extent. In the years 1514-25, it's clear that Henry VIIIs foreign policy failed, because instead of becoming the king of France like Henry thought he could, 'Henry made peace with him." Source 4 is a contemporary source. It's an extract from a book written by Keith Randell who is a historian. This source can be considered reliable because the author would have more time to look at plenty of information related to this topic. Therefore he would...
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...What was the short term significance of the Long Parliament 1640-1642? The Long Parliament sat from 1640 to 1648 however it was the measures taken between 1640 and 1642 that had the most short term significance. The actions taken by parliament against the king’s ‘evil’ counsellors, the removal of the personal rule of Charles I, the increased role of parliament in conjunction with Charles, the growing support for the king, the religious divisions within parliament and the final breakdown of relations between the two branches of government were all prominent events between 1640 to 1642. The primary short term significance of the Long Parliament was the removal of the king’s ‘evil counsellors’ Strafford and Laud. Despite the impeachment of Archbishop Laud (December 1640) being important, the Strafford crisis was a much more pivotal short term consequence of the Long Parliament. Many of those in parliament and ordinary citizens were displeased with their actions such as the tyrannical imposition of the ‘Thorough’ or absolutist rule – they were men of ‘arrogant pride...deep policy, stern resolution and ambitious zeal.’ Albeit this view belongs to devout puritans Lucy and John Hutchinson, opinions from royalists concur with this as Lord Digby proves in the trial of Strafford (April 1641)that he believed him ‘to be the most dangerous minister’; hence proving that Strafford’s actions were abhorred by a variety of people, even those who supported the king. However there was some negligible...
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...F961A3: Henry VIII to Mary I, 1509-1558 A: What were Henry VIII's aims as king from 1509-1529? Henry VIII's personality and role in government ▪ Henry VIII was a confident and energetic monarch. He had a much stronger claim to the throne than his father and there were no threats to his throne from pretenders. ▪ Henry VIII wanted to achieve glory for himself, his Court and for England. He would attempt to achieve this mainly through his foreign policy. ▪ Henry VIII was not, unlike his father, interested in the day to day administration of English government. ▪ He played a very important role at Court and he had the final say in all matters, but the running of the government and administration, he left to Wolsey - his chief minister from 1514-1529. ▪ Henry VIII was always the centre of attention but he hated writing and debating. Instead he preferred the thrill of hunting and sportsmanship and the excitement of diplomacy. ▪ Although Henry and Wolsey had their disagreements in the period up to 1527, none was serious enough to cause serious problems. ▪ Wolsey was brilliant at managing Henry's overdeveloped ego and Henry may have seen Wolsey as a surrogate father. ▪ After 1527, Henry VIII's energies were focused on the gravest crisis of his reign, the attempt by Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. This problem would lead eventually to Wolsey's fall from power. Henry VIII and foreign policy Introduction ▪ Henry...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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...(ref. H.O. #1 p.29) When napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy, he left them 3 things, which were probably the key characteristics in the revolution: - Efficient Government. - A practical demonstrations of the benefits from a unified Italy - Hatred towards foreign influence. After the fall of Napoleon, the major European powers (Austria, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom, & Prussia) what was to be done with Italy, which was conquered at the time by Napoleon. It was thus decided that Italy would be divided among different monarchs, all associated with the Habsburgs (except for Piedmont Sardinia, which was to be ruled by Victor Emmanuel, an independent monarch, and Papal States, ruled by the pope.). (ref. H.O. #1 p. 29-30) Austria had very strong domination over Italy. It had agreements with Ferdinand, king of Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies, and helped the pope maintain his kingdom. Only Piedmont Sardinia wasn't influenced by Austria (ref. H.O. #1 p. 30). 1815 - 1830 Revolution Almost all "'Italians" hated the foreign influence of Austria on Italy. Metternich, an Austrian prince wanted to make sure no nationalist activities were in process in Austria's territories in Italy (which was Lombardy Venetia). He imposed repressive rule in Lombardy Venetia. German was the official language, a strong Austrian army was always present to suppress any hostile activities, an efficient...
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...monarchs. (ref. H.O. #1 p.29) When napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy, he left them 3 things, which were probably the key characteristics in the revolution: - Efficient Government. - A practical demonstrations of the benefits from a unified Italy - Hatred towards foreign influence. After the fall of Napoleon, the major European powers (Austria, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom, & Prussia) what was to be done with Italy, which was conquered at the time by Napoleon. It was thus decided that Italy would be divided among different monarchs, all associated with the Habsburgs (except for Piedmont Sardinia, which was to be ruled by Victor Emmanuel, an independent monarch, and Papal States, ruled by the pope.). (ref. H.O. #1 p. 29-30) Austria had very strong domination over Italy. It had agreements with Ferdinand, king of Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies, and helped the pope maintain his kingdom. Only Piedmont Sardinia wasn't influenced by Austria (ref. H.O. #1 p. 30). 1815 - 1830 Revolution Almost all "'Italians" hated the foreign influence of Austria on Italy. Metternich, an Austrian prince wanted to make sure no nationalist activities were in process in Austria's territories in Italy (which was Lombardy Venetia). He imposed repressive rule in Lombardy Venetia. German was the official language, a strong Austrian army was always present to suppress any hostile activities, an efficient system of spies reported on any...
