...I. Introduction The human eye is one of the most important things to a person and thus has many forms and protection. Do you know that there is also physics in your eyes. The human eye is a complex anatomical device that remarkably demonstrates the architectural wonders of the human body. Like a camera, the eye is able to refract light and produce a focused image that can stimulate neural responses and enable the ability to see. The human eye is an adjustable lens system consisting out of two focussing elements and a light receptor sysytem. In this term paper, we will focus on the physics of sight. We will use our understanding of refraction and image formation to understand the means by which the human eye produces images of distant and nearby objects. Additionally, we will investigate some of the common vision problems that plague humans and the customary solutions to those problems. Each part of the eye plays a distinct part in enabling humans to see. In the body of my term paper, we will know the important parts of our eye. And how they are related with each other. We will also know the relation of the human eye with the camera. II. Body There are imporant parts of the eye, if they will be damaged, your eyesight will not function. The eye is essentially an opaque eyeball filled with a water-like fluid. These are the parts that can be located in our eyes: the cornea, the iris and pupil, the lens, the retina, the fovea centralis, and the optic nerve. In...
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...Term 1 topics (30% of the exam): • Skeleton • Muscles • Nervous System • The Brain Skeleton and Muscles • Skeletal system is all the bones in the body and the tissues that connect them • Average human has 206 bones • Bones: - Composed of living cells - Has protein called collagen, which makes it strong (Collagen: strong fibers) - Contain calcium sulphate and phosphorous which makes it hard - 2 types: compact bone (outer layer, dense and hard), spongy bone (inner layer, consist of fine struts of bone, forms the red bone marrow) • Cartilage (soft bone): - Firm but softer than bone, cartilage is rubbery while bone is firm - Has collagen but no mineral salts - Smooth slippery surface acts as a cushion, reduces friction • Function of bones: - Enables movement (eg: raising of arm, breathing movement in the ribs, chewing of the jaws) - Storage minerals - Support the body, keep it off the ground and keeps the body shape - Where blood production happens (red marrow of some bones such as vertebrae produce both red and white blood cells) - Protection (brain-skull/cranium, heart, lungs and liver-rib cage, spinal cord-vertebrae) • Structure of the skeleton (just important ones): 1. Vertebral column - Also called backbone or spine or spinal column - Consists of 33 individual vertebrae - Cartilage allows the...
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...Cutaneous or Skin Sensation (Sense of touch) 1. Skin. Outer layer of human body. 2. Stimuli. Various for pressure, pain, and temperature. * The organ involved in the sense of touch is the skin. The skin is composed of 3 several layers : • Epidermis • Dermis • Subcutaneous 1. Epidermis(Outermost)- is composed of the outermost layer of the skin. It’s provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. Layers The epidermis is composed of 4 or 5 layers depending on the region of skin being considered.Those layers in descending order are: * Stratum basale * Stratum Spinosum * Stratum Granulosum * Stratum Licidum * Stratum Corneum Stratum basale-has cells that are shaped like columns. In this layers the cells divide and push already formed cells into higher layers. As the cells move into the higher layers. They flatten and eventually die. The top layer of the epidermis, the Stratum Corneum, is made of dead,flat skin cells that shed about every 2 weeks. 2. Dermis- is a layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues. Its contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles and sweat glands. Components of the Dermis * The dermis is composed of three major types of cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Apart from these cells, the dermis is also composed of matrix components such as collagen (which provides strength), elastin...
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...Biology revision – understanding ourselves B1 Both parents are heterozygous for the faulty allele Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder caused by a recessive allele. This genetic diagram shows the possible outcomes when both parents are heterozygous for the faulty allele. There is a one in four chance of the offspring being homozygous for the faulty allele, and so having cystic fibrosis. ----------------------- Fit people are able to carry out physical activities more effectively than unfit people. Their pulse rate is likely to return to normal more quickly after exercise. But being fit is not the same as being healthy. Healthy people are free from disease and infection: they may or may not be fit as well. It is possible to be fit but unhealthy, or healthy but unfit. High blood pressure can cause: • kidney damage • burst blood vessels ...
