...Motivation 1 KEY THEORIES OF MOTIVATION Motivation is the driving force behind human behaviour. Motivation and human management Motivated people are those who have made a conscious decision to devote considerable effort to achieving something that they value. What they value will differ greatly from one individual to another. There are a variety of ways to motivate people, including the fear of losing a job, financial incentives, selffulfilment goals and goals for the organisation or groups within the organisation. The traditional view - finds some of its origins in the work of Taylor and the school of scientific management. At its most extreme, this view postulates the following: people dislike work people will only work for money people are not capable of controlling their work or directing themselves simple, repetitive tasks will produce the best results workers should be closely supervised and tightly controlled extra effort must lead to greater reward people will meet standards if they are closely controlled firm but fair supervision will be respected Taylor took the view that there is a right (meaning best) way to perform any task. It is management’s job to determine the right way. Workers gain from this approach because the ‘right way’ is easier and pay is enhanced as a result of increased productivity. The human relation view - originates in the work of Mayo, known as the Hawthorne Studies. The series of studies essentially concluded that the strongest motivational...
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...“Following the appraisal process individuals may be identified as being eligible for a performance related reward.” Most organisations use appraisal schemes in order to monitor employee performance. Performance appraisal is a formal system of measuring, evaluating, and influencing an employee’s job-related attributes, behaviours and outcomes. The objective is to determine how productive an employee is and/or to determine if an employee’s productivity can be improved. As such, performance appraisals serve an important purpose in managing people and meeting company goals. Performance management must play a key role to any successful business it involves an analysis of: * The role of competencies – a competency is an underlying characteristic of a person which enables them to deliver superior performance in a given job role or situation. * The role of goal setting. * The role of appraisals. * The role of rewards. Pfeffer believes that effective management of people can produce substantially enhanced economic performance. He believes there are 7 practices for successful organisations. * Employment security. * Selective hiring of new people. * Self-managed teams and decentralisation o decision making as the basic principles of organisational design. * Comparatively high compensation (pay and reward) dependent upon organisational performance. * Extensive training. * Reduced status distinctions – dress, language, office arrangement and wage...
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...Course Title | Business Administration Level 3 Programme | Learner Name | | Unit: | Unit 16: Human Resource Management in Business | Learner Number | | Assessor | Cedainne Hart | Learner Signature | | Learning Outcomes | 1 Know the factors that are involved in human resource planning in organisations2 Know how organisations motivate employees3 Understand how to gain committed employee cooperation4 Understand the importance of managing employee performance at work. | Issued | | Date | | Submission Date | | Received By | | Review Period | | | | | Progress of the student | | | Date / Signature | | UNIT DESCRIPTION Human resource management is a dynamic activity in any organisation as it takes place against a changing economic, technical, legal and social background. It is important for learners to appreciate that effective human resource management means getting the best out of the people who work for an organisation in order to ensure the organisation fulfils its purposes, whether it is a football club winning the premiership, or a hospital increasing the success rates for medical operations. Many organisations say that their employees are their most valuable resource because of their skills, knowledge and attitudes. As labour is both an expensive and valuable resource, it is important to ensure it is planned and that the best value is obtained from employees contributions. Human resource managers have to plan their human resource...
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...where gold is the largest mineral foreign income earner, gold mining alone contributes 27.4% in mineral revenues. The gold industry is also responsible for 56% of South Africa’s mine labour force (Mbendi, 2005). In Ghana, the sector plays a vital role in the development of the economy. In 2000, minerals accounted for 38.96% of total export earnings, followed by cocoa (22.51%) and timber (9.03%) (ISSER, 2001). The mining sector now contributes 41% to the country’s foreign exchange and is the leading foreign exchange earner. Of the $612.9 million in total mineral export income in 1997, gold, the most important mineral, accounted for $579.2 million, or 94.5%, while the remaining 5.4% came from diamonds, bauxite and manganese (ISSER, 1998). Organisations today have realised the importance and the concept of motivation and the role it plays in achieving organisational objectives. As resources increasingly become...
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...profitability will be down. So what is motivation? It is defined as “the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need.” (Robbins, 2001). There are two types of motivation, these are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is self-generated motivation that can still be activated by management, for example feeling of work importance and responsibility, autonomy, developing opportunities. Extrinsic motivation is externally generated motivation. This refers to the environmental response to individual behaviour. For example, increased pay, promotion, demotion, and constructive feedback. Our group has chosen to evaluate Tesco and current motivation levels within its workforce. Tesco is a huge organisation. It is the second largest retailer in the world measured by profits, only falling behind Wal-Mart. The company generated revenue levels of over £60 billion in 2010/2011, with £2.67 billion of that being net profit. With over 2200 stores and over 472000 employees Tesco’s managers have to manage a vast amount of staff, which demonstrates the major importance motivation levels have to the business. Tesco has obviously recognised the importance of motivation and below is a statement from their careers department highlighting how the company aims to take care of their employee’s and ensure they are motivated to work for and care about the business. Being a staff member for Tesco is not...
