...and deviationsref? and conditions leading to thesethe latter. It will highlight the importance of ‘favourable environment’ ref? as a prerequisite for normalisation and its effect if it is inappropriate. The maturational nature of normalisation, the teacher’s role as a facilitator of favourable environment, the teacher’s approach to new children in nursery and how his/her role changes as the children begin to concentrate will be explained. I will also discuss the child’s need of a cohesive society and finally will discuss reasons of regressionref? in children. Montessori defined normalisation (Montessori, 2007a) as “The transition from one stage to another always follows a piece of work done by the hands with real things, work accompanied by mental concentration” (Montessori, 2007a, p186). These transitions are a psychic cure explain to return to normal. “Actually the normal child is one who is precociously intelligent, who has learned to overcome himself and live in peace, who prefers a disciplined task to futile idleness” (Montessori, 1966, p148).To normalize a childprefer: to help a child become normalised, concentration on an activity is the key to bring him/her in contact with realityyes but I still do not know what you understood by normalisation. The characteristics of a normalised child are: concentration, love of work, discipline, sociability and being super socialwhat is this? (Montessori, 2007a). Therefore, motives of activity (Montessori, 2007a) must be provided in...
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...In this paper I will explain how temperament shapes the cognitive, socio-emotional development. I will discuss various theories of human development, identify the social and emotional domains development and how they affect temperament. I will discuss the eight stages of socialization according to Eric Erikson, and the cultural perspectives of temperament. A person’s temperament, biology, environment, and even attachment to others can affect how social the individual is. Temperament is an important aspect of emotional development. Temperament is the pattern of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual (Shriner B., & Shriner M., 2014). We all have a temperament, and according to Eric Erikson we gain our temperament as infants. Individual children carry with them somewhat stable, biologically determined factors, such as temperaments that dispose them to be more or less aroused physiologically and emotionally to social stimuli or that facilitate or inhibit social approach orientations and emotional expression (Rubin, K. H. (1998). Erikson’s greatest contribution is his focus on psychosocial development, which refers to the development within the social environment in which a person lives, primarily focusing on relationships with other people (Erikson, 1968). Erikson believed that there are certain time periods in which humans must gain certain insights (Witt, G., & Mossler, R., 2010). Erikson's psychosocial...
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...21st century scholars consider that “free-play” (Bruce, T., 2006) has significant short and long term benefits for children, leading to a healthy psychical and emotional development and better understanding of the world (Bjorklung & Pellegrini in Papalia, Olds & Feldman, 2010). This article will cover an explanation of the concept of play, from different perspectives, together with its characteristics and types, taking into account the latest findings in the child development literature on the impact and benefits of play. I will also examine how play facilitates and is impacted by the child’s physical, intellectual, linguistic, emotional and social development during the first six years of life and how adults can support play. Drawing from the works of Moyles (2005), Bruce (2006), Mcleod-Brudenell and Kay (2008), MCI (undated), Goldschmeid & Jackson (2009) and Wood & Attfield (2005), play is a freely chosen process in which children engage with their already acquired knowledge, values and skills, and which has as end result, although not direct purpose, the development or refinement of further lifelong physical, socio-emotional and cognitive skills. It is a natural inclination (Moyles, 2005), a creative attitude in which the child attains a degree of independence supported by the representations of his inner and outer worlds (Wood & Attfield, 2005). There are several characteristics of play. First of all, play is child chosen and spontaneous (Wood &...