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...Respiration 5 Chapter 7 page Excretion 5-6 Chapter 8 page Nutrition 6-7 Chapter 9 page Conclusion 7-8 Chapter 10 page Bibilography 9 Introduction to life processes The most basic of living things consist of just one single cell for example bacteria, while more complex organisms such as humans are multi-cellular. An organism is defined as an individual animal, plant or single-celled life form. Therefore the cell is considered the smallest unit of life competent of a self-sufficient existence. There are seven things that all living organisms from bacteria to plants to animals all have in common and whether something is living or not is usually compared to the seven life processes. These processes are movement, reproduction, sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion and nutrition. The acronym ‘MRS GREN’ will be used when discussing the processes of life movement All living things move to some kind of degree and this is the most apparent within the animal kingdom. Animals are able to physically move themselves from one place to another; humans will usually use their muscles in order to be able to move where as other animals may have to hop, crawl, swim or fly. Movement is very important for gathering sustenance and escaping predators. Movement within plants is generally by growth, many of the higher part of plants for example flowers, branches and roots will move as they grow however this process can be quite slow. Many plants follow the movement of the sun through the sky...
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...P4- Explain the Physiology of Two Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism in the Body M1-Discuss the Roles of Energy in the Body In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. Whilst explaining the two body systems I will be explaining energy production, process of cellular respiration, the role of enzymes within these body systems, the way that these systems absorb food and the products of digestion. The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps the blood around the body through the blood vessels which is made of mostly veins and capillaries. The blood carries the dissolved oxygen around the bodily cells, whilst carrying the dissolved oxygen the blood removes the waste and the other products from respiration. The body’s blood pressure has to be maintained. The blood distributes heat around the body along with hormones, nutrients, salts, enzymes and urea. The cardiovascular system transports simple molecules and materials to the liver and the body cells via the blood stream. This happens through the hearts pumping actions. The Respiratory System The respiratory system always refreshes oxygen within the lungs, it gets rid of the waste products like carbon dioxide and water, and this is done throughout actions like breathing. The dissolved oxygen passes through the alveolar walls into the bloodstream; this is then transported into the cells. Body cells are persistently being made into raw...
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...The human body is amazing and it gives us a variety of different methods to interact with the world we live in. We receive information from the world via our senses. Each sense is distinct and different. Each sense provides us different experiences. Two people can be in the same situation but based on what they sense, they will each experience something different. Everyone relies upon their senses differently and some of the senses may be more accurate than others. I will discuss three reasons for believing in the accuracy of sensory data, three factors contributing to the accuracy of sensory data, and the role of memory with regard to the interpretation and evaluation of sensory data. Our senses act as our lenses, amplifiers, particle detectors, and pressure and heat gauges (Kirby & Goodpaster, 2007). Our sense of smell warns us of dangers, such as smoke or poisonous gases. It also helps us enjoy the flavors of our favorite food and drink. With our sense of smell receptors, we are able to detect thousands of distinct smells. Reactions to smells are rarely neutral; one usually either likes or dislikes a smell. Smells leave long lasting impressions and are strongly linked to our memories. Our sense of taste protects us from eating poisonous and unsafe foods. We are likely to spit out something that tastes bad, before it has a chance to enter our stomachs. Taste also helps us to maintain a consistent chemical balance in our bodies. For example, our liking sugar and...
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...Emerging Standards of Care According to the U.S department of Health and Human services Office of Minority Health, "Integrated health care approaches must respect the whole person, work across the life span, include prevention and early intervention methods, and be person-centered, strength-based and recovery focused," (Sanchez, Chapa, Ybarra, & Martinez, Jr., 2012, p. 5 ). In this healthcare model, the patient must be treated not only according to the standards of nursing practice but integrate into the care, respect for the individual's belief system as well as their culture. "Providers that respect the cultures, languages and worldviews of the people they serve are more successful in engaging and activating individuals, families and communities to be an active participant in their own health care," (Sanchez, Chapa, Ybarra, & Martinez, Jr., 2012, p. 5) By integrating into care the individuals beliefs and needs, the professional can create rapport with the individual in such a way that encourages the individual to be active in their own health decisions based on the professional's medical knowledge and the individual's belief system. Culturally competent care is care that is respectful of and responsive to an individual's health beliefs, practices, and needs. This type of care is sensitive to the individual's ethnic and religious beliefs as well as cultural beliefs that have been shown to engage individuals into participating in their healthcare. The skill to deliver culturally...