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...Supporting Good Practice in Performance and Reward Management ASSIGNMENT Activity1 1. Two Purposes of Performance Management and its relationships to business objectives. Performance management is a repetitive process, established by organisations to help them in accomplishing their objectives (goals, as listed in the organisation’s vision) by maximizing the performance of an individual, team or whole organisation and ensure that the objectives are achieved. The Performance Management Process is a key component of organisation’s overall approach to the management of its people. As part of the performance management system, Performance Management Process aims to achieve the following: • To enable an individual employee to know exactly what is expected both in terms of outputs (the delivery of agreed objectives) and the relevant, appropriate behavioural style (role-related competency models), which will underpin the delivery of the agreed objectives. • To enable individual and team effort to be focused on the delivery of the departmental business plan. • To enable an individual to identify and meet personal development needs which will facilitate the delivery of agreed objectives. • To enable individual employees to feel motivated and valued for their contribution to the on-going success of organisation. • To enable individuals to identify and achieve realistic career goals over time. • To enable the organisation to reward individuals fairly based on an objective...
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...his or her performance as a service provider. Motivation is as crucial to NLS employees as to any other. There is an inherent problem of low motivation among the staff of the NLS that is reflected in below average employee productivity, high rates of absenteeism and turnover, low morale and an unwillingness to give extra effort. Thus, it is important to understand the fundamental needs and desires of NLS employees which can be manipulated and stimulated to achieve positive motivation. As argued by Almer, Higgs and Hooks (2005), there are factors other than pay that motivate individuals to work in organisations. 1.2.2 Research Question To what extent do motivational strategies affect organisational efficiency at the NLS and what approaches can be undertaken to improve them in the future. 1.3 Methodology This paper will attempt to identify key factors of motivation for NLS employees and proffer an explanation of how to adequately motivate them to contribute an optimal effort to the organisation’s objectives. This will be accomplished by the use of secondary data, academic literature and the application of relevant content and process theories. 2.0 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 2.1 Motivation and Employee Needs 2.1.1 Theoretical Framework F.W. Taylor believed in economic needs motivation, or put simply, what workers wanted from their employer more than anything else was higher wages. This is too simplistic a view as there are many intrinsic and extrinsic...
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...and sales performance reports On Glaxo Smith line India Limited Mumbai- India Contents Introduction 3 Company background 4 Literature Review 5 Intrinsic Rewards 5 Extrinsic rewards 6 Hygiene factors 7 Current issues, solution Proposal and conclusion 10 Stability 10 Hidden policies 10 Security 11 Politics in pay increment and promotion 11 Delay in reimbursements of incentive and awards 12 Unhealthy competition 12 Expectancy and valance of awards 13 References 14 Appendices 16 Appendix -1 16 Appendix-2 18 Appendix-3 20 Introduction Modern organisation faces a lot of challenges in retaining and motivating the staff as human resources are vital part of any organisation. These challenges like recruiting developing and retaining sales staff must be taken care off to gain maximum outcome from employees. To retain the employee, company uses different motivational techniques. This report is provided to determine the importance of motivational techniques for retaining staff motivated. Based on literature and journal article, motivational factors are discussed in this report. And how these motivational factors motivate the employees in selected organisation i.e. Glaxo Smith line India Limited. Different Motivational theories are discussed here to help the organisation to develop and retain the sales force and also discussed the issues and risk of the same followed by proposed solution is also provided here (Ali & Danish, 2010). The...
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...........Page 11-12 (2.2) Tesco and Scottish Power Case Study • Compare Recruitment and Selection …………………………………… Page 13-14 List of References • Authors…………………………………………………................Page 15 • Internet Source ………………………………….……………..Page 16 1.1 Human Resource Management vs. Personnel Management Human Resources Management developed from the origins of Personal Management. Personal Management helps in dealing with the management of people working within an organisation. It primarily focuses on systems that provide the foundations of employment. This method is used to ensure these systems are developed, maintained and established in order to go forth with the process of employing people. In line with that, these systems continue throughout the full length of a persons’ employment with the organisation. Set off with the system of entry into recruitment and selection. This is followed by the management of the relationship between organisation and employee such as incentives and bonuses, dealing...
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... |Page 8 | |The impact of organisational performance management processes on motivation |Page 9 | |Management styles within the organisation and the impact of these on motivation |Page 12 | |The expectations on managers relating to management of motivation levels and how these are communicated and |Page 13 | |encouraged | | |The development of people management skills within the organisation and the effect effectiveness of this|Page 14 | |Current practices against relevant models |Page 14 | |Summary and recommendations |Page 14 | |Bibliography |Page 16 | |Appendix |Page 17 | The organisations Human Resource Management is a highly...