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...Ashley Griffin Professor Paulette J. Marek ENC1102 81 30 October 2013 Metaphors A Doll’s House is a play that is significant for its attitude toward the 19th Century Marriage norms. There is lots of controversy that talks about protagonist, Nora, Leaving her husband and children because she wanted to find out who she is as a person. Metaphors are use all the time in writing. The Pet name that torvald uses for Nora are metaphors for how women were treated during the Victorian era. I feel that the main idea of the author Ibsen’s work is all about metaphor that he uses in this drama The Doll’s House. In the begging Nora follows her childlike or housewife role that she plays. After sometime Nora speaks to Torvalds and realizes that he feels that Nora should only be the housewife and mother of his children. She should not be able to know or find out who she is as a person. Nora goes from a very immature person or just went along with what she was told to a very dependent, and very self-sufficient person. She now shows the idealized “doll” role of a woman but also keeps away from the limitations and social constraints of that time period. In the beginning of this drama Nora is a house wife and very childish person that she feels she needs to be. Growing up she had a father that was very dominant. She then married Torvalds who was also very dominant towards Nora. With the way Torvalds was it showed Nora’s Physical growth but her immaturity and emotional dependence hasn’t changed...
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...Development is a complex issue, with many different and sometimes contentious definitions. A basic perspective equates development with economic growth. The United Nations Development Programme uses a more detailed definition- according to them development is 'to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community. We have to identify some of these obstacles and discuss them in line with how it can be changed for development of the third World; POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL BARRIERS; Governments and political institutions play an important role in the economic development process even in capitalist countries. While early experiences with economic development, such as England's experience during the 18th century, did not involve a large role for government, the role played by the government has steadily increased in importance. At the current time, if a government is unable or unwilling to play an active role in the economic development process, then the government itself is considered an obstacle to economic development. SOCIAL BARRIERS; Economic development rides on the shoulders of entrepreneurs who venture to do things that benefit them and the society. Whether or not a society has a sufficient number of entrepreneurs to foster modern economic growth may depend on the society's values and structure. Many of the developed nations of today encouraged...
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...Capron> Stages of Social Development According to Erik Erikson there are eight stages of social development that each child should go through. First of which being learning basic trust versus mistrust, this starts at infancy and continues through two years of age. This occurs when the child is treated with love, care and nurture. When the child does not receive this the child adapts a sense of mistrust and insecurities. The second is learning self-secureness versus shame, a child around the age of two years to four years would show a sense of self they would start to pull out their own independence and self-worth. Children who do not have the care and nurture that they need start to seem to rebel a little, they will show more stubbornness, and throw more tantrums than that of the normal well parented child. The third is learning initiative versus guilt. In this stage it refers to children who are age’s four to seven or as it is often referred to as the “play age.” This is where a child’s imagination starts to heightens form active play. A child learns how to play and share with others. A child who exhibits the need and desire to stick close to an adult, hides away from groups and it will ultimately restrict their play and social habits. The fourth stage of social development is Industry versus Inferiority .In this the child learns to master the more formal skills of life: Being able to relate with his/ her peers by the rules going from free play to play that may be set forth...
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...Rites of Passage 02/18/10 The Awakening The Role of Art in Edna’s Life Throughout The Awakening by Kate Chopin, art becomes a symbol of freedom for Edna. Even though Edna uses art as an escape from her husband, Léonce Pontellier, it also symbolizes failure. Edna believes that if she becomes an artist she will achieve the independence that she desires. She learns about the power that art can have on someone from Mademoiselle Reisz. Mademoiselle Reisz views art as a test of individuality. Edna is unable to pass the test because she incapable of defending her individuality against society and social rules. As Edna makes progress in her paintings and illustrations, she also grows as an individual. Music also becomes a symbol of freedom for Edna. Through the arts, Edna is able to create an independence from her husband. In The Awakening, Edna sees the role that music plays in women’s lives through Mademoiselle Reisz and Adèle Ratignolle. Having two different women that play music, allows Edna to see two paths that she can take to achieve her art and independence. Edna’s friend, Adèle Ratignolle, plays the piano to keep her husband and children happy. Edna enjoys when Adèle Ratignolle plays the piano, but she prefers listening to Mademoiselle Reisz because she thinks Reisz pieces are powerful. When she listens to Mademoiselle Reisz, she discovers unexplored emotional territories. Chopin writes “The very first chords which Mademoiselle Reisz struck upon the piano sent a keen...