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...Outcomes • Define and differentiate between sensation and perception. • Identify the parts of the eye, describe the properties of light and the theories of color vision. • Learning Outcomes • Describe how visual perception is organized. • Identify the parts of the ear; explain the sense of hearing. • Learning Outcomes • Describe the chemical senses. • Identify the skin senses and theoretical explanations for pain. • Learning Outcomes • Describe the kinesthetic and vestibular senses. • Explain why psychologists are skeptical about extra sensory perception. • Sensation and Perception • What are Sensation and Perception? • “I have perfect vision” –Heather Sellers has problem with her perception. She cannot recognize faces-prosopagnosia (face blindness) “In college, on a date at the Spaghetti Station, I returned from the bathroom and plunked myself down in the wrong booth, facing the wrong man. I remained unaware he was not my date even as my date (a stranger to me) accosted Wrong Booth Guy, and then stormed out of the Station. I can’t distinguish actors in movies and on TV. I do not recognize myself in photos or video. I can’t recognize my stepsons in the soccer pick-up line; I failed to determine which husband was mine at a party, in the mall, at the market” This curious mix of “perfect” vision and face blindness illustrates the distinction between sensation and perception. • 1. What are Sensation and Perception? • Her Sensation-the stimulation of sensory receptors...
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...Philosophy 2500 – Jaden Phan – 7:45 – 9:00 am. The clues of mental phenomena and its mystery Philosophy of human persons is always a difficult question for humankinds. We are the highest form of animals equipped with supreme functions. We not only have soul which is the principle of life, but we are also believed to have mind or consciousness which is much more functional, divine and peculiar to the soul. But often times, we are unaware of what we are having and how our body operates in our daily life. Therefore, many philosophers, psychologists, religionists or even mathematicians, and sciences have been actively trying to define the nature, attributes and affections of our brain/soul. There are many different views and perspectives on the soul and the mind-body problem, such as materialism, physicalism, dualism, mysterianism and so on… So, how exactly do we understand humankinds, and all living beings as a whole? How exactly do we understand our own self? Do both material and immaterial parts exist? If so, how do they relate to each other? Although most of these questions have convincing answers, I believe we are still in the mystery of defining the true nature of mental phenomena. (1) Thomas Nagel said that: “Conscious experience is a widespread phenomenon. It occurs at many levels of animal life, though we cannot be sure of its presence in the simpler organisms...” His main thesis is that fundamentally an organism has conscious mental states if and only if there is something...
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...Health of Asian Americans Professional health care in the United States is faced with many challenges when working with people of different cultures. One of the challenges is developing and practicing standards for different minority groups that are culturally sensitive, competent and can adhere to the appropriate nursing care around the globe. The basis of the existence of any state is to maintain the health of everyone. The criteria for human health among minority groups are different, but all share the happiness and joy of life, which is the beginning of health and longevity. The Asian Americans represent one of the minority groups in the United States that has its own cultural, biological, socioeconomic, education and sociopolitical barriers to health. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013), the population of Asians, including those of more than one race in 2011 was estimated at 18.2 million in the United States population. The three largest Asian groups in the United States in 2011 were Chinese with the estimate of 4 million people, Filipinos - 3.4 million people, and Asian Indians - 3.2 million people (CDC, 2013). The Census Bureau projects that by the year 2050, there will be more than 40.6 million Asians living in the United States, which will represent more than nine percent of the total U.S. population (CDC, 2013). Based on these numbers it is important for health care providers who are facing rapidly growing racially and ethnically...