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...occupation, gender, social culture and organisational structure. This study will attempt to explore the differences in motivation between core-workers and periphery workers, and whether these differences in motivators are distinctive. The literature revealed that similar motivators may not be necessarily applicable to employees working at different levels but most of the literary work did confirm that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation leads to job satisfaction in the work place. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate and ascertain whether there are distinctive motivators for employees working at different levels in the work place. The literature review enabled the researcher to understand the various theories of motivation and the environmental and cultural influences on motivational approaches. The research paradigm which is primarily derived from the positivists’ philosophy helped the researcher to test the formulated hypothesis based on the literature review. The researcher developed an online questionnaire to collect primary data regarding the motivational levels in the work place, with the intent of exploring each individual’s motivation in their respective positions. The questionnaire was distributed using email in the UK. The responses from the survey revealed that the motivators for the core and periphery workers are indeed distinctive. This finding is in agreement to what is suggested in the literature. The study also revealed that intrinsic and extrinsic...
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...relationship. According to USQ (2004) this relationship is basically the exchange of work by employees for pay from employers. While the primary relationship is that between the employer-employee, as organisations have evolved, grown in size and number, so too has the diversity of employees, each with their own particular ‘psychological contract’ (Hodgkinson 2003). The purpose of a defined and productive employment relationship is to equitably manage the various relationships, and resolve conflicts (USQ 2004). Breaching this psychological contract potentially will have negative implications for loyalty, motivation, and worker commitment to the organisation (Hislop 2003). This essay will discuss some of the factors in the workplace, which have an effect on the principals at each end of this relationship, and maintaining such diverse relations within a context of equity to each. The objective of business is to increase profits by increasing the effectiveness of production. The Human Resource Management (HRM) activities of an organisation involve the monitoring of this primary employment relationship and the factors that affect it. This essay will discuss the ‘planning’ tools used to monitor these factors, such as analysis, descriptions, and evaluation and how they are used by the organisation to meet existing obligations and future opportunities. Within a...
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...Describe the management process. Explain how managers use their roles and skills to carry out their management functions? * Describe the basic management process * Discuss manager roles and skills used in performing management functions * Use an organisation to provide examples for your discussion beginning to end. Management is the process of reaching organizational goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources. It is a process or series of continuing and related activities, involves and concentrates on reaching organizational goals and it reaches these goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources. The key managerial functions are planning, organizing, leading and controlling and are all crucial to the success of any manager. Managers exist in every business. In fact, managers do the same types of tasks in all businesses. Whether a person manages a hair salon or a factory, the manager’s job consists of similar tasks. Planning, organizing, leading and controlling all serve an important part in achieving management’s vision. Each component is important and one cannot function well without the others. Planning is preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve some specific goal. It is usually short term and stresses on the formulation of functional plans such as day-to-day operation plans. It is foreseeing future circumstances and requirements. Planning involves defining organization goals, establish...
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...material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree of this and any other University, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. Millicent Nduro (PG 4128310) Student Name & ID ...................................... ................................ Date Signature Certified by: Mr. Samuel Kwesi Enninful Supervisor …………………………… Signature …………………………. Date Professor I. K. Dontwi Dean, IDL ……………………………… Signature ………………………… Date ABSTRACT The success or failure of any business as a matter of fact depends largely on its employees; thus human resources are very essential to the organisation as they are the key to prosperity, productivity and performance. How employees are perceived, treated and how they feel about themselves and ultimately their output directly or indirectly has an impact on their performance and development of the organisation. De motivated employees under no circumstance will churn out decreased performance. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of motivation on the performance of Guaranty Trust Bank workers. The study adopted the mixed approach of research design and the case study method to provide answers to research questions formulated. A non probability design with the purposive sampling technique was employed to select and...
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...MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS IN NIGERIA By Prof. Fab Obeta Onah Professor of Public Administration and Local Government University of Nigeria Introduction The increasing importance of people as the primary sustainable source of competitive advantage makes it even more important that dedicated resources and thinking time are applied to the strategies through which people are developed and managed. - CIPD, 2001 I remain honoured, and humbled by this opportunity given to me to share my experiences with distinguished personalities here present. I thank God for making this lecture possible and even thank Him more for making it possible for all of us to be present here today. Issues in human resource management concern all of us if we remember that at one time or the other we are challenged to take a second look at the responses, attitudes, interests, competencies, etc of people associated with us. Sometimes, we are also required to be in control of other people whose behaviour is always intangible, unpredictable and subjective. The world in which human resource managers exist and in which they interact, is continually changing, generating new issues and conundrums to consider. While in most cases, managers have a fair degree of choice about how to deal with new ideas and new sets of circumstances, the choices themselves are often difficult. Attempt is made in this lecture to clearly define and contextualize Human Resource (HR) Management in complex organisations. Some measure of...
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