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...ABSTRACT Gender is a common term where as gender discrimination is meant only for women, because females are the only victims of gender discrimination. Females are nearly 50 percent of the total population but their representation in public life is very low. Recognizing women’s right and believing their ability are essential for women’s empowerment and development. This study deals with gender discrimination in India, its various forms and its causes. Importance of women in development, legislation for women and solution for gender discrimination are also discussed in this paper. Key Words: gender discrimination, women’s development, legislation for women, education, employment, economic independence, empowerment, decision making and self confidence. GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND WOMEN’S DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Introduction Gender is a common term where as gender discrimination is meant only for women, because females are the only victims of gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is not biologically determined but it is determined by socially and the discrimination can be changed by the proper and perpetuate efforts. Denial of equality, rights and opportunity and suppresment in any form on the basis of gender is gender discrimination. Half of the world’s population is females. They are doing two-third of work of the total work in the world but received only one-tenth of the world’s total income. Nearly two-third of the women is...
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...child adapting to the school social environment and to the peer group? To what extent does this adaptation seem to depend on personality characteristics that are fairly stable in your child, and to what extent does your child seem to be developing novel behavior to cope with these new situations? Refer to the textbook for particular points about the responses of children in this age group to the peer group and the school environment. (2 points) Many changes occur between the ages of 6-8 years old. Children are leaving the comfort of their preschool environment and entering the school environment. This new environment exposes children to multiple new experiences. How a child responds to these changes can impact how successful they are in the school environment. One of the bigger changes is the amount of other children in the classroom. Typically pre-school classes are smaller in number and children become comfortable playing with only a small social group. Kindergarten and first grade could potentially have 30 children and can cause a child to feel shy and unable to cope with the new social situation. Another factor that influences a child’s ability to adapt to the school environment is the teacher controlled environment and then the more child controlled environment on the playground. Most children are used to being monitored closely throughout the whole day. However, the playground environment and the independence they are given to choose friends to play with can be a difficult to...
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...The following essay shows how the role of the teacher changes as the child grows through the process of normalisation. The terms normalisation and deviations, will be defined and understood. Favourable environment will be discussed with regard to the role it plays in the normalisation process. The changes that a child undergoes will be considered along with how the teacher’s role will change as the child is maturing. I will briefly consider what the needs are of new children when they enter the nursery for the first time. I will also explain why a child might regress during this process. ‘Normalisation’ (2012) can be defined as all functions coming together and all the parts being connected; it is like a new personality is created. Functions that were not functioning before because they were repressed now function and a new person evolves. Normalisation is when a child’s natural characteristics have the ability to follow a natural path of development. This natural path of development should be the main aim of the facilitator, guiding the child towards normalisation. Normalisation is a process that carries on over a long period of time at the nursery. “This phenomenon of normalization is only achieved through intense activity and real concentration.”(Montessori, 2012, p.216) Characteristics of a normalised child are, a child who is settled, used to daily routine and who is part of the nursery environment. This is a well-rounded child who is concerned about the needs of him/herself...
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...Nora’s Journey to Independence In the play of “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen, you will see as characters are introduced throughout the play their true personas are defined by their actions, not so much by what they say, but what they do. The characters are very contradictive throughout the whole play. The gap between appearance and reality is the reason the characters take part in the many types of deception in the play. The play takes you on a journey and explores the role of women in society during that time. There is a definitive moment which occurs in the play, which begins once the masquerade party is over and the Helmer’s are alone together. During this moment, I was able to truly grasp the true meaning of the poem. When Torvald and Nora are together after the masquerade party, this was a conclusive moment as how this story was going to end. In Act III Nora said, “No, that’s it exactly. You don’t understand me, and I’ve never understood you either, until tonight. No, don’t interrupt me. I want you to listen to what I have to say. Torvald, I’m settling accounts with you.” (Ibsen, 2011, Act 3, p. 590) When Nora speaks of “settling accounts”, she’s really implying that she can’t deal with being in the marriage any longer and it’s time to clear the air. The moment delivers a shocking development where you begin to see Nora shed away her seemingly child-like behaviors and begin her maturation process. At this point Nora is fed up with the whole relationship. Nora now...