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...The Atrium is part of the circulatory system. The atrium is a portion of the blood collection chamber of the heart. It is also sometimes called the auricle, although in the technical sense, the auricle is a separate part of the main atrium the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the left and right pulmonary veins. The atrium is also connected to the repertory system. The brain stem is part of the nervous system. The brain stem is area at the base of the brain that lies between the deep structures of the cerebral hemispheres and the cervical spinal cord. It is divided into three sections: midbrain, Pons and medulla oblongata. The brain stem also connects to the integumentary system because when you break skin which is part of the integumentary signal is sent to your brain that something is wrong. The clavicle also known as the collarbone is located between the ribcage and the shoulder blade, and it connects the arm to the body. It is part of the skeletal system. The clavicle lies above several important nerves and blood vessels. However, these vital structures are rarely injured when the clavicle breaks, even though the bone ends can shift when they are fractured. The clavicle is a long bone and most breaks occur in the middle of it. Occasionally, the bone will break where it attaches at the ribcage or shoulder blade. It connects to the nervous system because...
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...Why state Intelligence agencies engage in international intelligence liaison? 9/11 terrorist attacks, 7/7 terrorist attacks, Paris attacks are the implementer of what is called international intelligence liaison. These major terrorist attacks have put intelligence agencies in a place where they need liaison to face the problem. 21st century is witnessing the increase in globalization of intelligence. The phenomenon of international intelligence liaison is central to this process, it is an area where intelligence and international relations come in to connect. This article highlights the key themes that are currently developing within international intelligence liaison relationships. International intelligence liaison which may be defined as the the process of communication or cooperation which facilitates a close working relationship between intelligence organizations and law enforcing agencies of many states and countries. Intelligence agencies act as frontline of homeland defense and security. Right now, no any single state or country is facing the challenge of terrorism. These days international intelligence liaison is occupying space in academic research, political discourses and in state matters. As Adam Svendsen says: ‘Liaison today represents the most significant dimension of intelligence.’ It is high time for world to recognize and realize that existentialist issues such as, pandemics, overpopulation, climate change and now terrorism, are of global level. Therefore...
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...“moderation’ and thinks that Love governs such fields as medicine and music; Aristophanes draws attention to the origin and purposes of Love; Agathon enunciates that the correct way to present an eulogy is first to praise its nature and gifts. As the last speaker, and the most important one, Socrates connects his ideas with Diotima of Mantinea’s story of Love’s origin, nature and purpose. Different from the earlier five speakers who regard Love as an object and praise different sides of it, Socrates, referring to Diotima’s idea, considers Love as a pursuit of beauty gradually from “physical beauty of people in general” (Symposium, Plato, 55) to the “true beauty” (55). The first five speeches bond with each other. Each of them mentions the opinions of the former one in order to either support or against them. However, just like the elements of a beautiful picture, they fail to show us the integration of love. Socrates’ speech does that. It contains the sides mentioned before, and uniquely views Love from a dynamic aspect. Phaedrus Phaedrus is the first one to give a speech to praise love. He begins his speech with the claim that Love is a primordial god, with no parents. Hence there must be some human benefits that are due...
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...were contaminating the natural world, she documented how those chemicals where accumulated into our bodies. Since then, studies of human breast milk and body fat have confirmed the extent of our exposure. Human beings in such remote locations as Canada’s far northern Baffin Island now carry traces of persistent chemicals in their bodies, including notorious compounds as PCBs, DDT and dioxin. Even worse, in the womb and through breast milk, mothers pass this chemical legacy on to the next generation. “Our Stolen Future”, the scientific discovery of Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski and John Peterson Myers, takes up where Carson left off and reviews a large and growing body of scientific evidence, linking synthetic chemicals to aberrant sexual development and behavioral and reproductive problems, such as low sperm counts, infertility, genital deformities, hormonally triggered human cancers, like those of breast and prostate gland, neurological disorders in children such as hyperactivity and deficits in attention. The quality of men's sperm declined steadily in the early years of the 21st century until hardly anyone could reproduce in the normal way. Meanwhile, the countryside was virtually emptied of animals as natural populations crashed. The first signs of the impending catastrophe were noted in the 1990's, but few people then believed that a cocktail of pollutants that mimic human hormones could have such profound effects. So nothing was done until it was too late. Over the last...
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