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...The Hundred Years War was a series of battles and conflicts during 1337 till 1453 between the House Plantagenet, leaders of the kingdom of England, against the House Valois, leaders of the Kingdom of France, for control of the Kingdom of France. Each side drew a lot of allies to the war. To their French possessions, the English kings became vassals of the French since the Norman Conquest. The French kings attempted, in the centuries, to decrease the belonging and possessions of their overly powerful vassals, to the end that only the land of Gascony was left for the English. The retractions or threat of retracting these lands had been part of the French plan to keep the power of the English in check, especially whenever the English were at war with the Scots, an ally of France. In 1316, the French passed a law that rejects women’s claims to the throne. When Charles IV died in 1328, Isabella of France, Charles’s sister, attempted to claim the throne for her son Edward III. The French immediately denies her claim due to the law that was established, and the throne went over to house Valois. For 9 years, the English accepted the succession, until the France interfered with Edward’s war on Scotland, which led to him reasserting his claim on the Throne. The war is divided into three phases, split by Truces that were called in between. Firstly, we have the Edwardian Era War that lasted from 1337 till 1360. Secondly, we have the Caroline War that lasted from 1369 till 1389. Thirdly...
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...She was able to achieve this victorious feat through her ability to be a great leader. Great leaders as defined by well known historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, are normal people who can “empower those around them” to “[rise up] and achieve a task”. Joan was able to show her capability to do such in an endless number of ways throughout her relatively short lifetime. Despite many people making themselves enemies of Joan because of her strength, intellect, and womanhood, many also rallied behind it. Joan's supporters included her very own soldiers who loved her as their general, even though she was of a different gender, age, and often got furious at their constant swearing (Banfield 34). Similarly, she was popular among the common citizens who begged King Charles to pay for Joan’s ransom after she was captured in 1429, and two years later when she was burned at the stake, reports describe people in the crowd crying with sympathy (Banfield 69-70,100-102). Not only did Joan display her ability to lead from the support of the people, she also displayed the qualities of a good leader through her communication skills. Joan was clever in her use of language, both while public speaking and writing, the most evident example of her expertise being showcased in her trial for heresy. The trial, taking place in early 1431 was a...
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...CHAPTER 24 TEST QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Luther’s initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church. b. the sale of indulgences. c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation. d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism. e. the influence of John Calvin. 2. The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was a. John Calvin. b. Erasmus. c. Voltaire. d. Martin Luther. e. Henry VIII. 3. The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire. b. threat posed by Islam. c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt. d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics. e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s basilica. 4. Which one of the following was not one of Luther’s problems with the Roman Catholic church? a. the selling of indulgences b. pluralism c. absenteeism d. the immense wealth of the Catholic church e. the church’s decision to translate the Bible into vernacular languages 5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other.”? a. Martin Luther b. Jesus c. John Calvin d. Sima Qian e. Henry VIII 6. In the centuries following the fall of Rome, the only unifying...
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...at home." Though the senior Milton came from a Catholic family, he was a Puritan himself. Milton's religion, therefore, was an outgrowth of family life and not something he chose at a later period in his maturity. Education Sometime, as early as age seven but perhaps later, Milton became a student at St. Paul's school, which was attached to the great cathedral of the same name. St. Paul's was a prestigious English public school — what would be called a "private school" in the U.S. Milton spent eight years as a "Pigeon at Paules," as the students were known, and came out a rather advanced scholar. He had studied the Trivium of Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic and had probably been exposed to the Quadrivium of Mathematics, Geometry, Astronomy, and Music. He had also learned Latin well, was competent in Greek and Hebrew, had a smattering of French, and knew Italian well enough to write sonnets in it. The one language he did not study was English. Some of his language acquisition — Italian — came from private tutors hired by his father. Also at St. Paul's, the young Milton made a friendship that was among the closest of his life with Charles...
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...who, in a year and a month, crowned a reluctant king, rallied a broken people, reversed the course of a great war, and shoved history into a new path --what are we to make of her? The people who came after her in the five centuries since her death tried to make everything of her: demonic fanatic, spiritual mystic, naive and tragically ill-used tool of the powerful, creator and icon of modern popular nationalism, adored heroine, saint. She insisted, even when threatened with torture and faced with death by fire, that she was guided by voices from God. Voices or no voices, her achievements leave anyone who knows her story shaking his head in amazed wonder.’ Joan was born into a poor common family in the peasant village of Domrémy in the French province of Lorraine in 1412. She grew up a simple but unusually devout farm child during the height of the Hundred Years’ War. Disaster after disaster befell her native France -- the English invaders and their Burgundian allies conquered and occupied the northern half of France including Paris. Dauphin Charles VII, the rightful but un-crowned king of France, set up the remnants of his royal court at the town of Chinon. From here, this weak monarch of questionable competence tried to rule over the unoccupied rump of France. Starting in May, 1428, Joan, claiming that God was directing her through the saints, repeatedly approached the regional governor demanding that he send her to Charles at Chinon. She insisted that it was her divinely...
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