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...PRESCHOOL Just look at this→think of examples for all of them Chapter 7: Physical & Cognitive Development • Growth & ability of the body Right/ left handedness emerges early Bone ossification Gross motor skills • Brain lateralization—certain cognitive functions are located more in 1 hemisphere of brain than other→ become more pronounced during preschool years o Right vs. Left hemisphere specialization • Left hemisphere- speaking, reading, thinking & reasoning • Right Hemisphere- Spatial relationships, pattern recognition & emotional expression (global processing) o What are examples of skills associated with the right and left hemisphere? o Some specialization of each hemisphere, BUT each can perform most tasks of the other. EX: right hemisphere does some language processing and does important role in language comprehension • Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development (early childhood: 2—6) o Children at this time increase in use of symbolic thinking, mental reasoning, use of concepts.. Representational thought • EX: seeing moms car keys(symbol) prompts u to ask “are we going to the store?” • Primarily defined by limitations. Characterized by centration o Aren’t capable of operations→ organized/formal mental process that develops in school-aged children o Confuses own POV w/ others & cant consider multiple characteristics of stuff o Period of centration- concentrating on 1 limited aspect of stimulus & ignoring other stimulus. (EX: a cat w/ dog...
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...CHAPTER OUTLINE I. EXPLORING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Developmental psychology is concerned with the course and causes of developmental changes over a person’s entire lifetime. What does “genetic influence” mean? A. Historical Perspective 1. British empiricist philosopher John Locke in the 1690s argued that childhood experiences (nurture) permanently affect people. Empiricists saw the newborn as a blank slate or tabula rasa on which experience writes. 2. French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the 1760s argued the opposite, that nature alone gives children all they need to grow and learn, without adult guidance. 3. American psychologist Arnold Gesell in the early 1900s said that motor skills develop in a fixed sequence of stages in all children due to maturation, natural growth or change, which unfolds in a fixed sequence relatively independent of the environment. The term development encompasses not only maturation but also the behavioral and mental processes that are influenced by learning. 4. Behaviorist John B. Watson in the 1910s claimed that all development is due to learning. 5. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget saw nature and nurture as inseparable and interactive in cognitive development. B. Understanding Genetic Influence 1. Behavioral genetics is the study of how genes affect behavior. This research demonstrated that nature and nurture jointly contribute to development in two ways. a) Nature...
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...water, Josh offer Dylan a spot in his film and what better publicity for blossom queen is there than to star in a movie? Both Dylan and Josh come from two completely different social groups and Josh is convinced that there is no way there is more to Dylan than meets the eye, but that’s where he is wrong. Josh learns that popularity is more complicated than he thought. High...
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...Assignment Two The aim of this essay is to explain how the role of the teacher changes in process of the child’s growing ‘normalisation’. In establishment of the aim, one will first define the term normalisation in linkage with the concept of deviation, followed by an outline of environmental aspects, which support normalisation. Thirdly one will describe the initial approach to new children and how the teacher’s role changes as the child starts to concentrate and focus on activities. At last, one will explain the impact of this change in the teacher’s role on the child’s growing normalisation and why the child might regress. The term ‘normalisation’ is first mentioned by Montessori in ‘The Absorbent Mind’. She describes ‘normalisation’ as a transition process from one stage to another (Montessori, 1949). The process of normalisation is closely linked to Montessori’s concept of deviation, whereby deviations disappear and normalisation occurs. She believed that a child is born ‘good’ and over the first three years- the period when the child is in the adult environment, where the child is not given enough independence and toys of the wrong type - the child develops ‘defects’ in character called deviations. Montessori states in The Secrete of Childhood, Chapter 21:’…Thus at the origin of life, in the small baby, errors are constantly being made, deforming the natural psychological type of man, and leading to an infinity of deviations…’. These deviations cause the child to...
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